Law and the historical geography of the Galilee: Israel's litigatory advantages during the special operation of land settlement

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 796-817

  Forman, Geremy ^a  

^a INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Israel; Land; Legal geography; Palestinians; Repeat player; Settlement of title

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LAND USE PLANNING; LEGAL SYSTEM; PLANNING HISTORY; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; STATE ROLE;

ASIA; EURASIA; ISRAEL; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 33748550672     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: 10958614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2005.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (107)

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9. My PhD dissertation, of which this article is an offshoot, discusses the role of the H.D.C. at length. G. Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas: the special land settlement operation in Northern Israel (1955-1967), PhD dissertation, University of Haifa, 2005.
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39. R. Kark, Planning, housing and land policy 1948-1952: the formation of concepts and governmental frameworks, in: S.I. Troen and N. Lucas (Eds), Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Albany, 1995, 461-494; Oren-Nordheim, The evolution of Israeli land and settlement policy, 306-345.
40. Bauml, The attitude of the Israeli establishment to the Arabs in Israel: policy, principles, and activities: the second decade, 1958-1968 [Hebrew], PhD dissertation, University of Haifa, 2002, 67-86; U. Benziman and A. Mansur, Subtenants - The Arabs of Israel: Their Status and Policy Towards Them [Hebrew], Jerusalem, 1992, 11-23; Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, 49; D. Peretz, Israel and the Palestine Arabs, Washington, 1958, 94; Report of the commission to examine the affairs of the military government [Hebrew], 24 February 1956, Israel State Archive (hereafter ISA) (130) 2401-htz/20; The absorption of Arab refugees into Israel from the security point of view: appreciation of the situation, 1949, Israel Defense Forces Archive (hereafter IDF) 488/55 - 168.
41. Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas, 114 and Notes 323, 324; Forman and Kedar, From Arab land to 'Israel lands'.
42. Y. Ne'eman, The problem of developing the Galilee [Hebrew], December 1954, IDF 72/70-649.
43. Most cultivable land in the Galilee was Miri, a legal category held by extensive long-term usage rights with ultimate title residing with the central government. During British and early Israeli rule, Miri usage rights came increasingly to resemble full ownership. See Art. 3 of the Ottoman Land Code in S. Fisher, Ottoman Land Laws: Containing the Ottoman Land Code and Later Legislation Affecting Land, with Notes and an Appendix of Cyprus Laws and Rules relating to Land, London, 1919, 2-3. (and f.n. 1); Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas, 95-96.
44. Forman, Settlement of title in the Galilee, 67-73.
45. See Article 78 of the O.L.C. in Fisher, Ottoman Land Laws, 26-27; M. Doukhan, The Land Law of Israel [Hebrew], Jerusalem, 1952, 314-315; Koussa to Justice Minister, 23 July 1957, PRO FO 1022/6.
46. Report of the commission to examine the military government - appendix: security settlement and the land question, 24 February 1956; P. Rozen, Suggestions for land settlement in the areas under military government [Hebrew], 30 May 1956, ISA (74) 5497-gimel/2624; 6th Israeli government minutes [Hebrew], 12 August 1956, ISA.
47. Land settlement ordinance. Official Gazette 212 (1 June 1928) 260-275
48. Land (settlement of title), an ordinance for the settlement of title to land and registration of title thereon [Hebrew], in: S. Yehuda (Ed.), Settlement of Title Law in Israel, Haifa, 1951, 176-203.
49. Land registration and settlement department director to justice minister [Hebrew], 9 January 1959, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/3; Forman, Settlement of title in the Galilee, 77-78.
50. Kokia to list [Hebrew], 19 September 1956, Central Zionist Archive (hereafter CZA) KKL5/23905; Sandberg, Land Title Settlement, 347-351.
51. Report of the interdepartmental committee on land settlement operations (appendix E) [Hebrew], 9 September 1964, ISA (74) 5741-gimel/15.
52. Report of the commission to examine the military government - appendix; Rozen, Suggestions for land settlement in the areas under military government.
53. Attorney general v. Pinhasovitch [Hebrew], Criminal case 390.58, H.D.C., 23 December 1958, (on file with author); Lam to justice minister [Hebrew], 19 November 1958, and Justice Minister to Government Secretary [Hebrew], 11 December 1958, ISA (74) 21280-gimel-lamed/12;
54. Land (settlement of title) ordinance amendment, 1960. [Hebrew]. Laws of Israel 302 (25 February 1960) 13-16
55. Land (settlement of title) ordinance amendment bill, 1955. [Hebrew]. Bills 229 (28 February 1955) 86-87
56. Government secretary to justice minister [Hebrew], December 1958 ISA (74) 21280-gimel-lamed/12.
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59. Kedar, Majority time, minority time.
60. Report of the interdepartmental committee on land settlement operations.
61. Galanter, Why the 'haves' come out ahead.
62. Galanter, Why the 'haves' come out ahead, 95-103, 108-109.
63. Glenn, The varied and abundant progeny, 375-381.
64. For examples, see:. Dotan Y. Do the 'haves' still come out ahead? Resource inequalities in ideological courts: the case of the Israeli high court of Justice. Law and Society Review 33 4 (1999) 1059-1080
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66. H. Kritzer, The government gorilla: why does government come out ahead in appellate courts? in: Kritzer and Silbey (Eds), In Litigation, 342-370: 351.
67. See Adalah's website at: www.adalah.org.
68. Galanter, Why the 'haves' come out ahead, 141-143;
69. Galanter M. Further along. Law and Society Review 33 4 (1999) 1113-1121 1113-1114
70. Manber to Karlebakh [Hebrew], 10 February 1960, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/4; Yanai to Kokia [Hebrew], 23 December 1960, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/4.
71. For examples, see: State of Israel v. Mahajena v. C.A.P. [Hebrew], 13 July 1969, Umm al-Fahm/877, H.D.C., ISA (33) 20482-bet/877; State of Israel v. Heirs of Mahajena and Mahajena v. C.A.P. [Hebrew], 28 April 1969, Umm al-Fahm/878, H.D.C., ISA (33) 20482-bet/878.
72. C.A.P. v. Salem, et al. v. State of Israel v. Khatib and Khatib v. Taha and Taha [Hebrew], 27 January 1961, Deir Hanna/209, H.D.C., ISA (33) 20590-bet/209.
73. Forman and Kedar, From Arab Land to 'Israel lands'; Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas, 136-145.
74. Kritzer, The government gorilla, 343.
75. Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas.
76. Y. Holzman-Gazit, Land expropriation law in the 1950s and the Zionist ideology of immigrant absorption and private property [Hebrew], in: H. Dagan (Ed.), Land in Israel, Tel Aviv, 1999, 223-252; Kedar, Majority time, minority time, 668, 720.
77. Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas, 262-266.
78. Glenn, The varied and abundant progeny, 380.
79. Forman, Israeli settlement of title in Arab areas, 151-209.
80. For an exception, see: A. Kedar's account of the judicial interpretations of Haifa District judge Yedid Halevy, in:. The legal transformation of ethnic geography: Israeli law and the Palestinian landholder. International Law and Politics 33 4 (2001) 923-1000 968
81. The judges law, 1953. [Hebrew]. Laws of Israel 132 (28 August 1953) 149-152
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84. Kokia to list [Hebrew], 27 November 1960, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/4.
85. Report of the interdepartmental committee on land settlement operations.
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88. Summary of meeting to determine priorities for land settlement in the Galilee [Hebrew], 8 August 1956, ISA (104) 3431-gimel/15; Minutes of the S.L.S.C. and L.S.O.C. [Hebrew], 21 October 1956, ISA (104) 3431-gimel/15.
89. Summary of meeting of Aharoni, Kokia, and Rozen [Hebrew], 28 February 1958, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/1.
90. Minutes of the Knesset law and constitution committee and the statute of limitations subcommittee [Hebrew], ISA (60) 112-kaf/10 and 110-kaf/11.
91. L.S.O.C. minutes [Hebrew], 31 May 1960, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/3; Sandberg, Land Title Settlement, 280, Note 54. For an example of this position, see Acting Settlement Officer Avraham Halima's 27 April 1960 decision in State of Israel v. Abu-Saleh et al. [Hebrew], Sakhnin/86, Settlement Officer of Haifa and the North, ISA (33) 20740-bet/796.
92. L.S.O.C. minutes [Hebrew], 3 August 1958, ISA (74) 5742-gim/2 and 31 June 1960, ISA (74) 5742-gimel/3.
93. For example, see: State of Israel v. Khatib and Rahman [Hebrew], 11 October 1960, Deir Hanna/48, H.D.C., ISA (33) 20586-bet/48; C.A.P. and State of Israel v. Khatib, et al. [Hebrew], 26 February 1961, Deir Hanna/17, H.D.C., ISA (33) 20585-bet/17.
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95. Regular use of aerial-photos is reflected in H.D.C. settlement dispute decisions. Also see: Sandberg, Land Title Settlement, 280-281, Note 54; Kedar, Majority time, minority time, 721-727.
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99. Oren-Nordheim, The evolution of Israeli land and settlement policy, 227; Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, 100-101;
100. You defended your land in unity in the past, and now you can prevent the theft of your land targeted by the land consolidation law. [Arabic]. Al-Ittihad (15 November 1960)
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103. G. Lifshitz, New Settlement in the Galilee: An Evaluation [Hebrew], Haifa, 1990, 99-110, 113-114.
104. Harsina to operations branch commander [Hebrew], 26 May 1954, IDF 756/61 - 79; Lifshitz, New Settlement in the Galilee, 152.
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