Native bird protection, national identity and the rise of preservation in New Zealand to 1914

New Zealand Journal of History

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 123-136

  Star, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33748483090     PISSN: 00288322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. See, for example, Keith Sinclair, A Destiny Apart: New Zealand's Search for National Identity, Wellington, 1986
2. W. David Mclntyre, 'Imperialism and Nationalism', in Geoffrey W. Rice, ed., The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., Auckland, 1992, pp.337-47
3. Thomas R. Dunlap, Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, Cambridge, 1999. He referred to the concluding chapters of Ross Galbreath, 'Colonisation, Science, and Conservation: the Development of Colonial Attitudes toward the Native Life of New Zealand', PhD thesis, University of Waikato, 1989
4. 'Focus on Politics', National Radio, 17 March 2001. For a New Zealand example of the continuing sustainable management of a native bird species, the muttonbird (titi)
5. see P.O'B. Lyver and H. Moller, 'Modern Technology and Customary Use of Wildlife: The Harvest of Sooty Shearwaters by Rakiura Maori as a Case Study', Environmental Conservation, 26, 4 (1999), pp.280-8
6. See Galbreath, 'Colonisation, Science, and Conservation', pp.316-49
7. Otago Witness (OW), 21 March 1895, pp.6-8
8. Paul Star, 'Native Forest and the Rise of Preservation in New Zealand', Environment and History, forthcoming (2002)
9. See New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), 1900, 111, p.93
10. J.O.C. Phillips, 'Fear and Loathing in the New Zealand Landscape', in Ross Jackson et al, eds, New Zealand Where Are You? Proceedings of the New ZealandInstitute of Landscape Architects 1981 Conference, Wellington, 1981, pp.11-17
11. Paul Star, 'New Zealand's Changing Natural History: Evidence from Dunedin, 1868-1875', New Zealand Journal of History (NZJH), 32, 1 (1998), pp.59-69
12. For a close analysis of legislative changes, see Evaan Aramakutu, 'Colonists and Colonials: Animals' Protection Legislation in New Zealand, 1861-1910', MA thesis, Massey University, 1998
13. 'Sportsman', 'Duck-shooting in New Zealand', New Zealand Illustrated Magazine, 2 (1900), p.56
14. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (TNZI), 33(1900), p.552
15. Sinclair, A Destiny Apart, p.250
16. NZPD, 1905, 134, p.57
17. Southland Tunes (ST), 11 April 1900, pp.2-3
18. NZPD, 1905, 132, p.144
19. Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1895, C-1; 1897,C-1; 1898, C-1; 1899, C-1; Susanne and John Hill, Richard Henry of Resolution Island, Dunedin, 1987
20. See also Chris Maclean, Kapili, Wellington, 1999
21. NZPD, 1900, 113, p.34
22. NZPD, 1908, 145, p.66
23. NZPD, 1903, 124, p.20; 1902, 122, p.26
24. TNZI, 38 (1905), p.590
25. NZPD, 1905, 133, p.149
26. See NZPD, 1906, 137,p.503; 1913, 164,p.767; 1914, 170,p.481
27. New Zealand Gazette, 10 May 1906, p.1191
28. Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (PNZI), (1908-1910), p.69
29. G.M. Thomson, 'Plant-Acclimatisation in New Zealand', TNZI, 33 (1900), p.322
30. Leonard Cockayne, 'A Short Account of the Plant Covering of Chatham Island', TNZI, 34 (1901), pp.243-325
31. Thomas Kirk, 'The Displacement of Species in New Zealand', TNZI, 28 (1895), pp. 1-27
32. James Drummond, 'The Little Barrier Bird-Sanctuary', TNZI, 40 (1907), p.500
33. R. Fulton, 'The Disappearance of New Zealand Birds', TNZI, 40 (1907), p.486
34. W.B. Benham, 'Flesh-eating Propensity of the Kea', TNZI, 39 (1906), p.71
35. G.P. Marriner, The Kea: A New Zealand Problem, Christchurch, 1908, p.77
36. PNZI, (1908-1910), p.69
37. Otago Daily Times, 15 February 1906, p.10
38. Mrs. E.H.S. Grossman, 'The People's Parks and Playgrounds in New Zealand' Part II, New Zealand Illustrated Magazine, 2 (1901), p.391. Species are now invariably listed in New Zealand as either native or introduced, the former almost entirely protected, the latter (except for some gamebirds) entirely unprotected, and veneration of species correlates closely with their origins
39. ST, 8 February 1900, p.3
40. 'Burnt Bush', in Blanche Baughan, Shingle-Short and Other Verses, Christchurch, [1908], pp.63-7
41. William Satchell, The Toll of the Bush, (first published London, 1905) Auckland, 1985, p.95
42. OW, 11 June 1913, p.80
43. WAV. Smith, 'On the Nesting Habits of Rhipidura flabellifera', TNZI 41 (1908) p.4
44. NZPD, 1910, 152,p.326
45. Kerry Howe, Singer in a Songless Land: A Life of Edward Tregear, 1846-1931, Auckland, 1991
46. Peter Gibbons, 'Going Native: A Case Study of Cultural Appropriation in a Settler Society', PhD thesis, University of Waikato, 1992: Paul Hamer, 'Nature and Native: Transforming and Saving the Indigenous in New Zealand', MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1992, pp.126-47
47. JAV. Hall, 'Remarks on New Zealand Trees Planted at Parawai, Thames, at and subsequent to the year 1873', TNZI, 34 (1901), pp.388-9. Of these Maori bird names, only tui, kaka and weka have gained common usage among Pakeha
48. See Theodore Catton, Inhabited Wilderness: Indians, Eskimos, and National Parks in Alaska, Albuquerque, 1997
49. Mark David Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of their National Parks, New York, 1999
50. See Geoff Park, 'Going Between Goddesses', in Klaus Neumann, Nicholas Thomas and Hilary Ericksen, eds, Quicksands: Foundational Histories in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, Sydney, 1999, pp. 176-97
51. James W. Feldman, Treaty Rights and Pigeon Poaching: Alienation of Maori Access to Kereru, 1864-1960, Wellington, 2001
52. OW, 15 August 1885, p.9
53. NZPD, 1914, 170, p.239
54. See Tom Brooking,'"Busting-up" The Greatest State of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy, 1891-1911', NZJH, 26, 1 (1992), pp.78-92
55. Johannes C. Andersen, Maori Life in Ao-tea, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 1907, and Elsdon Best, 'Maori Forest Lore: being some account of native forest lore and woodcraft, as also of many myths, rites, customs, and superstitions connected with the flora and fauna of the Tuhoe or Ure-wera district'. Part I TNZI 40 (1907) pp. 185-254, Part II 41 (1908) pp.231-86, Part III 42 (1909) pp.433-81 (details of rahui, p.434)
56. NZPD, 1903, 126, pp.69-74
57. NZPD, 1907, 142, p.790
58. H.G. Ell to Dr Findlay, 15 February 1908, IA1 1908/383, National Archives, Wellington, quoted in Feldman, Treaty Rights and Pigeon Poaching, p.27
59. AJHR, 1911.C-6, p.5
60. See OW, 3 September 1913, pp.8,36; 1 October 1913, p.68
61. NZPD, 1910, 151, p.266. Harry Ell also noted that Australia now had an annual Bird Day. NZPD, 1910, 152, p.24
62. NZPD, 1910, 153, p.115
63. New Zealand Statutes, 1910, pp.63-64
64. TNZI, 46 (1913), p.384
65. OW, 17 May 1913, p.73
66. McIntyre, 'Imperialism and Nationalism', p.344
67. Lynn Lochhead, 'Preserving the Brownie's Portion: A History of Voluntary Nature Conservation Organisations in New Zealand, 1888-1935', PhD thesis, Lincoln University, 1994, pp. 192-238
68. See also Libby Robin, The Flight of the Emu: A Hundred Years of Australian Ornithology 1901-2001, Melbourne, 2001
69. See Alan Grey, Aotearoa and New Zealand: A Historical Geography, Christchurch, 1994, pp. 1-3
70. Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, Chatswood NSW, 1994, p.55
71. For a succinct biogeographical overview, see Nic Bishop, Natural History of New Zealand, Auckland, 1992, pp.9-21. In New South Wales legislative changes often matched those in New Zealand, but advances in native animal protection concentrated on marsupials, more than birds, from 1903 onwards
72. See Brett J. Stubbs, 'From "Useless Brutes" to National Treasures: A Century of Evolving Attitudes Towards Native Fauna in New South Wales, 1860s to 1960s', Environment and History, 7, 1 (2001), pp.23-56