How the group affects the mind: A cognitive model of idea generation in groups

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 186-213

  Nijstad, Bernard A ^a   Stroebe, Wolfgang ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748471576     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_1     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Amabile, T. M. (1983). Social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-376.
2. Anderson, J. R. (1995). Cognitive psychology and its implications (4th ed.). New York: Freeman.
3. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
4. Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
5. Baddeley, A. D. (1996). Exploring the central executive. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 5-28.
6. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). Oxford, England: Academic.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The mediator-moderator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
8. Bartis, S., Szymanski, K., & Harkins, S. (1988). Evaluation and performance: A two-edged knife. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 242-251.
9. Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., Bryner, S., & Thomas, R. L., III. (1997). A comparison of group and individual remembering: Does collaboration disrupt retrieval strategies? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1176-1189.
10. Boden, M. A. (1990). The creative mind: Myths & mechanisms. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
11. Bousfield, W. A., & Sedgewick, C. H. (1944). An analysis of sequences of restricted associative responses. Journal of General Psychology, 30, 149-165.
12. Brown, V., Tumeo, M., Larey, T. S., & Paulus, P. B. (1998). Modeling cognitive interactions during group brainstorming. Small Group Research, 29, 495-526.
13. Camacho, L. M., & Paulus, P. B. (1995). The role of social anxiousness in group brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1071-1080.
14. Cantor, J., & Engle, R. W. (1993). Working memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5, 1101-1114.
15. Christensen, P. R., Guilford, J. P., & Wilson, R. C. (1957). Relations of creative responses to working time and instructions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 82-88.
16. Cinan, S. (2003). Executive processes in free recall of categorized lists. Learning and Motivation, 34, 240-261.
17. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
18. Coskun, H., Paulus, P. B., Brown, V., & Sherwood, J. J. (2000). Cognitive stimulation and problem presentation in idea-generating groups. Group Dynamics, 4, 307-329.
19. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.
20. Dennis, A. R., & Valacich, J. S. (1993). Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 531-537.
21. Dennis, A. R., Valacich, J. S., Connolly, T., & Wynne, B. E. (1996). Process structuring in electronic brainstorming. Information Systems Research, 7, 268-277.
22. Diehl, M. ( 1991). Kollektive Kreativität: Zur Quantität und Qualität der Ideenproduktion in Kleingruppen. Unpublished Habilitationschrift, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
23. Diehl, M., Munkes, J., & Ziegler, R. (2002, June). Brainstorming and cognitive stimulation: When does being exposed to the ideas of others facilitate or inhibit one's own idea generation? Paper presented at the conference of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, San Sebastian, Spain.
24. Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1987). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 497-509.
25. Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1991). Productivity loss in idea-generating groups: Tracking down the blocking effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 392-403.
26. Dugosh, K. L., Paulus, P. B., Roland, E. J., & Yang, H.-C. (2000). Cognitive stimulation in brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 722-735.
27. Dunbar, K. (1995). How scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. In R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of insight (pp. 365-395). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Gallupe, R. B., Bastianutti, L. M., & Cooper, W. H. (1991). Unblocking brainstorms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 137-142.
29. Gallupe, R. B., Cooper, W. H., Grisé, M. L., & Bastianutti, L. M. (1994). Blocking electronic brainstorms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 77-86.
30. Goldenberg, J., Mazursky, D., & Solomon, S. (1999). Toward identifying the inventive templates of new products: A channeled ideation approach. Journal of Marketing Research, 26, 200-210.
31. Goldstone, R. L. (1994). Similarity, interactive activation, and mapping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 3-28.
32. Gruenewald, P. J., & Lockhead, G. R. (1980). The free recall of category examples. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 225-240.
33. Haarmann, H., & Usher, M. (2001). Maintenance of semantic information in capacity-limited item short-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 568-578.
34. Hedges, L.V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic.
35. Hinsz, V. B., Tindale, R. S., & Vollrath, D. A. (1997). The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 43-64.
36. Homma, M., Tajima, K., & Hayashi, M. (1995). The effects of misperception of performance in brainstorming groups. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 221-231.
37. Johnson, B. T. (1989). DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
38. Kanekar, S., & Rosenbaum, M. E. (1972). Group performance on a multiple-solution task as a function of available time. Psychonomic Science, 27, 331-332.
39. Kerr, N. L., MacCoun, R., & Kramer, G. P. (1996). Bias in judgment: Comparing individuals and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 687-719.
40. Kerr, N. L., & Tindale, R. S. (2004). Group performance and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 623-655.
41. Lamm, H., & Trommsdorff, G. (1973). Group versus individual performance on a task requiring ideational proficiency (brain-storming): A review. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 362-388.
42. Larey, T. S., & Paulus, P. B. (1999). Group preference and convergent tendencies in small groups: A content analysis of group brainstorming performance. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 175-184.
43. Loftus, E. F. (1974). Activation of semantic memory. American Journal of Psychology, 86, 331-337.
44. Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 317-326.
45. Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
46. Mullen, B., Johnson, C., & Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 3-24.
47. Nagasundaram, M., & Dennis, A. R. (1993). When a group is not a group: The cognitive foundation of group idea generation. Small Group Research, 24, 463-489.
48. Nijstad, B. A. (2000). How the group affects the mind: Effects of communication in idea generating groups. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University.
49. Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (1999). Persistence of brainstorming groups: How do people know when to stop? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 165-185.
50. Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2002). Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 535-544.
51. Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2003). Production blocking and idea generation: Does blocking interfere with cognitive processes? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 531-548.
52. Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2006). The illusion of group productivity: A reduction of failures explanation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 31-48.
53. Osborn, A. F. (1953). Applied imagination. New York: Scribner's.
54. Osborn, A. F. (1957). Applied imagination (2nd ed.). New York: Scribner's.
55. Parnes, S. J., & Meadow, A. (1959). Effects of " brainstorming" instructions on creative problem solving by trained and untrained subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 50, 171-176.
56. Paulus, P. B., Dugosh, K. L., Dzindolet, M. T., Coskun, H., & Putman, V. L. (2002). Social and cognitive influences in group brainstorming: Predicting production gains and losses. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 299-325). Chichester, England: Wiley.
57. Paulus, P. B., & Dzindolet, M. T. (1993). Social influence processes in group brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 575-586.
58. Paulus, P. B., Dzindolet, M. T., Poletes, G., & Camacho, L. M. (1993). Perception of performance in group brainstorming: The illusion of productivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 78-89.
59. Paulus, P. B., Larey, T. S., Putman, V. L., Leggett, K. L., & Roland, E. J. (1996). Social influence process in computer brainstorming. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 3-14.
60. Paulus, P. B., & Yang, H. C. (2000). Idea generation in groups: A basis for creativity in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82, 76-87.
61. Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1993). The story of the two-store model of memory: Past criticisms, current status, and future directions. In D. E. Myers & S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience (pp. 467-488). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
62. Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134.
63. Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). Productivity is not enough: A comparison of interactive and nominal groups on idea generation and selection. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 244-251.
64. Roediger, H. L. (1974). Inhibiting effects of recall. Memory and Cognition, 2, 261-269.
65. Roediger, H. L. (1978). Recall as a self-limiting process. Memory and Cognition, 6, 54-63.
66. Roenker, D. L., Thompson, C. P., & Brown, S. C. (1971). Comparison of measures for the estimation of clustering in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 45-48.
67. Rosenthal, R. (1995). Writing meta-analytic reviews. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 183-192.
68. Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific creativity as stochastic behavior: The integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 475-494.
69. Slamecka, N. J. (1968). An examination of trace storage in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 504-513.
70. Smith, S. M. (2003). The constraining effects of initial ideas. In P. B. Paulus & B. A. Nijstad (Eds.), Group creativity: Innovation through collaboration (pp. 15-31). New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Smith, S. M., & Blankenship, S. E. (1989). Incubation effects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 311-314.
72. Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (1991). Incubated reminiscence effects. Memory & Cognition, 19, 168-176.
73. Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1987). Effects of information load and percentage of shared information on the dissemination of unshared information during group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 81-93.
74. Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. New York: Academic.
75. Stroebe, W., & Diehl, M. (1994). Why groups are less effective than their members: On productivity losses in idea-generating groups. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 271-303). London: Wiley.
76. Stroebe, W., Diehl, M., & Abakoumkin, G. (1992). The illusion of group effectivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 643-650.
77. Sutton, R. I., & Hargadon, A. (1996). Brainstorming groups in context. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 685-718.
78. Taylor, D. W., Berry, P. C., & Block, C. H. (1958). Does group participation when brainstorming facilitate or inhibit creative thinking? Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 23-47.
79. Tulving, E., & Pearlstone, Z. (1966). Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 381-391.
80. Valacich, J. S., Dennis, A. R., & Connolly, T. (1994). Idea-generation in computer-based groups: A new ending to an old story. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 448-467.
81. Valacich, J. S., Wheeler, B. C., Mennecke, B. E., & Wachter, R. (1995). The effects of numerical and logical group size on computer-mediated idea generation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 318-329.
82. Vroom, V. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
83. Weldon, M. S., & Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1160-1175.
84. West, M. A., & Anderson, N. (1996). Innovation in top management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 680-693.
85. Ziegler, R., Diehl, M., & Zijlstra, G. (2000). Idea production in nominal and virtual groups: Does computer-mediated communication improve group brainstorming? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 3, 141-158.