Written language is as natural as spoken language: A biolinguistic perspective

Reading Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 263-311

  Aaron, P G ^a   Joshi, R Malatesha ^b  

^a INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748463191     PISSN: 02702711     EISSN: 15210685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02702710600846803     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Aaron, P. G., Baxter, C., & Lucenti, J. (1980). Developmental dyslexia and acquired alexia: Two sides of the same coin? Brain & Language, 11, 1-11.
2. Aiello, L. C. (1998). The foundations of human language. In N.G. Jablonski & L.C. Aiello (Eds.), The origin and diversification of language (pp. 21-34). San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences.
3. Aitcheson, J. (1981). Language change: Progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Allen, J. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Alvares, R. L., & Downing, S. F. (1998). A survey of expressive communication skills in children with Angelman syndrome. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 7, 14-24.
6. Arnett, W. S. (1982). The predynastic origin of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
7. Baker, L., Fernandez-Fein, A., Scher, D., & Williams, H. (1998), Home experiences related to the development of word recognition. In J. L. Metsala & L.C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 263-287). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8. Bauer, B. L. (1992). Evolution in language: Evidence from the Romance axillary. In J. Wind, B. Chiarelli, B. Bichakjian, A. Nocentini, & A. Jonker (Eds.), Language origin: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 517-528). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9. Bennett, J. A., & Berry, J. W. (1991). Cree literacy in the syllable script. In D.R. Olson & N. Torrance (Eds.), Literacy and orality (pp. 90-104). New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Berry, J. W., & Bennett, J. A. (1989). Syllabic literacy and cognitive performance among the Cree. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 429-450.
11. Bertelson, P., & DeGelder, B. (1988). Learning about reading from illiterates. In A. Galaburda (Ed.), From neurons to reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Bichakjian, B. H. (1989). Language innateness and speech pathology. In J. Wind, E. Pulleyblank, E. DeGrolier, & B. Bichakjian (Eds.), Studies in language origins (Vol. 1., pp. 209-232). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
13. Bichakjian, B. H. (1992). Language evolution: Evidence from historical linguistics. In J. Wind, B. Chiarelli, B. Bichakjian, A. Nocentini, & A. Jonker (Eds.), Language origin: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 171-202). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
14. Bichakjian, B. H. (1999). Language evolution and the complexity criterion. Psycholoquy, 10. Retrieved from http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/cgi/ psyc/ newpsy?10.0333
15. Bickerton, D. (1994). The language bioprogram hypothesis. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 7, 173-221.
16. Bickerton, D. (1995). Language and human behavior. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
17. Bickerton, D. (2003). Symbol and structure: A comprehensive framework for language evolution. In M. H. Christiansen & S. Kirby (Eds.), Language evolution. (pp. 77-93). New York: Oxford University Press.
18. Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Hart & Winston.
19. Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1985). Rhyme and reason in reading and spelling. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
20. Brown, R., & Bellugi, U. (1964). Three processes in the child's acquisition of syntax. Harvard Educational Review, 34, 133-151.
21. Callender, J. B. (1975). Middle Egyptian. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications.
22. Cameron, R. F., Currier, R. D., & Haerer, A. F. (1971). Aphasia and literacy. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 6, 161-163.
23. Campbell, L. (1999). Historical linguistics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24. Caplan, D. (1987). Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology: An introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Castles, A., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Is there a causal link from phonological awareness to success in learning to read? Cognition, 91(1), 77-111.
26. Chafe, W. L. (1985). Linguistic differences produced by differences between speaking and writing. In D.R. Olson, N. Torrance, & A. Hildyard (Eds.), Literacy, language and learning (pp. 105-123) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Chan, L., & Louie, L. (1992). Developmental trend of Chinese preschool children in drawing and writing. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 6, 93-99.
28. Christiansen, M. H., & Kirby, S. (2003). Language evolution: The hardest problem in science? In M.H. Christiansen & S. Kirby (Eds.), Language evolution, (pp. 1-15). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Chomsky, N. (1972). Language and mind. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich.
30. Chomsky, N. (1975). Reflections on language. New York: Pantheon.
31. Chomsky, N. (1988). Language and problems of knowledge: The Managua lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
33. Coe, M. D. (1999). Breaking the Maya code. New York: Thames & Hudson.
34. Comrie, B. (1981). Language universals and linguistic typology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Comrie, B., Matthews, S., & Polinsky, M. (1996). The atlas of languages. New York: Facts on File Inc.
36. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Barkow, H. (1992). Evolutionary psychology and conceptual integration. In H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 70-93) New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Coughton, A. K., & Warrington, E. K. (1978). Word comprehension and word retrieval in patients with localized cerebral lesions. Brain, 101, 163-185.
38. Coulmas, F. (Ed.). (1997). The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
39. Daniels, P. T. (1996). The study of writing systems. In P.T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp. 1-2). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: J. Murray.
41. Deacon, T. W. (1992). Brain-language coevolution. In J. A. Hawkins & M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), The evolution of human languages (pp. 49-83) Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
42. Deacon, T. W. (1996). Prefrontal cortex and symbol learning: Why a brain capable of language evolved only once. In B. M. Velichkovsky & D. M. Rumbaugh (Eds.), Communicating meaning: The evolution and development of language (pp. 103-138) Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43. Deacon, T. W. (1997). The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
44. DeFord, D. E. (1980). Young children and their writing. Theory into Practice, 19, 157-162.
45. DeFrancis, J. (1989). Visible speech: The diverse oneness of writing systems. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
46. DeFries, J., Stevenson, J., Gillis, J., & Wadsworth, S. (1991). Genetic etiology of spelling deficits in the Colorado and London twin studies of reading disability. Reading & Writing, 3, 271-283.
47. DeFries, J. C., & Alrcon, M. (1996). Genetics of specific reading disability. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 2, 39-47.
48. DeJerine, J. (1892). Contribution a l'etude anatomoclinique et clinique des differentes varietes de cecite verbale. C.R. Hebdomadaire des Sceances et Memoires de la Societe de Biologie, 4, 61-90.
49. Depuydt, L. (1999). Fundamentals of Egyptian grammar. Ashland, OH: Book Masters.
50. de Saussure, F. (1916). Course in general linguistics. London: Duckworth.
51. De Silva, M. S. (1982). Some consequences of diglossia. In W. Hass, (Ed.). Standard languages, spoken and written (pp. 238-253) Manchester: Manchester University Press.
52. Dobzhansky, T. (1937). Genetics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
53. Ehri, L. (1986). Sources of difficulty in learning to spell and read. In M. L. Wolraich & D. Routh (Eds.), Advances in developmental and behavioral pediatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 121-195). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
54. Ehri, L. (1992). Review and commentary: Stages of spelling development. In S. Templeton & D.R. Bear (Eds.), Development of orthographic knowledge and the foundations of literacy: A memorial festschrift for Edmund H. Henderson (pp. 307-332) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Eldredge, N. (1989). Macroevolutionary dynamics: Species, niches, and adaptive peaks. New York: McGraw-Hill.
56. Falkenstein, A. (1964). Das Sumerische. Reprint from Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden: Brill.
57. Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15, 325-340.
58. Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G., & Garrett, M. (1974). The psychology of language. New York: McGraw-Hill.
59. Foley, W. A., & Van Valin, R. D. (1984). Functional syntax and universal grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press.
60. Gardiner, A. (1969). Egyptian grammar, being an introduction to the study of hieroglyphs, 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press.
61. Gardner, A., & Gardner, B. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 165, 664-672.
62. Gayan, J., & Olson, R. K. (2001). Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and phonological skills in children with reading disabilities. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 487-511.
63. Gelb, I. J. (1974). A study of writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. Gentry, J. R. (1982). An analysis of developmental spelling in GNYS AT WRK. The Reading Teacher, 36, 192-200.
65. Givon, T. (1979). On understanding grammar. New York: Academic press.
66. Givon, T. (2002). Bio-linguistics. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
67. Goldin-Meadows, S., & Feldman, H. (1977). The development of language-like communication without a language model. Science, 197, 401-403.
68. Goldstein, K. (1948). Language and language disturbances. New York: Grune & Stratton.
69. Goody, J. (1977). The domestication of the savage mind. New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Gopnik, M. (1990). Feature-blind grammar and dysphasia. Nature, 314, 715.
71. Gopnik, M., & Crago, M. (1991). Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder. Cognition, 39, 1-50.
72. Gottlieb, G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory. Developmental Psychology, 27, (1), 4-13.
73. Gould, S. J. (1984). Relationship of individual and group change. Ontogeny and phylogeny in biology. Human Development, 27, 233-239.
74. Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian program: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 205, 281-288.
75. Gould, S. J., & Marler, P. (1987). Learning by instinct. Scientific American, 272(1), 68-82.
76. Greenfield, P. M. (1991). Language, tools, and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 531-595.
77. Haeckel, E. (1883). The History of Creation. Translated by F.R. Lankester. London: Kegan Paul.
78. Hale, K. (1992). Basic word order in two "free word order" languages. In D.L. Payne (Ed.), Pragmatics of word order flexibility (pp. 75-99). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
79. Hammill, D. (2004). What we know about correlates of reading. Exceptional Children, 70 (4), 453-463.
80. Harlaar, N., Spinath, F. M., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2005). Genetic influences on word recognition abilities and disabilities: A study of 7-year-old twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 373-384.
81. Harnad, S. (1996). The origins of words: A psychophysical hypothesis. In B.M. Velichkovsky & D.M. Rumbaugh (Eds.), Communicating meaning: The evolution and development of language. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
82. Harste, J., & Burke, P. (1982). Predicabilidad un universal de la lecto-escritura. In E. Ferreiro & M. Gomez (Eds.), Nuevas perspectivas sobre los procesos de lectura y escritura, XXI, 111-121.
83. Hecaen, H., & Albert, M. (1978). Human neuropsychology. New York: Wiley.
84. Hecaen, H., Angelergues, R., & Houilier, S. (1961). Les varietes cliniques des acalculias au cours des lesions retrolandiques. Revue Neurologique, 2, 85-103.
85. Henry, M. (1990). Words. Austin, TX: Pro Ed.
86. Hewes, G. W. (1983). The invention of phonemically based language. In E. de Grolier (Ed.), Glossogenetics: The origin and evolution of language (pp. 143-162). New York: Harwood Academic.
87. Hinshelwood, J. (1900). Congenital word-blindness. The Lancet, 1, 1506-1508.
88. Hudson, A. (1999). Diglossia. In B. Spolsky (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of educational Linguistics, (pp. 37-42). New York: Elsevier.
89. Humboldt, von W. C. (1931). Linguistic variability and intellectual development. Reprinted in Miami Linguistic Series, No. 9. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press.
90. Hurford, J. R., & Kirby, S. (1995). Neural preconditions for protolanguage. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 193-194.
91. Jean, G. (1992). Writing: The story of alphabets and scripts. New York: Henry Abrams.
92. Jenkins, L. (2000). Biolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
93. Johnson, S. (1755). A dictionary of the English language. London: W. Strachan.
94. Johnston, T. D., & Gottlieb, G. (1990). Neophenogenesis: A developmental theory of phenotypic evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147, 471-495.
95. Joshi, R. M., & Aaron, P. G. (unpublished). DEAR: Drop everything and write. A program which requires children to communicate among themselves in the classroom for a specified amount of time only through written language. Unpublished manuscript.
96. Kalmar, I. (1985). Are there no primitive languages? In D.R. Olson, N. Torrance, & A. Hildyard (Eds.), Literacy, language, and learning. The nature and consequences of reading and writing (pp. 85-96). New York: Cambridge University Press.
97. Kessler, B., & Treiman, R. (2003). Is English spelling chaotic? Misconceptions concerning its irregularity. Reading Psychology, 24, 267-289.
98. Kinsbourne, M., & Warrington, E. K. (1964). Disorders of spelling. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 27, 224-228.
99. Kleist, K. (1934). Gehirnpathologie. Leipzig: Barth.
100. Laitman, J. T. (1983). The evolution of the hominid upper respiratory system and implications for the origins of speech. In E. de Grolier (Eds.), Glossogenetics: The origin and evolution of language (pp. 63-90). New York: Harwood Academic.
101. LeCours, A. R., Mehler, J., & Parente, M. (1988). Illiteracy and brain damage: A contribution to the study of speech and language disorders in illiterates with unilateral brain damage. Neuropsychologia, 27(4), 575-589.
102. Leith, D. (1996). The origins of English. In D. Graddol, D. Leith, & J. Swan (Eds.), English: History, diversity, and change (pp. 95-132). London: Routledge.
103. Levin, I., Share, D. L., & Shatil, E. (1996). A qualitative- quantitative study of preschool writing: Its development and contribution to school literacy. In C. M. Levy & S. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences and applications (pp. 271-293). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
104. Li, C. N., & Hombert, J. M. (2000). On the evolutionary origin of language. In M. Stamenov & V. Gallese (Eds.), Mirror neurons and the evolution of brain and language (pp. 77-92). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
105. Lieberman, P. (1984). The biology and evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
106. Lieberman, P. (1992). On the evolution of human language. In J. A. Hawkins & M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), The evolution of human languages (pp. 21-48). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
107. Lock, A. J. (1983). Recapitulation in the ontogeny and phylogeny of language. In E. de Groliev (Ed.), Glossogenetics (pp. 225-273). New York: Harwood Academic.
108. Loprieno, A. (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
109. Lundberg, I., Frost, J., & Petersen, O. (1988). Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 263-284.
110. Luria, A. R. (1976). Basic problems in neurolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
111. Mair, V. H. (1996). Modern Chinese writing. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp. 340-365). New York: Oxford University Press.
112. Marschark, M., West, S., Nall, L., & Everhart, V. (1986). Development of creative language devices in signed and oral production. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 41, 534-550.
113. Maryanski, A. (1996). Was speech an evolutionary afterthought? In B.M. Velichkovsky & D. M. Rumbaugh (Eds.), Communicating meaning: The evolution and development of language (pp. 123-148). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
114. McCarthy, R. A., & Warrington, E. K. (1990). Cognitive neurospsychology. New York: Academic Press.
115. McCarthy, S. (1995). The Cree syllabary and the writing system riddle: A paradigm in crisis. In I. Taylor & D. R. Olson (Eds.), Scripts and literacy (pp. 59-76). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
116. Mellars, P. A. (1998). Neanderthals, modern humans, and the archaeological evidence for language. In N.G. Jablonski & L.C. Aiello (Eds.), The origin and diversification of language (pp. 89-116). San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences.
117. Michaels, S., & Collins, I. (1984). Oral discourse styles: Classroom interaction and the acquisition of literacy. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Spoken and written language (pp. 219-244). Norwood: Ables.
118. Michalowski, P. (1996). Mesopotamian cuneiform. P. T., Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.), The world's writing systems (pp. 53-69). New York: Oxford University Press.
119. Miller, J., & Weinert, R. (1998). Spontaneous spoken language: Syntax and discourse. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
120. Mithun, M. (1992). Is basic word order universal? In D.L. Payne (Ed.), Pragmatics of word order flexibility (pp. 49-79). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
121. Morais, J., Bertelson, P., Cary, L., & Alegria, J. (1986). Literacy training and speech segmentation. Cognition, 24, 45-64.
122. Moutier, F. (1908). L'aphasie de Broca. Paris: Steinheil.
123. Muller, R. A. (1996). Innateness, autonomy, universality? Neurobiological approaches to language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 611-675.
124. Napier, J.R. (1970). The roots of mankind. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
125. Newmeyer, F. J. (2001). The Prague school and North American functionalist approaches to syntax. Journal of Linguistics, 37, 101-126.
126. Newport, E. L. (1975). Motherese: The speech of mothers to young children (Tech. Re. No. 52). San Diego: University of California, Center for Human Information Processing.
127. Olson, D. R. (1977). The basis of language in speech and writing. Harvard Education Review, 47, 257-281.
128. Olson, D. R. (1994). The world on paper. New York: Cambridge University Press.
129. Olson, R. K. (2004). SSSR, environment, and genes. Scientific Studies of Reading, 8, 111-124.
130. Olson, R. K., Rack, J. P., Conners, F. A., DeFries, J. C., & Fulker, D. W. (1991). Genetic etiology of individual differences in reading disability. In L. V. Feagans, E. J. Short, & L. J. Meltzer (Eds.), Subtypes of learning disabilities: Theoretical perspectives and research (pp. 243-273).
131. Ong, W. J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.
132. Petitto, L., & Marentette, P. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: Evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1493-1496.
133. Piattelli-Palmarini, M. (1989). Evolution, selection and cognition: From "learning" to parameter setting in biology and in the study of language. Cognition, 31, 1-44.
134. Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct. New York: William Morrow.
135. Pinker, S. (1998). The evolution of the human language faculty. In N. G. Jablonski & L.C. Aiello (Eds.), The origin and diversification of language (pp. 117-126). San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences.
136. Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707-784.
137. Place, U. T. (2000). The role of the hand in the evolution of language. Psycholoquy, 11 Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/-harnad/psyc.html
138. Polotsky, H. J. (1971). Egyptian. In H.J. Polotsky (Ed.), Collected papers (pp. 320-338). Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Magnes Press.
139. Pontecorvo, C., & Orsolini, M. (1996). Writing and written language in children's development. In C. Pontecorvo, M. Orsolini, B., Burge, & L. Resnick (Eds.), Children's early text construction (pp. 3-23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
140. Premack, A. J. (1976). Why chimps can read? New York: Harper & Row.
141. Pulgram, E. (1965). Graphic and phonic systems. Word, 21, 208-224.
142. Ragir, S. (1985). Retarded development: The evolutionary mechanism underlying the emergence of the human capacity for language. Journal of Mind & Behavior, 6, 451-468.
143. Read, C. (1971). Pre-school children's knowledge of English phonology. Harvard Educational Review, 41, 1-34.
144. Renfrew, C. (1998). The origins of world linguistic diversity: An archaeological perspective. In N. G. Jablonski & L. C. Aiello (Eds.), The origin and diversification of language (pp. 171-192). San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences.
145. Roberts, C., & Street, B. (1997). Spoken and written language. In Coulmas, F. (Ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics (pp. 168-186). Oxford: Blackwell.
146. Robinson, A. (1995). The story of writing. London: Thames & Hudson.
147. Roeltgen, B., & Heilman, S. (1984). Lexical agraphia: Further support for the two strategy hypothesis of linguistic agraphia. Brain, 107, 811-827.
148. Rogers, H. (1994). Optimal orthographies. In I. Taylor & D.R. Olson (Eds.), Scripts and literacy (pp. 31-43). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
149. Ruhlen, M. (1992). An overview of genetic classification. In J. A. Hawkins & M. Gell-Mann (Eds.), The evolution of human languages (pp. 68-98). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
150. Rumbaugh, D. M., & Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (1996). Biobehavioral roots of language: Words, apes and a child. In B.M. Velichkovsky & D.M. Rumbaugh (Eds.), Communicating meaning: The evolution and development of language. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
151. Sampson, G. (1985). Writing systems: A linguistic introduction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
152. Schmandt-Basserat, D. (1992). Before writing: From counting to cuneiform. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
153. Scholes, R. J., & Willis, B. J. (1991). Linguists, literacy, and the intensionality of Marshall McLuhan's Western man. In D. R. Olson & N. Torrance (Eds.). Literacy and orality (pp. 215-235). New York: Cambridge University Press.
154. Schulte-Koerne, G., Wolfgang, D., Mueller, K., & Gutenbrunner, C. (1996). Familial aggregation of spelling disability. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 37, 817-822.
155. Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1981). The psychology of literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
156. Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360-407.
157. Stevenson, J., Graham, P., Feldman, M., & McLoughlin, A. (1987). A twin study of genetic influences on reading and spelling ability and disability. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 28, 229-247.
158. Stubbs, M. (1980). Language and Literacy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
159. Sulzby, E. (1986). Writing and reading: Signs of oral and written language organization in the young child. In W. H. Teale & E. Sulzby (Eds.), Energent literacy: Writing and reading (pp. 50-89). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
160. Sulzby, E. (1996). Roles of oral and written language as children approach conventional literacy. In C. Pontecorvo, M. Orsolini, B. Burge, & L.B. Resnik (Eds.), Children's early text construction (pp. 25-46). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
161. Sulzby, E., Barnhart, J., & Hieshima, J. (1989). Forms of writing and rereading from writing: A preliminary report. In J. Mason (Ed.), Reading/writing connections (pp. 31-63). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
162. Szeszulski, P. (1989). Familial resemblance in component reading, spelling, and language processes among subgroups of dyslexics. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49(8-B), 3474.
163. Tallal, P., Ross, R., & Curtis, S. (1989). Familial aggregation in specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, 167-173.
164. Taylor, I. (1976). Introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
165. Taylor, I., & Taylor, M. (1995). Writing and literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
166. Tomasello, M. (1992). First verbs: A case study in early grammatical development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
167. Tomasello, M. (2000). Do young children have adult syntactic competence? Cognition, 74, 200-253.
168. Tomasello, M. (2003). On the different origins of symbols and grammar. In M. H. Christiansen & S. Kirby, (Eds.), Language evolution (pp. 111-139). New York: Oxford University Press.
169. Tomblin, J., & Buckwalter, P. (1998). Heritability of poor language achievement among twins. Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 41, 188-199.
170. Tomblin, J. B. (1989). Familiar concentration of developmental language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, 287-295.
171. Trainor, L., Austin, C. M., & Desjardins, R. N. (2000). Is infant-directed speech prosody a result of the vocal expression of emotions? Psychological Science, 11, 188-193.
172. Treiman, R. (1993). Beginning to spell. New York: Oxford University Press.
173. Trinkaus, E., & Villeneur, I. (1991). Mechanical advantages of the Neanderthal thumb flexion: A test of an hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 84, 249-266.
174. Vachek, J. (1973). Written language. General problems and problems of English. The Hague: Mouton.
175. Vachek, J. (1989). Written language revisited. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
176. Van Valin, R., & LaPolla, R. (1997). Syntax, structure, meaning and function. New York: Cambridge University Press.
177. Velichkovsky, B. M. (1996). Language development at the crossroads of biological and cultural interactions In B.M. Velichkovsky & D. M. Rumbaugh (Eds.), Communicating meaning: The evolution and development of language (pp. 23-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
178. von Gorlitzer, M. (1957). Zur Frage de paarig veranlagten Sprachzentren. Der Nervenartz, 28, 212-216.
179. Walker, C. B. F. (1987). Reading the past: Cuneiform. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
180. Waller, R. (1984). Typography and discourse. In R. Barr, M. L. Kamill, P. B. Mosenthal, & P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol II), (pp. 341-380). New York: Longman.
181. Wallon, H., & Lucrat, L. (1957). Graphisme et modele dans les dessins de l'infant. Journal de Psychologie, 3, 257-278.
182. Waterson, B. (1997). The Egyptians. Oxford: Blackwell.
183. Weistuch, L., & Schiff, M. (1996). Chromosomal translocation in a child with SLI and apraxia. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, 668-671.