Clinical utility of contrast-enhanced echocardiography

Clinical Cardiology

Volumn 29, Issue 9 SUPPL. 1, 2006, Pages

  Lang, Roberto M ^a,b   Mor Avi, Victor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

3 dimensional imaging; Contrast; Endocardial borders; Microbubbles; Stress echocardiography; Thrombus

Indexed keywords

ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM; FLUOROCARBON; PERFLUTREN;

CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENDOCARDIUM; HEART MUSCLE PERFUSION; HUMAN; MICROBUBBLE; PATIENT SAFETY; REVIEW; STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; THROMBUS;

EID: 33748449618     PISSN: 01609289     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960291304     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Geny B, Mettauer B, Muan B, Bischoff P, Epailly E, Piquard F, Eisenmann B, Haberey P: Safety and efficacy of a new transpulmonary echo contrast agent in echocardiographic studies in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1193-1198
2. Kitzman DW, Goldman ME, Gillam LD, Cohen JL, Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS: Efficacy and safety of the novel ultrasound contrast agent perflutren (definity) in patients with suboptimal baseline left ventricular eehocardiographic images. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:669-674
3. Kitzman DW, Wesley DJ: Safety assessment of perflenapent emulsion for eehocardiographic contrast enhancement in patients with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Heart J 2000;139:1077-1080
4. Grayburn PA: Current and future contrast agents. Echocardiography 2002;19:259-265
5. Mor-Avi V, Bednarz J, Weinert L, Sugeng L, Lang RM: Power Doppler imaging as a basis for automated endocardial border detection during left ventricular contrast enhancement. Echocardiography 2000;17:529-537
6. Crouse LJ, Cheirif J, Hanly DE, Kisslo JA, Labovitz AJ, Raichlen JS, Schutz RW, Shah PM, Smith MD: Opacification and border delineation improvement in patients with suboptimal endocardial border definition in routine echocardiography: Results of the Phase III Albunex Multicenter Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1494-1500
7. Cohen JL, Cheirif J, Segar DS, Gillam LD, Gottdiener JS, Hausnerova E, Bruns DE: Improved left ventricular endocardial border delineation and opacification with OPTISON (FS069), a new eehocardiographic contrast agent. Results of a phase III Multicenter Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:746-752
8. Lindner JR, Dent JM, Moos SP, Jayaweera AR, Kaul S: Enhancement of left ventricular cavity opacification by harmonic imaging after venous injection of Albunex. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1657-1662
9. Kasprzak JD, Paelinck B, Ten Cate FJ, Vletter WB, de Jong N, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Bouakaz A, Roelandt JR: Comparison of native and contrast-enhanced harmonic echocardiography for visualization of left ventricular endocardial border. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:211-217
10. Malhotra V, Nwogu J, Bondmass MD, Bean M, Bieniarz T, Tertell M, Conliss M, Devries S: Is the technically limited echocardiographic study an endangered species? Endocardial border definition with native tissue harmonic imaging and Optison contrast: A review of 200 cases. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:771-773
11. Spencer KT, Bednarz J, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, Tan J, Godoy I, Lang RM: The role of echocardiographic harmonic imaging and contrast enhancement for improvement of endocardial border delineation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:131-138
12. Kornbluth M, Liang DH, Brown P, Gessford E, Schnittger I: Contrast echocardiography is superior to tissue harmonics for assessment of left ventricular function in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Heart J 2000;140:291-296
13. Fukuda S, Hozumi T, Watanabe H, Muro T, Abo K, Yoshiyama M, Takeuchi K, Yoshikawa J: Usefulness of contrast echocardiography to improve the feasibility and accuracy of automated measurements of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:71-74
14. Malm S, Frigstad S, Sagberg E, Larsson H, Skjaerpe T: Accurate and reproducible measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by contrast echocardiography: A comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1030-1035
15. Hundley WG, Kizilbash AM, Afridi I, Franco F, Peshock RM, Grayburn PA: Effect of contrast enhancement on transthoracic eehocardiographic assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:1365-1368, A8-9
16. Reilly JP, Tunick PA, Timmermans RJ, Stein B, Rosenzweig BP, Kronzon I: Contrast echocardiography clarifies uninterpretable wall motion in intensive care unit patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:485-490
17. Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, Kasprzak JD, Borges AC, ten Cate F, Firschke C, Lafitte S, Al-Saadi N, Kuntz-Hehner S, Horstick G, Greis C, Engelhardt M, Vanoverschelde JL, Becher H: Analysis of regional left ventricular function by cineventriculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced echocardiography: A multicenter comparison of methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:121-128
18. Spencer KT, Bednarz J, Mor-Avi V, DeCara J, Lang RM: Automated endocardial border detection and evaluation of left ventricular function from contrast-enhanced images using modified acoustic quantification. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:777-781
19. DeCara JM, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, Korcarz CE, Collins KA, Spencer KT, Bednarz JE, Lang RM: Automated quantitative assessment of wall motion in patients with poor acoustic windows. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:723-731
20. Crouse LJ: Sonicated serum albumin in contrast echocardiography: Improved segmental wall motion depiction and implications for stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:42H-45H
21. Timperley J, Becher H: Safety of dobutamine contrast stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1963-1964
22. Dolan MS, Riad K, El-Shafei A, Puri S, Tamirisa K, Bierig M, St Vrain J, McKinney L, Havens E, Habermehl K, Pyatt L, Kern M, Labovitz AJ: Effect of intravenous contrast for left ventricular opacification and border definition on sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with coronary angiography in technically difficult patients. Am Heart J 2001;142:908-915
23. Rainbird AJ, Mulvagh SL, Oh JK, McCully RB, Klarich KW, Shub C, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA: Contrast dobutamine stress echocardiography: Clinical practice assessment in 300 consecutive patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:378-385
24. Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Weiss RJ, Toledo E, Weinert L, Bouchard T, Spencer KT, Lang RM: Computerized evaluation of echocardiographic stress tests in patients with poorly visualized endocardium using analysis of color-encoded contrast-enhanced images. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006;7:122-133
25. Yokoyama N, Schwarz KQ, Steinmetz SD, Li X, Chen X: Prognostic value of contrast stress echocardiography in patients with image quality too limited for traditional noncontrast harmonic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:15-20
26. Finkelhor RS, Pajouh M, Kett A, Stefanski R, Bosich G, Youssefi ME, Bahler RC: Clinical impact of second harmonic imaging and left heart contrast in echocardiographic stress testing. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:740-743
27. Thanigaraj S, Nease RF Jr, Schechtman KB, Wade RL, Loslo S, Perez JE: Use of contrast for image enhancement during stress echocardiography is cost-effective and reduces additional diagnostic testing. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1430-1432
28. Tardif JC, Dore A, Chan KL, Fagan S, Honos G, Marcotte F, Yu E, Siu S, Dumesnil J, Arsenault M, Koilpillai C, D'Onofrio F: Economic impact of contrast stress echocardiography on the diagnosis and initial treatment of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1335-1345
29. Yong Y, Wu D, Fernandes V, Kopelen HA, Shimoni S, Nagueh SF, Callahan JD, Bruns DE, Shaw LJ, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA: Diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of cardiac function in technically very difficult patients in the intensive care unit. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:711-718
30. Castello R, Bella JN, Rovner A, Swan J, Smith J, Shaw L: Efficacy and time-efficiency of a "sonographer-driven" contrast echocardiography protocol in a high-volume echocardiography laboratory. Am Heart J 2003;145:535-541
31. Marwick TH: Contrast stress echocardiography: Completing the picture from image enhancement to improved accuracy and prognostic insight. Circulation 2005;112:1382-1383
32. Waggoner AD, Ehler D, Adams D, Moos S, Rosenbloom J, Gresser C, Perez JE, Douglas PS: Guidelines for the cardiac sonographer in the performance of contrast echocardiography: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council on Cardiac Sonography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:417-420
33. Tei C, Sakamaki T, Shah PM, Meerbaum S, Shimoura K, Kondo S, Corday E: Myocardial contrast echocardiography: A reproducible technique of myocardial opacification for identifying regional perfusion deficits. Circulation 1983;67:585-593
34. Santoso T, Roelandt J, Mansyoer H, Abdurahman N, Meltzer RS, Hugenholtz PG: Myocardial perfusion imaging in humans by contrast echocardiography using polygelin colloid solution. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:612-620
35. Lang RM, Feinstein SB, Feldman T, Neumann A, Chua KG, Borow KM: Contrast echocardiography for evaluation of myocardial perfusion: Effects of coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:232-235
36. Feinstein SB, Lang RM, Dick C, Neumann A, Al-Sadir J, Chua KG, Carroll J, Feldman T, Borow KM: Contrast echocardiography during coronary arteriography in humans: Perfusion and anatomic studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:59-65
37. Cheirif J, Zoghbi WA, Raizner AE, Minor ST, Winters WL Jr, Klein MS, De Bauche TL, Lewis JM, Roberts R, Quinones MA: Assessment of myocardial perfusion in humans by contrast echocardiography. I. Evaluation of regional coronary reserve by peak contrast intensity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:735-743
38. Vandenberg BF: Myocardial perfusion and contrast echocardiography. Review and new perspectives. Echocardiography 1991;8:65-75
39. Rovai D, Lombardi M, Distante A, L'Abbate A: Myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography. From off-line processing to radio frequency analysis. Circulation 1991;83(suppl):III97-III103.
40. Feinstein SB: Myocardial perfusion: Contrast echocardiography perspectives. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:36H-41H
41. Kaul S: Myocardial contrast echocardiography in coronary artery disease: Potential applications using venous injections of contrast. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:61D-68D
42. Main ML, Grayburn PA: Clinical applications of transpulmonary contrast echocardiography. Am Heart J 1999;137:144-153
43. Mulvagh SL, DeMaria AN, Feinstein SB, Burns PN, Kaul S, Miller JG, Monaghan M, Porter TR, Shaw LJ, Villanueva FS: Contrast echocardiography: Current and future applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:331-342
44. Porter TR, Cwajg J: Myocardial contrast echocardiography: A new gold standard for perfusion imaging? Echocardiography 2001;18:79-87
45. Villanueva FS: Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:38J-47J
46. Wei K: Assessment of myocardial blood flow and volume using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Echocardiography 2002; 19:409-416
47. Zoghbi WA: Evaluation of myocardial viability with contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:65J-71J
48. Kaul S: Instrumentation for contrast echocardiography: Technology and techniques. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:8J-14J
49. Monaghan MJ: Stress myocardial contrast echocardiography. Heart 2003;89:1391-1393
50. Monaghan MJ: Contrast echocardiography: From left ventricular opacification to myocardial perfusion. Are the promises to be realised? Heart 2003;89:1389-1390
51. Senior R: Role of myocardial contrast echocardiography in the clinical evaluation of acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2003;89:1398-1400
52. Lepper W, Belcik T, Wei K, Lindner JR, Sklenar J, Kaul S: Myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation 2004;109:3132-3135
53. Armstrong WF, Mueller TM, Kinney EL, Tickner EG, Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H: Assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalities with contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1982;66:166-173
54. Keller MW, Glasheen W, Teja K, Gear A, Kaul S: Myocardial contrast echocardiography without significant hemodynamic effects or reactive hyperemia: A major advantage in the imaging of regional myocardial perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:1039-1047
55. Reisner SA, Ong LS, Lichtenberg GS, Amico AF, Shapiro JR, Allen MN, Meltzer RS: Myocardial perfusion imaging by contrast echocardiography with use of intracoronary sonicated albumin in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:660-665
56. Cheirif J, Desir RM, Bolli R, Mahmarian JJ, Zoghbi WA, Verani MS, Quinones MA: Relation of perfusion defects observed with myocardial contrast echocardiography to the severity of coronary stenosis: Correlation with thallium-201 single-photon emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1343-1349
57. Villanueva FS, Glasheen WP, Sklenar J, Kaul S: Assessment of risk area during coronary occlusion and infarct size after reperfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left and right atrial injections of contrast. Circulation 1993;88:596-604
58. Meza MF, Mobarek S, Sonnemaker R, Shuler S, Ramee SR, Collins TJ, White CJ, Aristizabal D, Murgo JP, Cheirif J: Myocardial contrast echocardiography in human beings: Correlation of resting perfusion defects to sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography. Am Heart J 1996;132:528-535
59. Firschke C, Lindner JR, Wei K, Goodman NC, Skyba DM, Kaul S: Myocardial perfusion imaging in the setting of coronary artery stenosis and acute myocardial infarction using venous injection of a second-generation echocardiographic contrast agent. Circulation 1997;96:959-967
60. Porter TR, Li S, Kilzer K, Deligonul U: Effect of significant two-vessel versus one-vessel coronary artery stenosis on myocardial contrast defects observed with intermittent harmonic imaging after intravenous contrast injection during dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1399-1406
61. Marwick TH, Brunken R, Meland N, Brochet E, Baer FM, Binder T, Flachskampf F, Kamp O, Nienaber C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piérard L, Vanoverschelde JL, van der Wouw P, Lindvall K: Accuracy and feasibility of contrast echocardiography for detection of perfusion defects in routine practice: Comparison with wall motion and technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography. The Nycomed NC100100 Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1260-1269
62. Masugata H, Cotter B, Peters B, Ohmori K, Mizushige K, DeMaria AN: Assessment of coronary stenosis severity and transmural perfusion gradient by myocardial contrast echocardiography: Comparison of gray-scale B-mode with power Doppler imaging. Circulation 20OO;102:1427-1433
63. Maurer G, Ong K, Haendchen R, Torres M, Tei C, Wood F, Meerbaum S, Shah P, Corday E: Myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography: Comparison of contrast disappearance rates in normal and underperfused myocardium. Circulation 1984;69:418-429
64. Kaul S, Kelly P, Oliner JD, Glasheen WP, Keller MW, Watson DD: Assessment of regional myocardial blood flow with myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:468-482
65. Kemper AJ, Nickerson D, Boyle CC III, Saleh R, Parisi AF: Quantifying changes in regional myocardial perfusion with aortic contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989;2:36-47
66. Vandenberg BF, Kieso R, Fox-Eastham K, Chilian W, Kerber RE: Quantitation of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography: Analysis of contrast gray level appearance variables and intracyclic variability. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:200-206
67. Keller MW, Spotnitz WD, Matthew TL, Glasheen WP, Watson DD, Kaul S: Intraoperative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion using quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography: An experimental evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1267-1279
68. Mor-Avi V, David D, Akselrod S, Bitton Y, Choshniak I: Myocardial regional blood flow: Quantitative measurement by computer analysis of contrast enhanced echocardiographic images. Ultrasound Med Biol 1993;19:619-633
69. Skyba DM, Jayaweera AR, Goodman NC, Ismail S, Camarano G, Kaul S: Quantification of myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography during left atrial injection of contrast. Implications for venous injection. Circulation 1994;90:1513-1521
70. Lindner JR, Villanueva FS, Dent JM, Wei K, Sklenar J, Kaul S: Assessment of resting perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography: Theoretical and practical considerations. Am Heart J 2000;139(2 Pt 1):231-240
71. Leistad E, Ohmori K, Peterson TA, Christensen G, DeMaria AN: Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion during graded coronary artery stenoses by intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:624-631
72. Mor-Avi V, Caiani EG, Collins KA, Korcarz CE, Bednarz JE, Lang RM: Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional left ventricular function by analysis of contrast-enhanced power modulation images. Circulation 2001;104:352-357
73. Yu EH, Skyba DM, Leong-Poi H, Sloggett C, Jamorski M, Garg R, Iwanochko RM, Siu SC: Incremental value of parametric quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion by triggered Low-Power myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1807-1813
74. Lindner JR, Sklenar J: Placing faith in numbers: Quantification of perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1814-1816
75. Toledo E, Lang RM, Collins KA, Lammertin G, Weinert L, Mor-Avi V: Quantitative echocardiographic evaluation of myocardial perfusion using interrupted contrast infusion technique: In vivo validation studies and feasibility in human beings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1304-1311
76. Pelberg RA, Wei K, Kamiyama N, Sklenar J, Bin J, Kaul S: Potential advantage of flash echocardiography for digital subtraction of B-mode images acquired during myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:85-93
77. Dijkmans PA, Knaapen P, Sieswerda GT, Aiazian E, Visser CA, Lammertsma AA, Visser FC, Kamp O: Quantification of myocardial perfusion using intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography in healthy volunteers: Comparison with positron emission tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:285-293
78. Jeetley P, Hickman M, Kamp O, Lang RM, Thomas JD, Vannan MA, Vanoverschelde JL, van der Wouw PA, Senior R: Myocardial contrast echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery stenosis: A prospective multicenter study in comparison with single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:141-145
79. Wiencek JG, Feinstein SB, Walker R, Aronson S: Pitfalls in quantitative contrast echocardiography: The steps to quantitation of perfusion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:395-416
80. Toledo E, Collins KA, Williams U, Lammertin G, Bolotin G, Raman J, Lang RM, Mor-Avi V: Interrupted infusion of echocardiographic contrast as a basis for accurate measurement of myocardial perfusion: Ex vivo validation and analysis procedures. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1312-1320
81. Kaul S, Pandian NG, Okada RD, Pohost GM, Weyman AE: Contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial ischemia: I. In vivo determination of total left ventricular "area at risk." J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:1272-1282
82. Kemper A, Force T, Gilfoil M, Perkins LA, Parisi AF: Topographic correspondence of contrast echocardiographic perfusion mapping and myocardial infarct extent after varying durations of coronary occlusion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1988;1:104-113
83. Cheirif J, Narkiewicz-Jodko JB, Hawkins HK, Bravenec JS, Quinones MA, Mickelson JK: Myocardial contrast echocardiography: Relation of collateral perfusion to extent of injury and severity of contractile dysfunction in a canine model of coronary thrombosis and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:537-546
84. Leong-Poi H, Le E, Rim SJ, Sakuma T, Kaul S, Wei K: Quantification of myocardial perfusion and determination of coronary stenosis severity during hyperemia using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:1173-1182
85. Masugata H, Lafitte S, Peters B, Strachan GM, DeMaria AN: Comparison of real-time and intermittent triggered myocardial contrast echocardiography for quantification of coronary stenosis severity and transmural perfusion gradient. Circulation 2001;104: 1550-1556
86. Porter TR, Xie F, Kilzer K, Deligonul U: Detection of myocardial perfusion abnormalities during dobutamine and adenosine stress echocardiography with transient myocardial contrast imaging after minute quantities of intravenous perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996;9:779-786
87. Meza MF, Ramee S, Collins T, Stapleton D, Milani RV, Murgo JP, Cheirif J: Knowledge of perfusion and contractile reserve improves the predictive value of recovery of regional myocardial function postrevascularization: A study using the combination of myocardial contrast echocardiography and dobutamine echocardiography. Circulation 1997;96:3459-3465
88. Oraby MA, Hays J, Maklady FA, El-Hawary AA, Zabalgoitia M: Assessment of myocardial perfusion during pharmacologic contrast stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:640-644
89. Elhendy A, O'Leary EL, Xie F, McGrain AC, Anderson JR, Porter TR: Comparative accuracy of real-time myocardial contrast perfusion imaging and wall motion analysis during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2185-2191
90. Moir S, Haluska BA, Jenkins C, McNab D, Marwick TH: Myocardial blood volume and perfusion reserve responses to combined dipyridamole and exercise stress: A quantitative approach to contrast stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1187-1193
91. Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, Xie F, McGrain AC, Porter TR: Prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation 2005;112:1444-1450
92. Kontos MC, Hinchman D, Cunningham M, Miller JJ, Cheirif J, Nixon JV: Comparison of contrast echocardiography with single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging in the evaluation of patients with possible acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1099-1102
93. Rinkevich D, Kaul S, Wang XQ, Tong KL, Belcik T, Kalvaitis S, Lepper W, Dent JM, Wei K: Regional left ventricular perfusion and function in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1606-1611
94. Tong KL, Kaul S, Wang XQ, Rinkevich D, Kalvaitis S, Belcik T, Lepper W, Foster WA, Wei K: Myocardial contrast echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:920-927
95. deFilippi CR, Willett DL, Irani WN, Eichhorn EJ, Velasco CE, Grayburn PA: Comparison of myocardial contrast echocardiography and low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting recovery of left ventricular function after coronary revascularization in chronic ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1995;92:2863-2868
96. Perchet H, Dupouy P, Duval-Moulin AM, Hittinger L, Pelle G, Brun P, Castaigne A, Geschwind H, Dubois-Rande JL: Improvement of subendocardial myocardial perfusion after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A myocardial contrast echocardiography study with correlation between myocardial contrast reserve and Doppler coronary reserve. Circulation 1995;91:1419-1426
97. Lepper W, Hoffmann R, Kamp O, Franke A, de Cock CC, Kuhl HP, Sieswerda GT, Dahl J, Janssens U, Voci P, Visser CA, Hanrath P: Assessment of myocardial reperfusion by intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary flow reserve after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [correction of angiography] in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:2368-2374
98. Biagini E, van Geuns RJ, Baks T, Boersma E, Rizzello V, Galema TW, de Feyter PJ, ten Cate FJ: Comparison between contrast echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging to predict improvement of myocardial function after primary coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:361-366
99. Takeuchi M, Ogunyankin K, Pandian NG, McCreery TP, Sweitzer RH, Caldwell VE, Unger EC, Avelar E, Sheahan M, Connolly R: Enhanced visualization of intravascular and left atrial appendage thrombus with the use of a thrombus-targeting ultrasonographic contrast agent (MRX-408A1): In vivo experimental echocardiographic studies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:1015-1021
100. Thanigaraj S, Schechtman KB, Perez JE: Improved echocardiographic delineation of left ventricular thrombus with the use of intravenous second-generation contrast image enhancement. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:1022-1026
101. Rerkpattanapipat P, Brown C, Kitzman DW: Improved detection of protruding apical thrombus with contrast echocardiography. Heart 2003;89:1297
102. von der Recke G, Schmidt H, Illien S, Luderitz B, Omran H: Use of transesophageal contrast echocardiography for excluding left atrial appendage thrombi in patients with atrial fibrillation before cardioversion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15(Pt 2):1256-1261
103. Bednarz JE, Spencer KT, Weinert L, Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM: Identification of cardiac masses and abnormal blood flow patterns with harmonic power Doppler contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:871-875
104. Kirkpatrick JN, Wong T, Bednarz JE, Spencer KT, Sugeng L, Ward RP, DeCara JM, Weinert L, Krausz T, Lang RM: Differential diagnosis of cardiac masses using contrast echocardiographic perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1412-1419
105. Takeuchi M, Otani S, Weinert L, Spencer KT, Lang RM: Comparison of contrast-enhanced real-time live 3-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography with contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography for detecting stress-induced wall-motion abnormalities. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:294-299
106. Caiani EG, Corsi C, Zamorano J, Sugeng L, MacEneaney P, Weinert L, Battani R, Gutierrez JL, Koch R, Perez de Isla L, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM: Improved semiautomated quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using 3-dimensional echocardiography with a full matrix-array transducer: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:779-788
107. Corsi C, Lang RM, Veronesi F, Weinert L, Caiani EG, MacEneaney P, Lamberti C, Mor-Avi V: Volumetric quantification of global and regional left ventricular function from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic images. Circulation 2005;112:1161-1170
108. Toledo E, Lang RM, Collins KA, Lammertin G, Williams U, Weinert L, Bolotin G, Coon PD, Raman J, Jacobs LD, Mor-Avi V: Imaging and quantification of myocardial perfusion using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:146-154
109. Caiani EG, Coon P, Corsi C, Goonewardena S, Bardo D, Rafter P, Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM: Dual triggering improves the accuracy of left ventricular volume measurements by contrast-enhanced real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1292-1298
110. Corsi C, Coon P, Goonewardena S, Weinert L, Sugeng L, Polonsky TS, Veronesi F, Caiani EG, Lamberti C, Bardo D, Lang RM, Mor-Avi V: Quantification of regional left ventricular function from real-time 3D echocardiography in patients with poor acoustic windows: Effects of contrast enhancement tested against cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006 (in press)
111. Jacobs LD, Salgo IS, Goonewardena S, Weinert L, Coon P, Bardo D, Gerard O, Allain P, Zamorano JL, de Isla LP, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM: Rapid online quantification of left ventricular volume from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic data. Eur Heart J 2006;27:460-468
112. Mor-Avi V, Caiani EG, Collins KA, Korcarz CE, Bednarz JE, Lang RM: Combined assessment of myocardial perfusion and regional left ventricular function by analysis of contrast-enhanced power modulation images. Circulation 2001;104:352-357
113. Rinkevich D, Kaul S, Wang XQ, Tong KL, Belcik T, Kalvaitis S, Lepper W, Dent JM, Wei K: Regional left ventricular perfusion and function in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1606-1611
114. Tong KL, Kaul S, Wang XQ, Rinkevich D, Kalvaitis S, Belcik T, Lepper W, Foster WA, Wei K: Myocardial contrast echocardiography versus Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction score in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:920-927