Involuntary treatment and competence to proceed in the criminal process: Capital and noncapital cases

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 495-528

  Schopp, Robert F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

COMPETENCE; CONFERENCE PAPER; COURT; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; CRIMINAL LAW; ETHICAL DECISION MAKING; ETHICS; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MENTAL DISEASE; PATIENT CARE; PUBLIC OPINION; PUNISHMENT;

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; COERCION; CRIMINAL LAW; DRUG THERAPY; HUMANS; MENTAL COMPETENCY; MENTAL DISORDERS; UNITED STATES; VOLITION;

EID: 33748445164     PISSN: 07353936     EISSN: 10990798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.704     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (153)

1. Dusky v. U.S., 362 U.S. 402 (1960).
2. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993).
3. Id. (competence to plead guilty and waive the right to an attorney); Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149 (1990) (competence to waive appeals);
4. Ford v. Wainright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986) (CFE);
5. Singleton v. Norris, 319 F.3d 1018 (8th Cir. 2003) (treatment that renders the offender CFE).
6. See infra.
7. Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402.
8. Godines, 509 U.S. 399-400.
9. Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 165-166.
10. Ford, 477 U.S. at 408-410.
11. Id. at 422 (Powell, concurring).
12. Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402.
13. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 389, 397.
14. I NEW SHORTER OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 459 (1993).
15. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 278 (7th ed. 1999).
16. Robert F. Schopp, Wake Up and Die Right: The Rationale, Standard, and Jurisprudential Significance of the Competency to Face Execution Requirement, 51LA. L. REV. 995, 1038-1039 (1991).
17. UNIFORM PROBATE CODE (U.L.A.) § 5-103 (7) (defining an incapacitated person as one who "is unable to receive and evaluate information or make or communicate decisions to such an extent that the individual lacks the ability to meet essential requirements for physical health, safety, or self-care") (2003 cumulative annual pocket part).
18. Sell v. U.S., 123 S.Ct. 2174, 2184-85 (2003).
19. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 397.
20. Id. at 399-400, 415-16 (Blackmun, dissenting).
21. Id. at 392;
22. Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 152, 165-166 (1990) .
23. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 416-417 (Blackmun, dissenting).
24. Id. at 410 (Blackmun, dissenting).
25. Whitmore, 495 U.S. at 165-166.
26. Id. at 167 176 (Marshall, dissenting).
27. Ford v. Wainright, 477 U.S. 399, 408-410 (1986).
28. Id. at 406-408.
29. Id. at 406-410.
30. Id. at 419 (Powell, concurring).
31. Id at 420-421 (Powell, concurring).
32. Schopp, supra note 14 at 1038-1046.
33. ROBERT F. SCHOPP, COMPETENCE, CONDEMNATION, AND COMMITMENT 148-157 (2001).
34. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 410-412, 416-417 (1993) (Blackmun, dissenting).
35. Contrast Id. at 402; Whitmore v. Arkansas, 195 U.S. 149, 161-166 (1990) (in these cases, the court arguably missed this important point by framing the inquiry in a manner that addressed only the petitioners' interests).
36. Sell v. U.S., 123 S.Ct. 2174, 2178 (2003).
37. Id. at 2183-2184.
38. Id. at 2184.
39. United States v. Western, 255 F.3d 873, 874-876 (2001).
40. Id. at 876.
41. Id. at 881.
42. Id. at 882-887.
43. W. at 876.
44. Sell v. U.S., 123 S.CT. 2174, 2185-2186 (2003).
45. Id. at 2183-2184.
46. Id. at 2184.
47. Id. at 2185.
48. Id. at 2185-2186;
49. SCHOPP, supra note 30 at 63-79.
50. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2184-2185;
51. United States v. Weston, 255 F.3d 873, 876-878 (medically appropriate), 880 (necessary) (D.C. Cir. 2001).
52. 2 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY 467 (Alan E. Kazdin, ed. 2000) (delusions);
53. 6 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY 452 (Alan E. Kazdin, ed. 2000) (psychosis);
54. ROBERT F. SCHOPP, AUTOMATISM, INSANITY, AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 181-188 (1991).
55. 4 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY 54 (Alan E. Kazdin, ed. 2000) (hallucinations);
56. SCHOPP, id. at 196-197.
57. BARRY R. FURROW et al., HEALTH LAW § 16-14 (2nd ed. 2000);
58. SCHOPP, supra note 30 at 63-64.
59. See supra notes 47-48 (discussing the nature of hallucinations and delusions).
60. One disorder other than psychosis that might render a defendant incompetent to stand trial is mental retardation, but mental retardation in itself would not be subject to treatment with antipsychotic medication.
61. BRUCE WINICK, THE RIGHT TO REFUSE MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT 391-399 (1997).
62. Sell V. United States, 123 S.Ct. 2174, 2183-2184 (2003).
63. UNIFORM PROBATE CODE, supra note 15 at §§ 5-306, 309;
64. FURROW et al., supra note 49 at § 16-18. 55 Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2185.
65. Id. at 2184.
66. Should the involuntary treatment successfully restore competence to proceed and to make self-regarding treatment decisions, however, the balancing test might again become applicable if the competent defendant decides to terminate the treatment that maintains competence.
67. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2184; United States v. Weston, 255 F.3d 873, 882-887 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
68. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2184.
69. David M. Siegel, Albert J. Grudzinskas, & Debra A. Pinals, Old Law Meets New Medicine: Revisiting Involuntary Psychotropic Medication of the Criminal Defendant, 2001 WIS. L. REV. 307, 328-31, 344-50;
70. Thomas G. Gutheil & Paul S. Appelbaum, "Mind Control," "Synthetic Sanity," "Artificial Competence," and Genuine Confusion: Legally Relevant Effects of Antipsychotic Medication, 12 HOFSTRA L. REV. 77, 99-120 (1983).
71. Weston, 255 F.3d at 881.
72. I NEWER SHORTER OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 1393 (1993).
73. UNIFORM PROBATE CODE, supra note 15 at §§ 5-306, 309;
74. FURROW et al., supra note 49 at § 16-18.
75. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2183-2184;
76. Weston, 255 F.3d at 876.
77. BLACKS LAW DICTIONARY 931 (7th ed. 1999).
78. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2184;
79. Western, 255 F.3d at 882-887.
80. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 416 417 (1993) (Blackmun dissent).
81. Weston, 255 F3d at 887.
82. Washington v. Harper, 404 U.S. 210, 222, 228-236 (1990).
83. Singleton v. Norris, 319 F.3d 1018 (8th Cir. 2003).
84. W. at 1030-1033 (Heaney, dissenting).
85. See supra.
86. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1020-1022.
87. United States v. Weston, 255 F.3d 873, 874-875 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (describing impairment).
88. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1023-1024.
89. W. at 1024.
90. Compare Sell v. U.S., 123 S.Ct. 2174, 2185 (2003) with Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1024-1025.
91. Sell, 123 S.Ct. at 2184.
92. I b i d.
93. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1024.
94. Id. at 1025.
95. Id. at 1026.
96. Id.
97. Id. at 1035 (Heaney, dissenting).
98. Id. at 1035 (Heaney, dissenting).
99. Id. at 1025.
100. Id. at 1025-1026.
101. See supra and accompanying text discussing protected interests and interests all things considered.
102. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1026.
103. Id.
104. Id.
105. Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990);
106. compare Sell v. U.S., 123 S.Ct. 2174, 2183-2184 (2003);
107. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1023-1024;
108. United States v. Weston, 255 F.3d 873, 876-877 (D.C. Cir. (2001).
109. Harper, 494 U.S. at 227.
110. Id. at 228-236.
111. UNIFORM PROBATE CODE (U.L.A.) §§ 5-314, 315 (a) (4) (2003 Cumulative Annual Pocket Part);
112. FURROW et al., supra note 49 at § 16-18.
113. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1026.
114. Weston, 255 F.3d at 877.
115. Id. at 882-887.
116. Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127, 132 (1992).
117. Id. at 137-138; compare 138-145 (Kennedy concurring).
118. Singleton, 319 F.3d at 1026.
119. In saying that this decision is not within the jurisdiction of the court making the decision regarding treatment, I do not suggest that the same court cannot have jurisdiction for both decisions. I mean only that challenges to the legitimacy of the sentence raise legal questions that are distinct from the question regarding the medical appropriateness of the medication. The same court may address each of these questions when they are at issue.
120. Robert F. Schopp, Justifying Capital Punishment in Principle and in Practice: Empirical Evidence of Distortion in Application, 81 NEB. L. REV. 805 (2002).
121. Ford v. Wainright, 477 U.S. 399, 401-403 (1986).
122. Singleton v. Lockhart, 962 F.2d 1315, 1317-1319 (8th Cir. 1992).
123. State v. Perry, 610 So. Rptr. 2nd 746, 748 (LA. 1992).
124. Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 391-393 (1993).
125. W. at 409-417 and nl (Blackmun, dissenting).
126. Perry, 610 So. Rptr. 2nd at 748.
127. See supra.
128. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 410 (Blackmun, dissenting).
129. Perry, 610 So. Rptr. 2nd at 748.
130. Schopp, supra note 14 at 1038-1046.
131. Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 140, 164-166 (1990).
132. Richard J. Bonnie, Dilemmas in Administering the Death Penalty, 14 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 67 (1990);
133. Charles Patrick Ewing, "Above all, Do No Harm": The Role of Health and Mental Health Professionals in the Capital Punishment Process, in AMERICA'S EXPERIMENT WITH CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 597 (James R. Acker, Robert M. Bohm, & Charles S. Lanier eds., 2nd ed. 2003);
134. Kirk Heilbrun, Michael L. Radelet, & Joel Dvoskin, The Debate on Treating Individuals Incompetent for Execution, 149 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY 596 (1992);
135. Barry Latzer, Between Madness and Death: The Medicate-to-Execute Controversy, 22 CRIM. JUST. ETHICS 3 (2003).
136. Contrast Ewing, id. at 606-607 with Bonnie, id. at 82-86;
137. Heilbrun, Radelet, & Dvoskin, id. at 602-604;
138. Latzer, id. at 7-12.
139. Contrast Ewing, id. at 605-06 with Bonnie, id. at 78-82.
140. TOM L. BEAUCHAMP & JAMES F. CHILDRESS, PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL ETHICS 113-119 (5th ed. 2001);
141. Ewing, id. at 606-607;
142. Heilbrun, Radelet, & Dvoskin, supra note 115 at 599.
143. American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 57 AMER. PSYCHOLOGIST 1060, 1062 (2002);
144. BEAUCHAMP & CHILDRESS, id. at 165-168;
145. Heilbrun, Radelet, & Dvoskin, id. at 599.
146. Washington v. Glucksberg 521 U.S. 702, 731 (1997).
147. BEAUCHAMP & CHILDRESS, supra note 118 at 1-9;
148. DAVID LUBAN, LAWYER AND JUSTICE 128-147 (1988);
149. Benjamin Freedman, A Meta-Ethics for Professional Morality, 89 ETHICS 14-17 (1978).
150. American Psychological Association, supra note 119 at 1062.
151. See supra.
152. Id.
153. SCHOPP, supra note 30 at 144-151.