Occurrence and removal of plant sterols in pulp and paper mill effluents

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 17-26

  Mahmood Khan, Zahid ^a   Hall, Eric R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Activated sludge; Campesterol; Hormone disruptors; Industrial wastewater treatment; Pulp mill effluents; Removal and mass flow of phytosterols or plant sterols; Stigmastanol; sitosterol

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748434842     PISSN: 14962551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/S02-040     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ambrus, G., Ilkoy, E., Jekkel, A., Horvath, G., and Bocskei, Z. 1995. Microbial transformatio of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol into 26-oxygenated derivatives. Steroids, 60: 621-625.
2. Andersson, T., Forlin, L., Hardig, J., and Larsson, A. 1988. Physiological disturbances in fish living in coastal water polluted with bleached kraft pulp mill effluents. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 45: 1525-1536.
3. Browning, B.L. 1963. Extraneous components of wood. In The Chemistry of Wood. Interscience Publishers, New York, N.Y., pp. 314-367.
4. Cody, R.P., and Bortone, S.A. 1997. Masculization of mosquitofish as an indicator of exposure to kraft mill effluents. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58: 429-436.
5. Cook, D.L., LaFleur, L., Parrrish, A., Jones, J., and Hoy, D. 1997. Characterization of plant sterols from 22 US pulp and paper mills. Water Sci. Technol. 35(2-3): 297-303.
6. Davis, W.P., Bortone, S.A. 1992. Effects of kraft mill effluent on the sexuality of fishes: an environmental early warning? In Advances in modern environmental toxicology, The human/wild-life connection. Edited by T. Colborn and C. Clement, C. Princeton Scientific, Princeton, N.J., XXI: 113-127.
7. Denton, T.E., Howell, W.M., Allison, J.J, McCollum, J., and Marks, B. 1985. Masculinization of female mosquitofish by exposure to plant sterols and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 627-632.
8. Ekman, R., and Holmbom, B. 1989. Analysis by gas chromatography of the wood extractives in pulp and water samples from mechanical pulping of spruce. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 4(1): 16-24.
9. Hodson, P.V., McWhirter, M., Ralph, K., Gray, B., Thivierge, D., Carey, J.H., Van Der Kraak, G., Whittle, D.M., and Levesque, M-C. 1992. Effects of bleached kraft mill effluent on fish in the St. Maurice River, Quebec. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 1635-1651.
10. Howell, W.M., Black, B.A., and Barton, S.A. 1980. Abnormal expression of secondary sex characters in a population of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis holbrooki. Evidence for environmentally-induced masculisation. Copeia, 4: 676-681.
11. Krotzer, M.J. 1990. The effects of induced masculiniation on reproductive and aggressive behaviour of male mosquitofish, Gambusia affins affins. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 29: 127-134.
12. Kukkonen, J.V.K., Punta, E., Koponen, P., Paranko, J., Leppanen, H., Holopainen, I.J., and Hyvarinen, H. 1999. Biomarker responses by crucian carp(C arassius carassius) living in a pond of secondary treated pulp mill effluent. Water Sci. Technol. 40(11-12): 123-130.
13. LaFleur, L.E. 1996. Sources of pulping and bleaching derived chemicals in effluents. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. Edited by M.R. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick, J.H. Carey, and G.J. Van Der Kraak. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Fla., pp. 21-31.
14. Langi, A., and Priha, M. 1988. Mutagenicity in pulp and paper mill effluents and in recipient. Water Sci. Technol. 20(2): 143-152.
15. Lehtinen, K.J., Mattsson, K., Tana, J., Engstrom, C., Lerche, O., and Hemming, J. 1999. Effects of wood-related sterols on the reproduction, egg survival, and offspring of brown trout (Salmko trutta lacustris L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 42(1): 40-49.
16. Lindstrom-Seppa, P., Huuskonen, S., Pesonen, M., Muona, P., and Hanninen, O. 1992. Unbleached pulp mill effluents affect cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzyme activities. Mar. Environ. Res. 34: 157-161.
17. MacLatchy, D.L., and Van Der Kraak, G.J. 1995. The phytoestrogen β-sitosterol alters the reproductive endocrine status of Goldfish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134(2): 305-312.
18. Magnus, E., Hoel, H., and Carlberg, G.E. 2000. TMP wastewater treatment, including a biological high-efficiency compact reactor. Toxicity reduction and removal of extractives. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 15(1): 37-45.
19. Marsheck, W.J., Kraychy, S., and Muir, R.D. 1972. Microbial degradation of sterols. Appl. Microbiol. 23 (1): 72-77.
20. Marty, Y., Quemeneur, M., Aminot, A., and Le Corre, P. 1996. Laboratory study on degradation of fatty acids and sterols from urban wastes in seawater. Water Res. 30(5): 1127-1136.
21. Mattsson, K., Tana, J., Engstrom, C., Hemming, J., and Lehtinen, K.J. 2001. Effects of wood-related sterols on the offspring of the viviparous blenny, Zoarces viviparous L. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 49(2): 122-130.
22. McKague, A.B., and Reeve, D.W. 2001. Analysis of plant sterols in pulp and paper mill effluents and sludges. Abstracts of Papers of The American Chemical Society, Vol. 222, pp. 107-ENVR.
23. Mellanen, P., Petanen, T., Lehtimaki, J., Makela, S., Bylund, G., Holmbom, B., Mannila, E., Oikari, A., and Santti, R. 1996. Wood-derived estrogens: studies in vitro breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 136: 381-388.
24. Mellanen, P., Soimasuo, M., Holmbom, B., Oikari, A., and Santti, R. 1999. Expression of the vitellogenin gene in the liver of juvenile whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L. s.l.) exposed to effluents from pulp and paper mills. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 43(2): 133-137.
25. Munkittrick, K.R., Van Der Kraak, G.J., McMaster, M.E., Portt, C.B., Van Den Heuvel, M.R., and Servos, M.R. 1994. Survey of receiving-water environmental impacts associated with discharges from pulp mills. 2. Gonad size, liver size, hepatic EROD activity, and plasma sex steroid levels in white sucker. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(7): 1089-1101.
26. Nieminen, P., Mustonen, A-M., Lindstrom-Seppa, P., Asikainen, J., Mussalo-Rauhamaa, H., and Kukkonen, J.V.K. 2002. Phytosterols act as endocrine and metabolic disruptors in the European polecat (Mustela putorius). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 178: 22-28.
27. Pelissero, C., Bennetau, B., Babin, P., Le Menn, F., and Dunogues, J. 1991. The estrogenic activity of certain phytoestrogens in the siberian sturgeon Acipenser Baeri. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38(3): 293-299.
28. Pierce, A.E. 1968. Silylation of Organic Compounds. Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.
29. Pollak, O.J., and Kritchevsky, D. 1981. Sitosterol. In Clarkson, T.B., Kritchevsky, D., and Pollak, O.J. (Editors). Monographs on Atherosclerosis, Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
30. Quemeneur, M., and Matty, Y. 1994. Fatty acids and sterols in domestic wastewaters. Water Res. 28(5): 1217-1226.
31. Sandstrom, O., Neuman, E., and Karas, P. 1988. Effects of a bleached pulp mill effluent on growth and gonad function in Baltic coastal fish. Water Sci. Technol. 20(2): 107-118.
32. Servos, M.R., Huestis, S.Y., Whittle, D.M., Van Der Kraak, G.J., and Munkittrick, K.R. 1994. Survey of receiving-water environmental impacts associated with discharges from pulp mills. 3. Polychlorinated dioxins and furans in muscle and liver of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(7): 1103-1115.
33. Stromberg, L., Morck, R., de Sousa, F., and Dahlman, O. 1996. Effects of internal process changes and external treatment on effluent chemistry. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. Edited by M.R. Servos, K.R. Munkittrick, J.H. Carey, and G.J. Van Der Kraak. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Fla., pp. 3-19.
34. Tremblay, L., and Van Der Kraak, G. 1999. Comparison between the effects of the phytosterol β-sitosterol and pulp and paper mill effluents on sexually immature rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(2): 329-336.
35. Van Der Kraak, G., and MacLatchy, D.L. 1994. Decreased productive fitness in goldfish exposed to plant sterol β-sitosterol. Abstracts of papers, 21st Annual Aqautic Toxicology Workshop, Sarnia, Ont., 3-5 October 1994. Canadian Technical report of fisheries and aquatic sciences, pp. 3.
36. Zacharewski, T.R., Berhane, K., Gillesby, B.E., and Burnison, B.K. 1995. Detection of estrogen- and dioxin-like activity in pulp and paper mill black liquor and effluent using in vitro recombinant receptor reporter gene assays. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 2140-2146.