Lord Lothian and the atlantic world

Historian

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 97-127

  Roberts, Priscilla ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

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EID: 33748426611     PISSN: 00182370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0018-2370.2004.00065.x     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Buchan to J. Walter Buchan, 27 April 1939, File Acc 11627/83, Tweedsmuir Papers, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland; David Reynolds, Lord Lothian and Anglo-American Relations, 1939-1940 (Philadelphia, Pa., 1983), 2-8, 58
2. David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938-1945 (London, 1971), 130, 154
3. John Harvey, ed., The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937-1940 (London, 1970), 221, 258-59, 274
4. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships: America in Peace and War (London, 1975), 65-68
5. Robert Vansittart, The Mist Procession: The Autobiography of Lord Vansittart (London, 1958), 254-55.
6. A useful memoir by another Kindergarten member is Edward Grigg's introduction in Royal Institute of International Affairs, in The American Speeches of Lord Lothian (Oxford, 1941).
7. The most recent full-length study of Lothian is David Perkins Billington, Jr., "Lothian: Philip Kerr and the Quest for World Order" (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1995).
8. Two collections of essays focusing largely on Lothian are John Turner, ed., The Larger Idea: Lord Lothian and the Problem of National Sovereignty (London, 1988)
9. and Annals of the Lothian Foundation 1 (1991).
10. Specific aspects of Lothian's career are covered in Walter Nimocks, Milner's Young Men: The "Kindergarten" in Edwardian Imperial Affairs (London, 1970)
11. John Kendle, The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union (Toronto, 1975)
12. John Turner, Lloyd George's Secretariat (Cambridge, 1980)
13. Reynolds, Lord Lothian
14. and Kathryn Segal Patterson, "The Decline of Dominance: India and the Careers of Lionel Curtis, Philip Lothian, and Reginald Coupland" (Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College, 1989).
15. Recent works in which Lothian is an important protagonist include Nicholas John Cull, Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign against American "Neutrality" in World War II (New York, 1995)
16. and Norman Rose, The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity (London, 2000). The Lothian Foundation's recent effort to revive interest in Lothian's life and legacy is at least partly responsible for an ever-growing number of scholarly articles on Lothian, together with reprints of his speeches and writings.
17. see also Reynolds, "Lothian, Roosevelt, Churchill and the Origins of Lend-Lease," in The Larger Idea, ed. Turner, 93-107.
18. Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships, quotations from 115-16.
19. Cull, Selling War, quotation from 20.
20. D. C. Watt, Succeeding John Bull: America in Britain's Place, 1900-1975 (Cambridge, 1984), 97-98.
21. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, "Lord Lothian and American Democracy: An Illusion in Pursuit of an Illusion," Canadian Review of American Studies 17.4 (Winter 1986): 411-22
22. and "The Inestimable Advantage of Not Being English: Lord Lothian's American Ambassadorship, 1939-1940," Scottish Historical Review 63.1 (April 1984): 105-10.
23. " Jeffreys-Jones, "Lord Lothian: 'Ambassador to a People'" in The Larger Idea, ed. Turner, 77-92, quotations from 91, 92.
24. Rose, Cliveden Set
25. cf. Martin Gilbert and Richard Gott, The Appeasers (Boston, Mass., 1963).
26. Wheeler-Bennett, Special Relationships, 67
27. Gordon Martel, ed., The Times and Appeasement: The Journals of A. L. Kennedy, 1932-1939 (Cambridge, 2000), 247
28. A. Lentin, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and the Guilt of Germany: An Essay in the Pre-History of Appeasement (Baton Rouge, La., 1984), 146-50
29. Turner, "Lord Lothian and His World," in The Larger Idea, ed. Turner, 13-14.
30. See also Watt's interesting analysis of German efforts to " [predispose] opinion within the British foreign-policy-making elite towards accepting the foreign policy of Nazi Germany." D. C. Watt, Personalities and Policies: Studies in the Formulation of British Policy in the Twentieth Century (London, 1965), 117-35, quotation from 117.
31. See esp. the following essays: Andrea Bosco, "National Sovereignty and Peace: Lord Lothian's Federalist Thought";
32. Ira Straus, "Lothian and the Anglo-American Problematic";
33. and John Pinder, "Prophet Not Without Honour: Lothian and the Federal Idea," in The Larger Idea, ed. Turner, 108-52
34. and Andrea Bosco, "Lothian, Curtis, Kimber and the Federal Union Movement (1938-40)," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (1988): 462-502.
35. Pinder, "'Prophet Not Without Honour'" esp. 140-42.
36. Turner, "Lord Lothian and His World," 19.
37. Butler, Lord Lothian, 115.
38. Turner, "Lord Lothian and His World," 2.
39. See esp. George Egerton, Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914-1919 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1978), 63-109
40. George Egerton, "Conservative Internationalism: British Approaches to International Organization and the Creation of the League of Nations," Diplomacy and Statecraft 5 (1994): 1-20
41. idem., "Imperialism, Atlanticism, and Internationalism: Philip Kerr and the Creation of the League of Nations Question, 1916-1920," Annals of the Lothian Foundation 1 (1991): 95-122
42. Michael G. Fry, Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918-22 (Toronto, 1972), 5-67.
43. Watt, Succeeding John Bull, 49.
44. Watt, Personalities and Policies, 29-30, quotation from 30.
45. and also Lord Milner and various members of The Round Table group, especially the American-born Waldorf and Nancy Astor. Egerton, Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations, 63-109
46. Fry, Illusions of Security, 5-67
47. Max Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain's Liberal Empire, 1897-1921 (New York, 1970), 43-46
48. Bradford Perkins, The Great Rapprochement: Britain and the United States, 1895-1914 (New York, 1968), 51-53, 65-67
49. Stuart Anderson, Race and Rapprochement: Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo-American Relations, 1895-1904 (East Brunswick, N.J., 1981), 86-94, 112-29
50. David Dimbleby and David Reynolds, An Ocean Apart: The Relationship Between Britain and America in the Twentieth Century (London, 1988), 25-33
51. idem., Succeeding John Bull, 24-163.
52. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981)
53. Anderson, Race and Rapprochement
54. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, rev. ed. (Boston, Mass., 1955), esp. 170-84
55. Perkins, Great Rapprochement, 74-83.
56. Alfred T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future (Boston, Mass., 1897), esp. 27, 49-51, 55, 107-34, 185-90, 257-59
57. idem., Lessons of the War with Spain (Boston, Mass., 1900), 289-98
58. idem. The Interest of America in International Conditions (Boston, Mass., 1910), esp. 35-124, 158-85
59. Philip A. Crowl, "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian," in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Peter Paret (Princeton, N.J., 1986), 444-77
60. Robert Seager II, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and His Letters (Annapolis, Md., 1977), 148-49, 225-26, 348-51, 522-25
61. Bernard Semmel, Liberalism and Naval Strategy: Ideology, Interest, and Sea Power during the Pax Britannica (Boston, Mass., 1986), 90-95
62. Jon Tetsuo Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan (Washington, D.C., 1997), esp. 80-92
63. Warren Zimmermann, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country into a World Power (New York, 2002), esp. ch. 3.
64. Billington, "Lothian," 62. There is no evidence in the Theodore Roosevelt Papers to suggest that Balfour forwarded this material to Roosevelt.
65. Quoted in Butler, Lord Lothian, 40. Somewhat imperceptively, he continued: "It is really extraordinarily like England."
66. G. L. Beer, "American Public Opinion and the War," The Round Table 20 (1915): 797-839
67. Beer, "America's Reaction to the War," The Round Table 22 (1916): 285-314
68. Beer, "The United States and the Future Peace," The Round Table 26 (1917): 285-317
69. Beer, "America's Entrance into the War," The Round Table 27 (1917): 491-514
70. Beer, The English-Speaking Peoples, their Future and Joint International Obligations (New York, 1917)
71. Kendle, Round Table Movement, 195 n. 44, 252
72. Deborah Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis (Oxford, 1995), 160.
73. "The Price of War," The Round Table 18 (1915): 312-22, quotation from 312.
74. The author of this article may well have been fellow Round Table member F. S. Oliver. Cf. "The End of the War," The Round Table 20 (1915): 779
75. "The Principle of Peace," The Round Table 23 (1916): 391.
76. "The War for Public Right," The Round Table 22 (1916): 217-19, 221-23, 225, 227
77. "The Principle of Peace," 394, 423
78. "War Aims," The Round Table 24 (1916): 609
79. Prevention of War, 16-19, 30-33.
80. Kerr, "The Harvest of the War," 26-29, quotations from 27, 28
81. cf. "The War for Public Right," 216-17
82. Page to Arthur W. Page, 25 July 1915, in Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page, 3 vols. (Garden City, N.Y., 1922), 2:84-87, quotation from 85
83. On Page's policies, see Ross Gregory, Walter Hines Page: Ambassador to the Court of St. James's (Lexington, Ky., 1970)
84. and John Milton Cooper, Jr., Walter Hines Page: The Southerner as American, 1855-1918 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977).
85. Kerr, "The Harvest of the War," The Round Table 21 (1915): 1-32, quotations from 15, 19, 29.
86. Kerr, "The War for Public Right," 193-231, quotation from 226.
87. Kerr, "The Principle of Peace," 391-429, quotations from 422, 423.
88. John Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader (New York, 2002), 301-04.
89. Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth, 160-63
90. Kendle, Round Table Movement, 252-58
91. Kerr, memorandum on the League of Nations, Jan. 1919, File GD40/54, Lothian Papers [reprinted in Egerton, "Conservative Internationalism," 17-19]; Egerton, "Conservative Internationalism," 1-20
92. idem., "Imperialism, Atlanticism, and Internationalism," 95-122
93. Kerr, "The British Empire, the League of Nations, and the United States," The Round Table 38 (1920): 221-53, quotation from 247
94. Kerr, "A Programme for the British Commonwealth," The Round Table 46 (1922): 247.
95. Philip Kerr and Lionel Curtis, The Prevention of War (New Haven, Conn., 1923), 7-74, quotations from 41, 49, 71.
96. Kerr et al., Approaches to World Problems (New Haven, Conn., 1924), 75-120, quotation from 117.
97. Kerr, "The Secretary's Report on Visit to Canada and the United States," 6 October 1926, quoted in Billington, "Lothian," 214
98. Anthony Kenny, ed., The History of the Rhodes Trust 1902-1999 (Oxford, 2001), esp. 25-39, 125-42, 371-400, 479-516
99. Frank Aydelotte, The American Rhodes Scholarships: A Review of the First Forty Years (Princeton, N.J., 1946)
100. Godfrey Elton, ed., The First Fifty Years of the Rhodes Trust and the Rhodes Scholarships 1903-1953 (Oxford, 1955), 16-32, 157-59, 161-62, 197-201, 209-10.
101. Kerr, "The British Commonwealth, the Protocol and the League," The Round Table 57 (1924): 1-23
102. Kerr, "Europe, the Covenant, and the Protocol," The Round Table 58 (1925): 219-41
103. Kerr, "The Locarno Treaties," The Round Table 61 (1925): 1-28
104. Kerr, "The Outlawry of War," International Affairs 7 (1928): 361-88
105. "Outlawry of War," The Round Table 71 (1928): 455-76
106. "The Peace Pact," The Round Table 72 (1928): 727-45
107. "A Plea for an Independent Foreign Policy," The Round Table 73 (December 1928): 1-25
108. "The British Commonwealth, Freedom and the Seas," The Round Table 74 (1928): 229-56
109. "The Naval Conference," The Round Table 68 (1927): 659-83
110. "The Naval Problem," The Round Table 70 (1928): 223-55
111. "The British Commonwealth, Freedom and the Seas," The Round Table 74 (1929): 229-56
112. "Naval Disarmament," The Round Table 75 (1929): 447-64
113. "The London Conference," The Round Table 77 (1929): 1-21
114. Kerr, "The Anglo-American Naval Problem," enclosed in Kerr to Davis, 24 May 1929, Box 40, Davis Papers.
115. Howland, "Outline for the Report of the Anglo-American Group," 17 January 1929, ibid.
116. Dove, "British Foreign Policy," 3 May 1933, File GD40/17/276/575-56, Lothian Papers.
117. Lothian, "The Anglo-American Naval Problems," 24 August 1934, File GD40/17/280/1-8, Lothian Papers.
118. "Isolation, Alliance, or Kellogg Pact," The Round Table 95 (1934): 469-89
119. "Navies and the Pacific," The Round Table 96 (1934): 693-716
120. "Power Politics in the Pacific," The Round Table 97 (1934): 1-20
121. Lothian, "The Recoil from Freedom," The Round Table 93 (1933): 4
122. cf. A. L. Rowse, Appeasement: A Study in Political Decline (New York, 1961), 31.
123. William E. Dodd, diary entry, 6 May 1935, in William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd, Ambassador Dodd's Diary 1933-1938 (New York, 1941), 241
124. Priscilla Roberts, "Underpinning the Anglo-American Alliance: The Council on Foreign Relations and Anglo-American Relations Between the Wars," in Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Relations, ed. Jonathan Hollowell (Basingstoke, 2001), 34-35.
125. Lothian, "The Prevention of War," Williamstown lectures, 1922, "Pacifism Is Not Enough Nor Patriotism Either," Burge lecture, 1935, "The Demonic Influence of National Sovereignty," 1937, "National Sovereignty and Peace," 1938, in Lord Lothian, Pacifism is not enough: Collected Lectures and Speeches of Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr), ed. John Pinder and Andrea Bosco (London, 1990), 39-85, 179-263
126. Kerr et al., Approaches to World Problems;
127. Lothian, "New League or No League," International Conciliation 325 (1936): 589-604
128. essays by Bosco, Straus, and Pinder in The Larger Idea, 108-52.
129. Lothian to Stimson, 11 February 1937, Reel 92, Stimson Papers; cf. Thomas Jones to Lady Grigg, 25 February 1936, in A Diary with Letters 1931-1950, ed. Jones (London, 1954), 176-77.
130. See essays by Straus and Pinder cited supra; also Bosco, "Lothian, Curtis, Kimber," 462-502
131. Lothian, Pacifism is not enough, 21-22
132. Lothian, "Democracy and World Order," The Observer (5 March 1939);
133. Roberts, "Underpinning the Anglo-American Alliance," 39-42.
134. Dalton, diary entry, 24 October 1940, in The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, ed. Ben Pimlott (London, 1986), 93.
135. This theme was sounded frequently in the speeches reprinted in RIIA, American Speeches of Lord Lothian. On the "Lothian thesis," see Susan A. Brewer, To Win the Peace: British Propaganda in the United States during World War II (Ithaca, N.Y., 1997), 98, 190-91.
136. Dalton, diary entry, 24 October 1940, in Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, ed. Pimlott (1986), 93
137. Memorandum, "Lord Lothian's Last Talk at Cliveden," [1940], Reel 7, Lord Altrincham (Edward Grigg) Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford University
138. In 1940 the American naval attaché in London suspected he was "trying to work out something in the way of influencing the United States through the many Rhodes scholars who have been passed back to us from Oxford." Raymond E. Lee, diary entry, 3 November 1940, The London Journal of General Raymond E. Lee 1940-1941, ed. James Leutze (Boston, MA, 1971), 120.
139. Frank Thistlethwaite, Our War 1938-45 (Cambridge, 1997), 46-50.
140. Winston Churchill, The Second World War, 6 vols. (London, 1948-54), 2:490:
141. Beatrice Webb, diary entry, 3 June 1917, in Beatrice Webb's Diaries 1912-1924, ed. Margaret I. Cole (London, 952), 85.