Second-generation civic America: Education, citizenship, and the children of immigrants

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 661-681

  Ueda, Reed ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748372092     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/002219599551859     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Oscar and Mary Handlin, The Dimensions of Liberty (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 4. Putnam's analytical conception of bridging social capital concerns how "dilemmas of collective action" are overcome by "facilitating coordinated action" and "civic engagement" with communal life. The fact that bridging social capital in immigrant communities derived from premigration communal structures suggests that immigrants had a pre-existing facility for coordinating group activity.
2. As Putnam notes, "Voluntary cooperation is easier in a community that has inherited a substantial stock of social capital."
3. See Robert D. Putnam, with Roberto Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetto, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, 1993), 167, 168-171;
4. Robert D. Putnam, with Roberto Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetto, idem, "The Strange Disappearance of Civic America," The American Prospect, XXIV (1996), 34-48.
5. Lawrence A. Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876-1957 (New York, 1961), 115-126.
6. See Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, "Human Capital and Social Capital: The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America, 1910 to 1940," paper originally presented at the conference, "Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Comparative Perspective," Harvard University, December 4-6, 1997, updated in this volume, 683-723.
7. Stanford M. Lyman, "Generation and Character: The Case of the Japanese Americans," in idem (ed.), The Asian in North America (Santa Barbara, 1977), 151-176;
8. Allison Davis, "The Public Schools in America's Most Successful Racial Democracy: Hawaii," unpub. ms. (Chicago, 1947);
9. M. Kent Jennings and Richard G. Niemi, The Political Character of Adolescence: The Influence of Families and Schools (Princeton, 1974), 181-206;
10. Territory of Hawaii, Department of Public Instruction, Biennial Reports, 1919-1920, 1923-1924, 1925-1926, 1929-1930;
11. Ethel J. Spaulding (ed.), We Americans in Hawaii: A Study of Citizenship Problems, Particularly as They Pertain to the People of Hawaii (Honolulu, 1941);
12. F. E. Stafford, "Character Education in the Schools of Hawaii," Hawaii Educational Review, XV (January 1927), 111ff;
13. Miles E. Cary, "Summary High School Course of Study Work in Hawaii for the Year 1927-28," Hawaii Educational Review, XVII (September 1928), 4ff;
14. Oren E. Long, "Then and Now in Character Education," Hawaii Educational Review, ibid. (December 1928), 85ff;
15. Charles Edgar Finch, "Citizenship Training in Our Schools," Hawaii Educational Review, ibid. (February 1929), 148ff;
16. Akiyoshi Hayashida, "Japanese Moral Instruction as a Factor in the Americanization of Citizens of Japanese Ancestry," unpub. master's thesis (Univ. of Hawaii, 1933).
17. The Citizenship Education Committee, Americanization Institute Papers (Honolulu, 1919);
18. Valentine Stuart McClatchy, Assimilation of Japanese: Can They be Moulded into American Citizens (Honolulu, 1921);
19. E. Guy Talbot, "Making Americans in Hawaii," American Monthly Review of Reviews, LXXIII (1926), 280-285;
20. Jisoo Sanjume, "An Analysis of the New Americans Conference from 1927 to 1938," unpub. masters thesis (Univ. of Hawaii, 1939);
21. Eileen H. Tamura, Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: The Nisei Generation in Hawaii (Urbana, 1993), 56, 57.
22. For a quantitative analysis of the ethnic composition of McKinley High School, see Cary, "A Vitalized Curriculum for McKinley High School," unpub. masters thesis (Univ. of Hawii, 1930), tables IX and X, 27-28.
23. Lawrence H. Fuchs, Hawaii Pono: A Social History (New York, 1961), 283-289;
24. Oscar Handlin, John Dewey's Challenge to Education: Historical Perspectives on the Cultural Context (New York, 1959), 23-27.
25. William Carlson Smith, a sociologist trained at the University of Chicago, collected the student essays in 1926 with the cooperation of the Territorial Department of Public Instruction. See the William Carlson Smith Collection, "Life Histories of Students," Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii, Manoa (henceforth abbreviated as WCS) The autobiographies of sixty-six McKinley High School students were examined-thirty-five males and thirty-one females, average age of eighteen. The students in the sample were born in Hawaii, and their parents were born in Japan. John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1992), 246.
26. Pinion, 21 Feb. 1927, 1; 8 March 1927, 1; 23 Jan. 1929, 3; 15 Nov. 1927, 1, 3; 12 Feb. 1926, 2; 19 Feb. 1926, 1-2; 26 Feb. 1926, 1-2; 19 March 1926, 1-2; 8 Feb. 1927, 1; 21 Feb. 1927, 1; 3 May 1927, 2.
27. These inspirational tributes to great cultural figures appeared with regularity in the Pinion issues of 1930 and 1931.
28. John E. Reinecke, "'Pidgin English' in Hawaii: A Local Study in the Sociology of Language," American Journal of Sociology, XLIII (1938), 778-789;
29. Pinion, 12 March 1926, 1.
30. McKinley essay (hereinafter MK)-75, MK-112, MK-213, WCS.
31. Misako Yamamoto, "Cultural Conflicts and Accommodations of the First and Second Generation Japanese," Sociology and Social Research, XXXIII (1949), 40-48.
32. MK-I9, MK-1, WCS.
33. Pinion, 23 Oct. 1925, 2; 15 Nov. 1927, 1-2.
34. Ibid. 17 Jan. 1928, 3; 8 March 1927, 1.
35. MK-19, WCS.
36. Pinion, 19 Feb. 1926, 1.
37. Ibid., 2; 16 Jan. 1930, 2; 15 Dec. 1926, 16.
38. Ibid., 1 Feb. 1927, 1; 16 Nov. 1928, 1; 15 Dec. 1926, 15; 2 Oct. 1925, 1.
39. Ibid., 16 Jan. 1930, 2.
40. MK-173, MK-101, MK-204, MK-43, WCS.
41. MK-44, MK-45, MK-23, WCS.
42. Fuchs, Hawaii Potto, 283-284, 288, 291;
43. Tamura, Americanization 48-49, 65.
44. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York, 1986), 87-88.
45. Robert A. Woods, Americans in Process: A Settlement Study (Boston, 1903), 36-38, 42-46, 107-127;
46. Herbert J. Gans, The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian Americans (Glencoe, Ill., 1962), 11-12.
47. Jacob M. Burnes, West End House: Story of a Boys' Club (Boston, 1934), 31-41;
48. Ueda, West End House, 1906-1981 (Boston, 1981), 137.
49. Ueda, West End House, 1906-1981 ( 1981), Ibid., 125-126.
50. Some of the House alumni who entered the legal profession became important figures in public service: Joel Cohen, the chief counsel for the Social Security Administration; Harold Kowal, counsel of the National Labor Relations Board; Irving Roginson, a federal judge; Charles Atwater, a United States diplomat in Thailand; John Higgins and Frank Tomasello, judges in the Massachusetts Superior Courts; and Samuel Peitchell, Joseph Schneider, and Benjamin Trustman, outstanding leaders in the legal profession. See Ueda, West End House, 126-136.
51. Burnes, West End House, 84-86.
52. Ueda, West End House, 1906-1981, 65-93.
53. "Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Alumni Association," May 1, 1961, June 5, 1961;
54. "Report of Survey and Planning Committee-West End House Alumni Association," May 10, 1966;
55. "Feasibility Study for a Proposed West End House Boys' Club in the Allston-Brighton Area," October 16, 1967;
56. "The Most Needed Building in Town: A New West End House Boys' Club for Allston and Brighton," (n.d.);
57. Letter from Benjamin Gargill to Norman S. Weinberg, July 19, 1967.
58. "West End House to Build 'Finest Boys Club in U.S.,'" 20 Aug. 1968, 1;
59. Kane, "Dedication Speech for the New West End House," October 3, 1971.
60. Ueda, West End House, 1906-1981, 147-153.
61. Marcus Lee Hansen, "The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant," in Dag Blank and Peter Kivisto (eds.), American Immigrants and Their Generations: Studies and Commentaries on the Hansen Thesis After Fifty Years (Urbana, 1990), 192-193.
62. Cf. Gary Gerstle, Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960 (Cambridge, 1989), 10, 177-187;
63. Gary Gerstle, idem, "The Politics of Patriotism: Americanization and the Formation of the CIO," Dissent, XXXIII (1986), 84-92.
64. George K. Yamamoto, "Political Participation among Orientals in Hawaii," Sociology and Social Research, XLIII (1959), 359-364.
65. Cf. "Spark Matsunaga: The Path to Understanding," Japanese American National Museum Newsletter (Summer 1990), 5;
66. Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 129, 283-284, 286-290.
67. Henry Y. K. Tom, Linda Y. Furushima, Paula T. Yano, A Hundred Years: McKinley High School, 1865-1965 (Honolulu, 1965), 7.
68. Henry B. Restarick, "Americanizing Hawaii," The Mid-Pacific Magazine, VII (1914), 217-223.
69. Ueda, West End House, 1906-1981, 122-123.
70. Gerstle, "Politics of Patriotism."
71. "Nation to Observe Brotherhood Days," New York Times, 17 Feb. 1946, 13.
72. For example, see Josephine McKenzie, with Ernest W. Tiegs and Fay Adams, Your People and Mine (Boston, 1949), 6-7.