Robert Hart and Gustav Detring during the Boxer Rebellion

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 631-662

  Van De Ven, Hans ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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WAR;

EID: 33748335371     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X06002058     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. 'Qu Han' (Out Letters), Maritime Customs Service Archives, Second Historical Archives of China, 679(7)/112. Hereafter Out Letters.
2. Circular 961 (5 October 1900), in Stanley Wright, ed., Documents Illustrative of the Origin, Development, and Activities of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (Shanghai, Statistical Department of the Inspector General of Customs, 1938), Vol. II, 238-54. This collection includes letters from the Zongli Yamen to Hart.
3. 'Papers Relating to the Boxer Disturbances', Hart Manuscript Collection, Queen's University Belfast, MS 15/4. Hereafter Boxer Disturbances.
4. Quoted in Stanley Wright, Hart and the Chinese Customs (Belfast: Wm. Mullan and Son, 1950), 737.
5. 'The China Problem', National Archives of the United Kingdom (formerly the Public Record Office), Kew, CAB 37/53/66.
6. Zhongguo Jindai Jingjishi Ziliao Congkan Bianji Weiyuanhui (Compilation Committee for Reseources for Modern Economic History of China), Diguozhuyi yu Zhongguo Haiguan (Imperialism and China's Maritime Customs) (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1957-1970).
7. Chen Shiqi, Zhongguo Jindai Haiguan Shi (History of the Maritime Customs Service of Modern China) (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2002).
8. Chen Xiafei and Han Rongfang, eds, The Archives of the China's Imperial Maritime Customs Service: The Confidential Correspondence between Robert Hart and James Duncan Campbell (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1990-1993).
9. An earlier edition, providing only Hart's letters to Campbell, was John Fairbank, Katherine Bruner, Elizabeth MacLeod Matheson, eds, The I.G. in Peking: The Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs of China, 1868-1907 (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard UP, 1975). The Beijing edition also supplies the telegrams that Hart and Campbell exchanged, but still cannot be called definitive as it omits enclosures to the correspondence. A number of letters also appear to be missing.
10. Wright, Hart.
11. John Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1964), 462-8.
12. 'Zongli Yamen to Hart' (19 June 1900), Wright, ed., in Documents Illustrative, II, 241.
13. 'To Their Excellencies the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen' (20 June 1900), Out Letters Number 1. The numbers refer to the number given in the table of contents of the file. Hart began numbering the correspondence in this file only from his second letter, which he numbered New Series Number 1.
14. Ibid.
15. Circular 961, in Wright, ed., Documents Illustrative, II, 238.
16. 'To Their Excellences the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen', 21 July 1900, Out Letters, 2.
17. Circular 961, in Wright, ed., Documents Illustrative, II, 238.
18. 'Hart to Campbell', Letter 1173 (10 June 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p.1234, n.5.
19. Circular 961, Wright, ed., Documents Illustrative, II, 249.
20. 'Hart to Campbell; Letter 1173 (10 June 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1234, n. 4.
21. Circular 961, in Wright, ed., Documents Illustrative, II, 249.
22. 'Hart to Campbell', Letter 1175 (12 September 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1237, n. 1.
23. Robert Campbell, Memoir, 97.
24. 'Hart to Campbell, Letter 1178 (14 October 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1241, n. 1.
25. 'To Their Excellencies the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen', 22 July 1900, Out Letters, 3.
26. Circular 961, Wright, eds., Documents Illustrative, 11, 238.
27. 'To Their Excellencies the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen', 22 July 1900, Out Letters, 3.
28. 'To Their Excellencies the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen', 8 August 1900, Out Letters, 7.
29. The letter is summarised in 'To Their Excellencies the Senior Secretaries of the Zongli Yamen', 8 August 1900, Out Letters, 8.
30. 'Hart to Campbell', Letter 1147 (8 September 1900), Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1235.
31. The Military Attaché was A. Churchill. The report can be found in 'China Expedition, 1900: Reports on Operations to Relieve Tientsin and Peking', UK National Archives, WO32/6145.
32. 'Hart to Campbell', Letter 1175 (12 September 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1237.
33. Quoted in Roger Thompson, 'Military Dimensions of the Boxer Uprising in Shanxi', in Hans van de Ven, ed., Warfare in Chinese History (Leiden, Brill, 2000), 311.
34. Sabine Dabringhaus, 'An Army on Vacation?' in F. C. Boemecke, Anticipating Total War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 470.
35. Wright, Hart, 739-40.
36. 'Memorandum on the Attack on the Ministers, Number Six', Out Letters, 44. No date, but listed between documents dated 31 October and 13 November in the index.
37. 'Hart to Campbell', 12 September 1900, Letter 1175, Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1237.
38. 'Memorandum 1', in Boxer Disturbances, 15/4/F6.
39. 'Hart to Campbell', 12 September 1900, Letter 1175, Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1237.
40. 'Memorandum 1', in Boxer Disturbances, 15/4/F6.
41. Ibid.
42. 'Memorandum 2', 25 August 1900), in 'Boxer Disturbances', 15/4/F6.
43. Ibid.
44. 'S/O [Semi-Official] Letters from I.G. August 1900-January 1904', Maritime Customs Archives, Second Historical Archives of China', 679(7)/ 141. Letters of 30 August and 5 September.
45. 'Memorandum on the Attack on the Ministers, Number One', 1 September 1900, in Out Letters Number 7.
46. 'Proposed four clauses - draft for a joint convention of all countries with China', 1 September 1900, Out Letters Number 10.
47. 'Memorandum on the Attack on the Ministers, Number Two', 9 September 1900, in Out Letters, 12.
48. Ibid.
49. 'Hart to Campbell', 8 September 1900, Letter 1174, in Fairbak, et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1235.
50. 'Hart to Campbell', 25 September 1898, Letter 1116, in Fairbank, et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1172.
51. 'Letter to Wang Wenshao', 9 October 1900, in Out Letters, 30.
52. 'Hart to Li Hongzhang' 28 September 1900, in Out Letters 24.
53. 'Memorandum 6', 13 September 1900, in 'Boxer Disturbances', 15/4/F6
54. see also 'Hart to Campbell', 15 September 1900, Letter 1176, in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG In Peking, 1238.
55. 'Letter to Li Hongzhang', 17 September 1900, in Out Letters, 15.
56. 'Letter to Li Hongzhang, 28 September 1900, in Out Letters, xxx.
57. 'Zhaohui Nigao' (Draft Diplomatic Note), no date, in Out Letters, 29.
58. Wright, Hart, 739.
59. 'Hart to Campbell', 15 September 1900, Letter 1176, Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1238.
60. Hart to Campbell, 15 October 1900, quoted in Wright, Hart, 783, n. 38.
61. 'Hart to Campbell', 21 October 1900, Letter 1180, in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1243.
62. 'Memorandum 4', 25 October 1900, in Out Letters, 39. These demands included six that the French had announced in early October.
63. See Letter 1180 (21 October 1900), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1234, note 3.
64. 'Memorandum 8', 26 January 1900, in Out Letters, 67.
65. 'Memorandum 5', 25 October 1900, in Out Letters, 39.
66. 'Letter to Prince Qing', 25 October 1900, in Out Letters, 40.
67. Hans van de Ven, 'Military and Financial Reform in the Late Qing and Early Republic', in Lin Man-hoang, ed, Finance and Modern History (Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 1999), 17-105.
68. 'Hart to Campbell', 8 April 1901, Letter 1199, in Fairbank, et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1264.
69. 'Memorandum on the Attack on the Ministers, Number Eight', 25 February 1901, Out Letters, 67.
70. Letter 1209 (15 August 1901), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, 1274.
71. Vera Schmidt, Aufgabe und Einfluss der europaeischen Berater in China: Gustav Detring (1842-1913) (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984), 37-8.
72. Ibid., 11.
73. Paul King, In the Chinese Customs Service, 296-7.
74. Campbell, Memoir, xviii.
75. Letter 1049 (10 January 1897), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1099.
76. Letter 1037 (16 September 1896), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1084.
77. Letter 1049 (10 January 1897), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1099.
78. 'Zongli Geguuo Shiwu Yamen yu Deji Jiangliang Hannaken Wenda Jielue' (Record of Discussions between the Zongli Yamen and the German Commander von Hannaken', in Republican History Section of the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, eds, Qingmo Xinjun Bianlian Yange (The History of the Establishment and Training of the New Army in the Late Qing) (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1978), 4-7.
79. Schmidt, Detring, 76-7.
80. 'Beresford to Salisbury' in 'Foreign Office Confidential Prints, Further Correspondence, October-December 1898', 64-5.
81. Wright, Hart, 693.
82. Schmidt, Detring, 82-3.
83. Albert Feuerwerker,China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1958).
84. Letters 1041-1043 (1,8,15 November 1896), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, pp. 1090-3.
85. Letter 1056 (21 February 1897), in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1107.
86. Quoted in Schmidt, Detring, 92-3.
87. Ibid., 93.
88. Ibid., 92.
89. 'From A. E. Hippisley', letter 55 (21 December 1898), in Lo Hui-min, ed, The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), vol. I, 108.
90. Schmidt, Detring, 99-100.
91. Frederic A. Sharf and Peter Harrington, eds, China, 1900: The Eyewitnesses Speak: The Experience of Westerners in China during the Boxer Rebellion, as described by participants in letters, diaries and photographs (London: Greenhill Books, 2000), Introduction, 99.
92. 'Journal of Captain Edward H. Bayly, Royal Navy', in Sharf and Harrington, eds, China, 1900, 106.
93. See 'Account of Captain M. Nagamine, Japanese Naval Officer' in China, 1900, 95-6.
94. 'Headquarter Records, China, Boxer Rebellion', PRO: WO 28/302.
95. Ibid.
96. Journal of Captain Bayly', 106.
97. Ibid., 111.
98. Schmidt, Detring, 11.
99. Journal of Captain Bayly', 108.
100. Ibid., 114.
101. Ibid., 102.
102. Ibid., 102.
103. Ibid., 113.
104. Ibid., 101.
105. Wright, Hart, 812.
106. Schmidt, Detring, 95.
107. Ibid., 101-2.
108. Wright, Hart, 812.
109. Quoted in Kong Xiangji, Wan Qing Yiwen Congkao (Investigations into Late Qing Incidents) (Chengdu, Bashu, 1998), 40.
110. Ibid., 40 and 41.
111. Ibid., 164-76.
112. See especially Yuan's letter to Weng Tonghe in the aftermath of Germany's seizure of Jiaozhou, in ibid., 165-6.
113. Wright, Hart, 813-4.
114. Kong, Investigations, 41.
115. Wright, Hart, 815.
116. Kong, Investigations, 42-4.
117. Schmidt, Detring, 103-4.
118. Letter 1392 (17 December 1905) in Fairbank et al., eds, The IG in Peking, p. 1491
119. Wright, Hart, 816.
120. Schmidt, Detring, 11.