Biology and ultrastructure of sex pheromone-producing tissue

Insect Pheromone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 19-51

  Ma, Peter W K ^a   Ramaswamy, Sonny B ^b  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748326906     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012107151-6/50004-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Abed D., Cheviet P., Farine J.P., Bonnard O., Lequere J.L., Brossut R. Calling behaviour of female Periplaneta americana: behavioural analysis and identification of the pheromone source. J. Insect Physiol. 1993, 39:709-720.
2. Agren L., Cederberg B., Swensson B.G. Changes with age in ultrastructure and content of male labial glands in some bumblebee species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Zoom. 1979, 7:1-14.
3. Aldrich J.R., Blum M.S., Fales H.M. Species specific natural products of adult male leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). J. Chem. Ecol. 1979, 5:53-62.
4. Aldrich J.R., Lusby W.R., Kochansky J.P., Abrams C.B. Volatile compounds from the predatory insect Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) male and female metathoracic scent gland and female dorsal abdominal gland secretions. J. Chem. Ecol. 1984, 10:561-568.
5. Aldrich J.R., Zhang A., Oliver J.E. Attractant pheromone and allomone from the metathoracic scent gland of a broad-headed bug (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Can. Entomol. 2000, 132:915-923.
6. Araujo J., Pasteels J.M. Ultrastructure de la glande défensive d'Eusphalerum minutum Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Arch. Biol. 1987, 98:15-34.
7. Atkinson P.R. Structure of the putative pheromone glands of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Africa 1982, 45:93-104.
8. Barbier J., Lederer E. Structure chimique de la substance royale de la reine d'abeille (Apis mellifica L.). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1960, 251:1131-1135.
9. Bartlet E., Isidoro N., Williams I. Antennal glands in Psylliodes chrysocephala, and their possible role in reproductive behaviour. Physiol. Entomol 1994, 19:241-250.
10. Benton A.H., Lee S.Y. Sensory reactions of siphonaptera in relation to host finding. Am. Midl. Nat. 1965, 74:119-125.
11. Betz B.W. The biology of Trichadenotecnumc alexanderae (Psocoptera: Psocidae): duration of biparental and parthenogenetic reproductive abilities. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1983, 56:420-426.
12. Biémont J.-C., Chaibou M., Pouzat J. Localization and fine structure of the female sex pheromone-producing glands in Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1992, 21:251-262.
13. Billen J., Morgan E.D. Pheromone communication in social insects: sources and secretions. Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites 1998, 3-33. R.K. Vander Meer, M.D. Breed, K.E. Espelie, M.L. Winston (Eds.).
14. Bode W. Ultrastructure of the sternal glands in Thrips validus (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). Zoomorphol. 1978, 90:53-66.
15. Bordereau C., Robert A., Bonnard O., Lequere J.L. (3Z, 6Z, 8E)-3, 6, 8-dodecatrien-1-ol. Sex pheromone in a higher fungus-growing termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger, (Isoptera: Marotermitidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1997, 17:2177-2191.
16. Bornemissza G.F. Sex attractant of male scorpion flies. Nature, London 1964, 203:786-787.
17. Bornemissza G.F. Observations on the hunting and mating behaviour of two species of scorpionflies (Bittacidae: Mecoptera). Aust. J. Zool. 1966, 14:371-382.
18. Bourgoin T. Voluminous paired glands in the tenth abdominal segment in the females of the genus Cladodiptera spinola (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 2000, 36:137-142.
19. Brushwein J.R., Culin J.D., Hoffman K.M. Development and reproductive behavior of Mantispa viridis Walker (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 1995, 30:99-111.
20. Buschinger A. Giftdrüsensekret als sexualpheromon bei der ameise Harpagoxenus sublaevis. Naturwissenchaften 1972, 59:313-314.
21. Callow R.K., Johnson N.C. The chemical constitution and synthesis of queen substance of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Bee World 1960, 41:152-153.
22. Callow R.K., Chapman J.R., Paton P.N. Pheromones of the honeybee: chemical studies of the mandibular gland secretion of the queen. J. Apicult. Res. 1964, 3:77-89.
23. Carayon J. The androconia of some scutellerid (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1984, 20:113-134.
24. Carvalho R.S., Vilela E.F., Borges M., Zanuncio J.C. Caracterizaçao morfologica da glandula do feromonio do predador Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Br. 1994, 23:143-147.
25. Cassier P., Delorme-Joulie C. Imaginal differentiation of the integument in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Part 1: Post imaginal differentiation and its determination. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 1976, 117:95-116.
26. Cassier P., Delorme-Joulie C. Imaginal differentiation of the integument in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Part 2: Development during imaginal molt and its determination in gregarious males. Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool. et Biol. Anim. 1976, 18:295-310.
27. Cassier P., Delorme-Joulie C. Imaginal differentiation of the integument in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Part 3: Phase polymorphism and its hormonal control. Insectes Sociaux 1976, 23:179-198.
28. Cazals M., Juberthie-Jupeau L. Ultrasturcture d'une glande sternale tubuleuse des mâles de Speonomus hydrophilus (Coleoptera, Bathysciinae). Can. J. Zool. 1983, 61:673-681.
29. Clearwater J.R., Sarafis V. The secretory cycle of a gland involved in pheromone production in the Noctuid moth, Pseudaletia separata. J. Insect Physiol. 1973, 19:19-28.
30. Crema R., Bergamini I. On the control of a sexual character in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The sex pheromone glands of oviparous females. Bollett. Zool. 1985, 52:359-366.
31. Crossley A.C., Waterhouse D.F. The ultrastructure of a pheromone-secreting gland in the male scorpion-fly Harpobittacus australis (Bittacidae: Mecoptera). Tissuse Cell 1969, 2:273-294.
32. Díaz E., Cisneros R., Zúñiga G. Comparative anatomical and histological study of the alimentary canal of the Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) complex. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2000, 93:303-311.
33. Diehl P.A. Synthesis and release of hydrocarbons by the oenocytes of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 1975, 21:1237-1246.
34. Downing H.A. The function and evolution of exocrine glands. The Social Biology of Wasps 1991, Comstock Publ. Ass., Ithaca and London. K.G. Ross, R.W. Matthews (Eds.).
35. Dryden M.W., Broce A.B. Development of a trap for collecting newly emerged Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in homes. J. Med. Entomol. 1993, 30:901-906.
36. Economopoulos A.P., Giannakakis A., Tzanakakis M.E., Voyadjoglou A.V. Reproductive behavior and physiology of the olive fruit fly. 1. Anatomy of the adult rectum and odors emitted by adults. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1971, 64:1112-1116.
37. Edmunds M. Courtship, mating and possible sex pheromones in three species of Mantodea. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 1975, 111:53-57.
38. Elofsson R., Löfqvist J. The Eltringham organ and a new thoracic gland: ultrastructure and presumed pheromone function (Insecta, Myrmeleonidae). Zool. Scripta 1974, 3:31-40.
39. Eltringham H. On an extrusible glandular structure in the abdomen of Mantispa styriaca, Poda (Neuroptera). Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 1932, 80:103-105.
40. Fan Y., Zurek L., Dykstra M.J., Schal C. Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Naturwissenschaften 2002, (in press).
41. Ferveur J.F., Sarit F., O'Kane C., Sureau G., Greenspan R.J., Jallon J.M. Genetic feminization of pheromones and its behavioral consequences in Drosophila males. Science 1997, 276:1555-1558.
42. Fletcher B.S. The structure and function of the sex pheromone glands of the male Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni. J. Insect Physiol. 1969, 15:1309-1322.
43. Foldi I. Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the oviductal glands of the scale insect Porphyrophora crithmi (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 1986, 22:145-152.
44. Fónagy A., Yokoyama N., Matsumoto S. Physiological status and change of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the pheromone-producing cells of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae). Arthr. Str. Funct. 2001, 30:113-123.
45. Fónagy A., Yokoyama N., Okano K., Tatsuki S., Maeda S., Matsumoto S. Pheromone-producing cells in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori: identification and their morphological changes in response to pheromonotropic stimuli. J. Insect Physiol. 2000, 46:735-744.
46. Galli E. Mating behaviour in Tetraneura nigriabdominalis sasaki (=akinire Sasaki) (Hemiptera, Pemphiginae). Invert. Reprod. Develop. 1998, 34:173-176.
47. Garden R.W., Moroz L.L., Moroz T.P., Shippy S.A., Sweedler J.V. Excess salt removal with matrix rinsing: direct peptide profiling of neurons from marine invertebrates using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 1996, 31:1126-1130.
48. Gupta B.D. Sex pheromone of Poecilocerus pictus (Acridoidea: Pyrogomorphidae). 2. Histology of female sex pheromone gland. Folia Morphol. Prague 1979, 27:199-202.
49. Hall G.M., Tittiger C., Andrews G.L., Mastick G.S., Kuenzli M., Luo X., Seybold S.J., Blomquist G.J. Midgut tissue of male pine engraver, Ips pini, synthesizes monoterpenoid pheromone component ipsdienol de novo. Naturwissenschaften 2002, 89:79-83.
50. Hall G.M., Tittiger C., Blomquist G.J., Andrews G.L., Mastick G.S., Barkawi L.S., Bengoa C., Seybold S.J. Male Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi, synthesizes the pheromone component frontalin in anterior midgut tissue. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 32. (in press).
51. Hallberg E., Löfqvist J. Morphology and ultrastructure of an intertergal pheromone gland in the abdomen of the pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Insecta, Hymenoptera): a potential source of sex pheromones. Can. J. Zool. 1981, 59:47-53.
52. Hallberg E., Subchev M. Unusual location and structure of female pheromone glands in Theresimima (=Ino) ampelophaga Bayle-Berelle (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1997, 25:381-389.
53. Hammack L., Burkholder W.E., Ma M. Sex pheromone localization in females of six Trogoderma species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1973, 66:545-550.
54. Happ G.M., Happ C.M. Fine structure of the pygidial glands of Bledius mandibularis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Tissue & Cell 1973, 5:215-231.
55. Happ G.M., Strandberg J.D., Happ C.M. The terpene-producing glands of a phasmid insect: cell morphology and histochemistry. J. Morphol. 1966, 119:143-160.
56. Hardie J., Lees A.D. The induction of normal and teratoid viviparae by a juvenile hormone and kinoprene in 2 species of aphids. Physiol. Entomol. 1985, 10:65-74.
57. Harrington R. A comparison of the external morphology of scent plaques on the hind tibiae of oviparous aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). Systematic Entomol. 1985, 10:135-144.
58. Hawkes F., Rzepka J., Gontrand G. The scent glands of the male south American locust Schistocerca cancellata. An electron microscope study. Tissue & Cell 1987, 19:687-704.
59. Hodosh R.J., Keough E.M., Ringo J.M. The morphology of the sex pheromone gland in Drosophila grimshawi. J. Morphol. 1979, 161:177-184.
60. Hölldobler B. Sex pheromone in the ant Xenomyrmex floridanus. J. Insect Physiol. 1971, 17:1497-1499.
61. Hölldobler V.B., Wüst M. Ein sexualpheromon bei der pharaoameise Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Z. Tierpsychol. 1973, 32:1-9.
62. Hoyt C.P., Osborne G.O., Mulcock A.P. Production of an insect sex attractant by symbiotic bacteria. Nature 1971, 230:472-473.
63. Isidoro N., Williams I.H., Solinas M., Martin A. Mating behaviour and identification of the female sex pheromone gland in the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae Winn.: Cecidomyidae, Diptera). Boll. Ist. Ent. 1992, 47:27-48.
64. Iwabuchi K. Mating behavior of Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). III. Pheromone secretion by male. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1986, 21:606-612.
65. Iwasaki Y. Hunting and mating behavior in the Japanese hangingfly Bittacus mastrillii (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1996, 89:869-874.
66. Jacquemin G., Bareth C. Ultrastructure des soies gladulaires et sensorielles du premier sternite abdominal des males de Campodea chardardi Condé (Insecta: Diplura): modifications liées a la mue. Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1981, 10:463-481.
67. Joosse E.N.G., Koelman T.A.C.M. Evidence for the presence of aggregation pheromones in Onychiurus armatus (Collembola): a pest insect in sugar beet. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1979, 26.
68. Jurenka R.A., Subchev M. Identification of cuticular hydrocarbons and alkene precursor to the pheromone in hemolymph of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2000, 43:108-115.
69. Kannowski P.B., Johnson R.L. Male patrolling behaviour and sex attraction in ants of the genus Formica. Anim. Behav. 1969, 17:425-429.
70. Korchi A., Brossut R., Bouhin H., Delachambre J. cDNA cloning of an adult male putative lipocalin specific to tergal gland aphrodisiac secretion in an insect (Leucophaea maderae). FEBS Letters 1999, 449:125-128.
71. Krool S., Bauer T. Reproduction development and pheromone secretion in Heteromurus nitidus Templeton 1835 (Collembola: Entomobryidae). Revue d'Ecol. Biol. du Sol. 1987, 24:187-196.
72. Krzysztofowicz A., Kuzyk S. Fine structure of the pyloric region and hind gut of Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Collembola). Acta Biol. Acad. Scient. Hungaricae. 1979, 30:121-140.
73. Laduguie N., Robert A., Bonnard O., Vieau F., Lequere J.L., Semon E., Bordereau C. Isolation and identification of (3Z, 6Z, 8#0-3, 6, 8-dodecatrien-1-ol in Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)-roles of worker trail-following and in alate sex-attraction behaviour. J. Insect Physiol. 1994, 40:781-787.
74. Lane R.P., de Souza Bernardes D. Histology and ultrastructure of pheromone secreting glands in males of the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Ann. Tropical Med. Parasitol. 1990, 84:53-61.
75. Leonhardt B.A., Neal J.W., Klun J.A., Schwarz M., Plimmer J.R. An unusual lepidopteran sex pheromone system in the bagworm moth. Science 1983, 219:314-316.
76. Levinson H.Z., Levinson A.R., Kahn G.E., Schäfer K. Occurrence of a pheromone-producing gland in female tobacco bettles. Experientia 1983, 39:1095-1097.
77. Lew A.C., Ball H.J. The structure of the apparent pheromone-secreting cells in female Diabrotica virgifera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1978, 71:685-688.
78. Liang D., Schal C. Ultrastructure and maturation of a sex pheromone gland in the female German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Tissue & Cell 1993, 25:763-776.
79. Liang D., Schal C. Volatile sex pheromone in the female German cockroach. Experientia 1993, 49:324-328.
80. Little H.F. Fine structure of presumed pheromone glands of Dacus cucurbitae and D. latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1992, 85:326-330.
81. Little H.F., Cunningham R.T. Sexual dimorphism and presumed pheromone gland in the rectum of Dacus latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1987, 80:765-767.
82. Loeb M.J., Neal J.W.J., Klun J.A. Modified thoracic epithelium of the bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae): site of pheromone production in adult females. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1989, 82:215-219.
83. Löfstedt C., Hansson B.S., Petersson E., Valeur P., Richards A. Pheromonal secretions from glands on the 5th abdominal sternite of hydropsychid and rhyacophilid caddisflies (Trichoptera). J. Chem. Ecol. 1994, 20:153-170.
84. Ma P.W.K., Garden R.W., Niermann J.T., O'Connor M., Sweedler J.V., Roelofs W.L. Characterizing the Hez-PBAN gene products in neuronal clusters with immunocytochemistry and MALDI MS. J. Insect Physiol. 2000, 46:221-230.
85. Menon M. Morphological evidence for a probable secretory site of the male sex pheromones of Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattaria: Blaberidae). 2. Electron microscope studies. J. Morphol. 1986, 187:69-80.
86. Merivee E., Erm A. Studies on sex pheromone gland morphology and pheromone components in female elaterid beetles Agriotes obscurus L. and Agriotes lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Proc. Estoniann Acad. Sci. Biol. 1993, 42:108-117.
87. Mertins J.W., Coppel H.C. Previously undescribed abdominal glands in the female introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1972, 65:33-38.
88. Moreno D.S. Location of the site of production of the sex pheromone in the yellow scale and the California red scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1972, 65:1283-1286.
89. Moreno D.S., Fargerlund J. Histology of the sex pheromone glands in the yellow scale and California red scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1975, 68:425-428.
90. Morse D., Meighen E.A. Aldehyde pheromones in Lepidoptera. Evidence for an acetate ester precursor in Choristoneura fumiferana. Science 1984, 226:1434-1436.
91. Nardi J.B., Dowd P.F., Bartelt R.J. Fine structure of cells specialized for secretion of aggregation pheromone in a nitidulid beetle Carpophilus freemani (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Tissue & Cell 1996, 28:43-52.
92. Nardi J.B., Young A.G., Ujhelyi E., Tittiger C., Lehane M.J., Blomquist G.J. Specialization of midgut cells for synthesis of male isoprenoid pheromone components in two scolytid beetles, Dendroctonus jeffreyi and Ips pini. Tissue & Cell. 2002, (in press).
93. Nation J.L. Sex-specific glands in tephritid fruit flies of the genera Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Int. J. Morphol. & Embryol. 1981, 10:121-129.
94. Noirot C., Quennedey A. Fine structure of insect epidermal glands. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1974, 19:61-80.
95. Noirot C., Quennedey A. Glands, gland cells, glandular units: Some comments on terminology and classification. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Fr. (NS) 1991, 27:123-128.
96. Noldt U., Fettköther R., Dettner K. Structure of the sex pheromone-producing prothoracic glands of the male old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embrol. 1995, 24:223-234.
97. Oetting R.D., Yonke T.R. Morphology of the scent gland apparatus of 3 Alydidae (Hemiptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1978, 51:294-306.
98. Osbrink W.L.A., Rust M.K. Cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae): factors influencing host finding behavior in the laboratory. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1985, 78:29-34.
99. Percy J. Development and ultrastructure of sex pheromone gland cells of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. J. Zool. 1979, 57:220-236.
100. Percy J., Weatherston J. Gland structure and pheromone production in insects. Pheromones, Frontier of Biology 1974, North Holland, Amsterdam. M. Birch (Ed.).
101. Percy-Cunningham P., MacDonald J.A. Biology and ultrastructure of sex pheromone-producing cells. Pheromone Biochemistry 1987, 27-75. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. G.D. Prestwich, G.J. Blomquist (Eds.).
102. Pettersson J. An aphid sex attractant. II. Histological, ethological, and comparative studies. Entomol. Scand. 1971, 2:81-93.
103. Pierre D., Biémont J., Pouzat J., Lextrait P., Thibeaudeau C. Location and ulstrastructure of sex pheromone glands in female Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1997, 25:391-404.
104. Purrington F.F., Kendall P.A., Bater J.E., Stinner B.R. Alarm pheromone in a gregarious poduromorph Collembolan (Collembola: Hypogastruridae). Great Lakes Entomol. 1991, 24:75-78.
105. Quennedey A. Insect epidermal gland cells: ultrastructure and morphogenesis. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 11A: Insecta 1998, 177-207.
106. Raina A.K., Wergin W.P., Murphy A.C., Erbe E.F. Structural organization of the sex pheromone gland in Helicoverpa zea in relation to pheromone production and release. Arthropod Struct. Develop. 2000, 29:343-353.
107. Ramaswamy S.B., Shu S., Monroe W.A., Mbata G.N. Ultrastructure and potential role of integumentary glandular cells in adult male and female Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) and C. maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 1995, 24:51-61.
108. Roemhild G. Pheromone glands of Microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). J. Morphol. 1980, 163:9-12.
109. Schal C., Sevala V., Cardé R.T. Novel and highly specific transport of a volatile sex pheromone by hemolymph lipophorin in moths. Naturwissenschaften 1998, 85:339-342.
110. Schal C., Sevala V., Young H.P., Bachmann J.A.S. Sites of synthesis and transport pathways of insect hydrocarbons: cuticle and ovary as target tissues. Amer. Zool. 1998, 38:382-393.
111. Schneider I., Rudinsky J.A. The site of pheromone production in Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): bioassay and histological studies of the hindgut. Can. Entomol. 1969, 101:1181-1186.
112. Shu S., Jones R.L. Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone in Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of the European corn borer. J. Chem. Ecol. 1993, 19:2563-2576.
113. Solinas M., Isidoro N. Identification of the female sex pheromone gland in the sorghum midge, Allocontarinia sorghicola (Coq.) Solinas (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Redia 1991, 74:441-446.
114. Solinas M., Isidoro N. Functional anatomy of female sex pheromone gland of Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Entomologica Bari 1996, 30:43-54.
115. Sreng L. Ultrastructure of the glands producing sex pheromones of the male Nauphoeta cinerea Insecta: Dictyoptera. Zoomorphology, Berlin. 1985, 105:133-142.
116. Sreng L. Apoptosis-inducing brain factors in maturation of an insect sex pheromone gland during differentiation. Differentiation 1998, 63:53-58.
117. Sreng L., Leoncini I., Clement J.L. Regulation of sex pheromone production in the male Nauphoeta cinerea cockroach: role of brain extracts, corporaaallata (CA), and juvenile hormone (JH). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 1999, 40:165-172.
118. Stanic V., Zlotkin E., Shulov A. Localization of pheromone excretion in the female of Trogoderma granarium (Dermestidae). Ent. Exp. & Appl. 1970, 13:342-351.
119. Stein G. Uber den Sexuallockstoff von Hummelmannchen. Naturwissenschaften 1963, 50:305.
120. Stringer I.A.N. The female reproductive system of Costelytra zealandica (White) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Mololonthinae). N. Z. J. Sci. 1988, 15:513-533.
121. Subchev M., Jurenka R.A. Sex pheromone levels in pheromone glands and identification of the pheromone and hydrocarbons in the hemolymph of the moth Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2001, 47:35-43.
122. Suzuki T., Haga K., Komada S., Watanabe K., Kuwahara Y. Secretion of thrips. II. Secretions of three gall-inhabiting thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 1988, 23:291-297.
123. Tada S., Leal W.S. Localization and morphology of the sex pheromone glands in scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Rutelinae, Melolonthinae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1997, 23:903-915.
124. Tagawa J. Localization and histology of the female sex pheromone-producing gland in the parasitic wasp, Apanteles glomeratus. J. Insect Physiol. 1977, 23:49-56.
125. Teerling C.R., Pierce H.D., Borden J.H., Gillespie D.R. Identification and bioactivity of alarm pheromone in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. J. Chem. Ecol. 1993, 19:681-697.
126. Thornhill A.R. The morphology and histology of new sex pheromone glands in male scorpionflies, Panorpa and Brachypanorpa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae and Panorpodidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 1973, 6:47-55.
127. Thornhill R., Alcock J. The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems 1983, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
128. Urbahn E. Abdominale Duiftorgans bei weiblichen Schmetterlingen. Z. Naturwiss. 1913, 50:277-355.
129. Vander Meer R.K., Breed M.D., Espelie K.E., Winston M.L. Pheromone Communication in Social Insects: Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites 1998, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
130. Verhoef H.A. Releaser and primer pheromones in collembola. J. Insect Physiol. 1984, 30:665-670.
131. Verhoef H.A., Nagelkerke C.J., Joosse E.N.G. Aggregation pheromones in Collembola. J. Insect Physiol. 1977, 23:1009-1014.
132. Vinson S.B. Courtship behavior and evidence of a sex pheromone in the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Enviro. Entomol. 1972, 1:409-414.
133. Waldorf E.S. Sex pheromone in the springtail, Sinella curviseta. Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3:916-918.
134. Walker K.A., Jones T.H., Fell R.D. Pheromonal basis of aggregation in European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1993, 19:2029-2038.
135. Wattebled S., Bitsch J., Rosset A. Ultrastructure of the pheromone-producing vesicles in males of Chrysopa perla L. (Insecta, Neuroptera). Cell Tiss. Res. 1978, 194:481-496.
136. Weseloh R.M. Sex pheromone gland of the gypsy moth parasitoid, Apanteles melanoscelus: revaluation and ultrastructural survey. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 1980, 73:576-580.
137. Wiygul G., MacGown M.W., Sikorowski P.P., Wright J.E. Localization of pheromone in male boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1982, 31:330-331.
138. Yang H.T., Chow Y.S., Peng W.K., Shu E.L. Evidence for the site of female sex pheromone production in Periplaneta americana. J. Chem. Ecol. 1998, 24:1831-1843.
139. Young H.P., Bachmann J.A.S., Sevala V., Schal C. Site of synthesis, tissue distribution, and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica (L.) nymphs. J. Insect Physiol. 1999, 45:305-315.
140. Zeng R.G., Liu S.K., Shaefers G.A. Morphology and histology of the sex pheromone gland of strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell). Acta Entomol. Sinica. 1992, 35:290-293.
141. Zethner-Møller O., Rudinsky J.A. Studies on the site of sex pheromone production in Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1967, 60:575-582.
142. Zhu J., Kozlov M.V., Philipp P., Franke W., Löfstdet C. Identification of a novel moth sex pheromone in Eriocrania ciacatricella (Zett.) (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) and its phylogenetic implications. J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 21:29-43.