Community politics in liverpool and the governance of professional football in the late nineteenth century

Historical Journal

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 761-788

  Kennedy, David ^a   Collins, Michael ^b  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY; COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; EXPLOITATION; GOVERNMENT RELATIONS; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; SPORT;

ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; LIVERPOOL [ENGLAND]; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 33748320748     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X06005504     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. On the early, pre-professional history see E. Midwinter, Old Liverpool (Newton Abbot, 1971), pp. 131-48
2. D. France and D. Prentice, Virgin blues: 100 seasons at the top (Witham, Essex, 2003).
3. R. J. Holt, 'Football and the urban way of life in nineteenth-century Britain', in J. A. Mangan, ed., Pleasure, profit, proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad, 1700-1914 (London, 1988), pp. 67-85
4. T. Mason, 'Football, sport of the north?', in J. Hill and J. Williams, Sport and identity in the north of England (Keele, 1996), pp. 41-52.
5. Also see J. Hill, 'Rite of spring: Cup finals and community in the north of England', in ibid., pp. 85-111.
6. See R. W. Lewis, 'The genesis of professional football: Bolton-Blackburn-Darwen, the centre of innovation', International Journal of the History of Sport, 14 (1997), pp. 21-54, on developments at an early northern club.
7. For a brief overview see D. A. Reid, 'Playing and praying', in M. Daunton, ed., The Cambridge urban history of Britain, II: 1840-1950 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 772-6
8. and J. Hill, Sport, leisure and culture in twentieth-century Britain (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 24-8.
9. More generally, see P. M. Young, A history of British football (London, 1968)
10. and J. Walvin, The people's game (London, 1975).
11. The 'official' story of the FA appears in A. Gibson and W. Pickford, Association football and the men who made it (4 vols., London, 1906).
12. Income levels appear to have been a significant factor in the general absence of the unskilled in the early phase of professional club support - D. Russell, Football and the English (Preston, 1997), pp. 64-8
13. and T. Mason, Association football and English society, 1863-1915 (Brighton, 1980), pp. 153-6.
14. Based on a survey of match reports in the Liverpool Football Echo, Liverpool Courier, and Liverpool Daily Post. The average weekly home gate was to rise to 20,000-24,000 in the years immediately prior to the First World War.
15. On national attendance figures see B. Tabner, Through the turnstiles (Harefield, 1992).
16. N. Collins, Politics and elections in nineteenth-century Liverpool (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 214, 217.
17. For a careful analysis of the relationship between football and politics see N. Fishwick, English football and society, 1910-1950 (Manchester, 1989), pp. 136-52.
18. For regional studies see G. P. T. Finn and R. Guilianotti, Football culture: Local conflicts, global visions (London, 2000)
19. G. Jarvies and G. Walker, Sport in the making of the Scottish nation: ninety minute patriots? (Leicester, 1994)
20. and A. Bairner and S. Shirlow, 'Territory, politics and soccer fandom in Northern Ireland and Sweden', Football Studies, 3 (2000), pp. 5-26.
21. One contemporary example is that of the midlands small arms manufacturer, George Kynock, Unionist MP for Aston, 1886-1991, and president of Aston Villa FC. See J. Tann, 'Kynoch, George', in Dictionary of business biography, I (London, 1986), pp. 630-2.
22. L. Lewis Shiman, Crusade against drink in Victorian England (London, 1988)
23. B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (Keele, 1994).
24. A. E. Dingle, The campaign for prohibition in Victorian England: The United Kingdom Alliance, 1872-1895 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1980).
25. R. Douglas, History of the Liberal party (London, 1971)
26. C. Cook, A short history of the Liberal party, 1900-1976 (London, 1976).
27. D. A. Hamer, The politics of electoral pressure: A study in the history of Victorian reform agitations (Hassocks, 1977), pp. 237-67, reveals the nature of the complexities of promoting single issue politics with, for instance, the Irish question cutting across commitments to temperance and, on occasions, Gladstonian Liberals fielding brewers as parliamentary candidates.
28. M. Barker, Gladstone and radicalism (Brighton, 1975), pp. 200-40
29. D. A. Hamer, Liberal policies in the age of Gladstone and Rosebery: A study in leadership and policy (Oxford, 1972).
30. Ibid., p. 173.
31. Although the National Liberal Federation's 1891 programme as a whole was later to be viewed in Liberal circles as an electoral liability, D. A. Hamer, John Morley: Liberal intellectual in politics (Oxford, 1968), pp. 262-84, shows that at the beginning of the 1890s leading Gladstonian Liberals were seriously seeking to broaden the party's policy programme.
32. Hamer, The politics of electoral pressure, pp. 268-304, examines the nature of the relationship between the Alliance and the party subsequent upon the endorsement of the Newcastle Programme.
33. G. W. Gutzke, Protecting the pub: Brewers and publicans against temperance (Woodbridge, 1989)
34. T. R. Gourvish and R. G. Wilson, The British brewing industry, 1830-1980 (Cambridge, 1994).
35. B. D. White, A history of the corporation of Liverpool, 1835-1914 (Liverpool, 1951), pp. 100-2.
36. Collins, Politics and elections, p. 217.
37. S. Davies, Liverpool labour: Social and political influences on the development of the Labour Party in Liverpool, 1900-1939 (Keele, 1996), p. 101.
38. D. Brooks, 'Gladstone's fourth administration', in D. Bebbington and R. Swift, eds., Gladstone centenary essays (Liverpool, 2000), pp. 225-8
39. E. F. Biagini, Gladstone (London, 2000), pp. 108-9.
40. B. Harrison, 'State intervention and moral reform in nineteenth-century England', in P. Hollis, ed., Pressure from without in early Victorian England (London, 1974), pp. 295-6.
41. C. F. Aked, England free and sober (Liverpool, 1897)
42. R. A. Armstrong, The deadly shame of Liverpool: An appeal to the municipal voters (Liverpool, 1890).
43. National Temperance Congress, Annual report 1884 (Joseph Livesy Collection, University of Central Lancashire, Preston), p. 249
44. P. T. Winskill, History of the temperance movement in Liverpool and district (London, 1887), p. 41, cites amongst other Liverpool organizations, the Catholic League of the Cross, the Wesleyan Methodist Temperance Union, the Church of England Total Abstinence Society, the Welsh Total Abstinence Society, and the Hibernian Total Abstinence Society.
45. Hamer, The politics of electoral pressure, pp. 253-4.
46. White, Corporation of Liverpool, p. 105.
47. Armstrong, The deadly shame of Liverpool, p. 5.
48. E. F. Biagini, Liberty, retrenchment and reform: Popular liberalism in the age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 175-9, explores the nature of the appeal of temperance campaigners.
49. Collins, Politics and elections, pp. 153-64
50. P. J. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism a political and social history of Liverpool, 1868-1939 (Liverpool, 1981), pp. 97-152.
51. For a careful, stimulating analysis of the rise of 'party' and the interrelationship between local and national preoccupations see J. Lawrence, 'The dynamics of urban politics, 1867-1914', in J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, eds., Party, state and society: Electoral behaviour in Britain since 1820 (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 79-105.
52. Davies, Liverpool labour.
53. B. Harrison, 'Religion and recreation in nineteenth-century England', Past and Present, 38 (Dec. 1967), pp. 112-16.
54. J. Lawrence, 'Class and gender in the making of urban toryism, 1880-1914', English Historical Review, 108 (1993), pp. 629-52.
55. Also see K. McClelland, 'Some thoughts on masculinity and the "representative artisan" in Britain, 1850-1880', Gender and History, I (1989), pp. 164-77.
56. Lawrence, 'Class and gender'
57. J. Lawrence, Speaking for the people: Party, language and popular politics in England, 1867-1914 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 104-8, 125-6.
58. Lawrence, Speaking for the people, p. 107.
59. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, pp. 41-52.
60. M. Pugh, The tories and the people, 1880-1935 (Oxford, 1985), p. 9.
61. This book provides a considered analysis of continued Conservative success in attracting mass support through a study of the Primrose League. J. Smith, The taming of democracy: The Conservative party, 1880-1924 (Cardif, 1997), provides a more general perspective.
62. Collins, Politics and elections, pp. 105-8.
63. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, pp. 16-17.
64. J. Belchem, Merseypride: Essays in Liverpool exceptionalism (Liverpool, 2000), pp. 155-76
65. W. A. Hamling, A short history of the Liverpool Trades Council, 1848-1948 (Liverpool, 1948)
66. B. D. Rees, Local and parliamentary politics in Liverpool from 1800-1911 (London, 1999)
67. J. Smith, 'Labour tradition in Glasgow and Liverpool', History Workshop, 17 (1984), pp. 32-53
68. and E. L. Taplin, 'The Liverpool Trades Council, 1880-1914', Bulletin of the North West Labour History Society, 3 (1976), pp. 10-16.
69. For an in-depth account of the relationship between the Liverpool Liberal party and the Liverpool Irish Nationalists see B. O'Connell 'The Irish Nationalist Party in Liverpool, 1873-1922' (MA thesis, Liverpool, 1971).
70. Also see T. Burke, A Catholic history of Liverpool (Liverpool, 1910)
71. Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism
72. Collins, Politics and elections, pp. 153-7
73. Belchem, Merseypride, pp. 155-76
74. T. Lane, Liverpool: City of the sea (Liverpool, 1997), pp. 99-111
75. Rees, Local and parliamentary politics; D. A. Roberts, 'Religion and politics in Liverpool since 1900' (M.Sc.(Econ.) thesis, London, 1965), pp. 1-33.
76. More generally, see C. C. O'Brien, Parnell and his party, 1880-1890 (Oxford, 1957), pp. 104-5, 193-4
77. J. Denvir, The Irish in Britain from the earliest times to the fall and death of Parnell (London, 1892), pp. 287-8, 317-28
78. and C. H. D. Howard, 'The Parnell manifesto of 21 November, 1885, and the schools question', English Historical Review, 62 (1947), pp. 42-8.
79. For a discussion of the influence of the WMCA on local Conservatism see B. Whittingham-Jones, Down with the orange caucus (Liverpool, 1936)
80. idem, The pedigree of Liverpool politics: White, orange and green, (Liverpool, 1936).
81. S. Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool: Behind the political scene, 1890-1928 (London, 1934), provides an insight into the link between anti-ritualism, 'Tory Democracy' and Conservative working-class support.
82. Collins, Politics and elections
83. J. Smith, 'Class, skill and sectarianism in Glasgow and Liverpool, 1880-1914', in R. J. Morris, ed., Class, power and social structure in British nineteenth-century towns (Leicester, 1986), pp. 158-215
84. Smith, 'Labour tradition in Glasgow and Liverpool'
85. T. Gallagher, 'A tale of two cities: Communal strife in Glasgow and Liverpool before 1914', in R. Swift and S. Gilley, eds., The Irish in the Victorian city (London, 1985), pp. 106-29
86. P. F. Clarke, Lancashire and the New Liberalism (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 45-52
87. P. T. Phillips, The sectarian spirit: Sectarianism, society, and politics in Victorian cotton towns (Toronto, 1982), pp. 140-1
88. and Waller, Democracy and sectarianism. Belchem, Merseypride, also promotes the concept of Liverpool 'exceptionalism'.
89. F. Neal, Sectarian violence: ThA Liverpool experience, 1819-1914: an aspect of Anglo-Irish history (Manchester, 1988).
90. C. G. Pooley, 'Migration, mobility and residential areas in nineteenth-century Liverpool' (Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool, 1978), pp. 294-317
91. O'Connell 'Irish Nationalist Party in Liverpool'.
92. Davies, Liverpool labour
93. also see R. S. W. Davies, 'Differentiation in the working class, class consciousness, and the development of the Labour party in Liverpool up to 1939' (Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1993).
94. Davies, Liverpool labour, p. 47.
95. On the role of sectarianism in working-class politics also see J. Bohstedt, 'More than one working class: Protestant-Catholic riots in Edwardian Liverpool', in J. Belchem, ed., Popular politics, riot and labour: Essays in Liverpool history, 1790-1914 (Liverpool, 1992), pp. 173-216
96. A. Shallice, 'Orange and green and militancy: Sectarianism and working class politics in Liverpool, 1900-1914', Bulletin of the North West Labour History Society, 6 (1979-80), pp. 15-32.
97. See F. Spiegl, The Listener, 97, 2 June 1977, pp. 716-17, for an expression of the contrary - though unsupported - claim that the likely impetus for the schism was a 'religious war' amongst club members.
98. There is a more commonly held view that Everton FC (the supposedly 'Catholic team') and Liverpool FC (the supposedly 'Protestant team') eventually became the standard bearers of distinctive ethno-religious communities during the first half of the twentieth century but evidence remains largely anecdotal - see T. Campbell, Rhapsody in green: Great Celtic moments (Edinburgh, 1990), pp. 285-6
99. B. Clegg, The man who made Littlewoods (London, 1993), p. 183
100. Alan Edge, Faith of our fathers (London, 1997), pp. 96-9
101. J. E. Handley, The Celtic story: A history of the Celtic football club, (London, 1960), p. 27
102. Bill Murray, The Old Firm: Sectarianism, sport and society in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2000), p. 96n
103. J. Williams et al., Football and football hooliganism in Liverpool (Leicester, 1987), p. 18.
104. Lawrence, Speaking for the people, p. 63.
105. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, p. 495.
106. Also see B. G. Orchard, Liverpool legion of honour (Birkenhead, 1893).
107. The early temperance influence was reinforced by the Welsh Nonconformist building contractors who constructed the suburban houses and prevented the opening of licensed premises in streets they controlled - see J. R. Jones, The Welsh builder on Merseyside: Annals and lives (Liverpool, 1946), p. 32.
108. T. Keates, History of the Everton football club: 1878-1928 (Trowbridge, 1928)
109. P. M. Young, Football on Merseyside (London, 1963)
110. T. Mason 'The blues and the reds', Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 134 (1983), pp. 119-20
111. R. Day, 'The motivations of some football club directors: An aspect of the social history of association football, 1890-1914' (MA dissertation, Warwick, 1976)
112. and B. W. Richardson, 'The development of professional football on Merseyside' (MA dissertation, Central Lancashire, 1983).
113. Amongst contemporary critical comment see Liverpool Echo (LE), 17 Oct. 1891, 'Everton football club: Adjourned meeting of members', p. 1
114. Liverpool Courier (LC), 26 Oct. 1891, 'Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 6
115. Liverpool Daily Post (LDP), 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club: Defence of his actions', p. 3.
116. Brief accounts of the split can be found in Mason, Association football and English society
117. Russell, Football and the English
118. Midwinter, Old Liverpool, ch. 8
119. and S. Tischler, Footballers and businessmen: The origins of professional soccer in England (New York, 1980).
120. T. Collins and W. Vamplew, 'The pub, the drink trade and the early years of modern football', Sports Historian, 20 (2000), p. 11.
121. Day, 'Football club directors', p. 58
122. Mason, 'Blues and reds', p. 110.
123. Licensing records of the Liverpool City Petty Sessions: 'Register of Licences other than Victuallers, 1888-1892', ref. 347, JUS 1/3 - Liverpool Record Office (LRO); 'Register of Alehouse Licences, 1886-1892', ref. 347, JUS 1/1 - LRO.
124. Of the critics see Keates, Everton, p. 37
125. Day, 'Football club directors', p. 59
126. Mason, 'Blues and reds', p. 110.
127. LC, 22 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton election: Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 4
128. similarly, see LE, 17 Oct. 1891, 'Everton football club: Adjourned meeting of members', p. 1.
129. LC, 22 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton election: Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 4.
130. LDP, 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club: defence of his actions', p. 3.
131. Based on a sample of local press advertisements from the LC and LDP, 1885 to 1891. For contemporary comment that highlights the beneficial effects of Houlding's financial arrangements see LC, 22 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton election: Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 4
132. LDP, 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club: defence of his actions', p. 3.
133. According to Keates, Everton, p. 126, the club's annual income for the season prior to Houlding's financial commitment had been just £200.
134. It has been assumed in all other accounts that Joseph Orrell was John Orrell's brother. In fact, Joseph Orrell snr (John Orrell's brother) had died in 1883, leaving the bulk of his estate to his son (also named Joseph) and it was with the son that Houlding had arranged the contract. Source: 'Will and grant of Joseph Orrell', Registry of Grants, Wills and Probate Index, High Holborn, London, ref. MHP 1012/1013.
135. LC, 22 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton election: Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 4
136. also see LC, 23 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton football club', p. 7.
137. W. R. Clayton, a key figure opposed to Houlding in the club dispute, acknowledged Orrell's role in creating the initial 'dificulties' - see LE, 26 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton football club and its landlords' (letter from 'Forward'), p. 2: 'Mr Orrell, whose property in a sense was lying idle through no fault of Everton Football Club, naturally wanted employment for the land the same as Mr Houlding and this supplies the crux of the whole position.'
138. At the time Orrell was also realizing his assets in his brewing firm and in 1893 he retired to the Wirral - Orrell Brewing Syndicate, Co. File BT/ 31/4962/33147. PRO; LC, 30 Nov. 1905, 'Funeral of Mr Joseph Orrell Joseph', p. 9.
139. Some of the historical accounts imply collusion between Houlding and Orrell, representing a 'brewing interest', to squeeze money out of the club but whatever evidence we have found suggests no such involvement by Houlding - see D. Kennedy, 'The division of Everton football club into hostile factions: The development of professional football organisation on Merseyside, 1878-1914' (Ph.D. thesis, Leeds, 2003).
140. Liverpool Athletics and Dramatic News, 22 Sept. 1891, 'Everton football club', p. 4.
141. LC, 24 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton football club', p. 7.
142. This was revealed by W. E. Barclay, the club secretary of Everton FC. See LC, 13 Oct. 1891, 'The Everton football club difficulty', p. 7.
143. LC, 23 Sept. 1891, 'The Everton football club', p. 7.
144. LC, 25 Jan. 1892, 'The Everton football club', p. 3
145. LE, 26 Jan, 1892, 'Everton football club', p. 7.
146. LDP, 26 Jan. 1892, LC, 25 Jan. 1892, 'The Everton football club', p. 3
147. LE, 26 Jan, 1892, 'Everton football club', p. 7.
148. Liverpool Review (LR), 25 May 1889, 'Lively proceedings expected at next Everton football club annual general meeting', p. 4.
149. See LR, 25 May 1889, 'John Houlding wants to sell out', p. 4
150. Keates, Everton, pp. 37-8.
151. LDP, 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club: defence of his actions', p. 3.
152. Ibid.
153. Letter to LC, 29 Sept. 1891, 'Everton football club: Decision of the committee', p. 4.
154. LDP, 30 Aug. 1892, 'Everton Football Club Company', p. 6.
155. Everton FC AGM report, June 1895 - accessions box, file D (LRO).
156. Kennedy, 'The division of Everton football club', pp. 215-20.
157. Everton Football Club Company, file BT31/36624
158. and Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Company file, BT31/ 35668.
159. LDP, 17 Nov. 1891, 'Liverpool Brewers and Spirit Merchants Association', p. 7.
160. Liverpool Licensed Victuallers and Brewers Journal, 10 Jan. 1891, p. 5. In the same edition both Berry and Jude are cited as directors of a newly launched Northern Brewers and Victuallers Journal Company.
161. LDP, 1 Nov. 1898, 'Municipal election meetings: Breckfield ward Liberalism', p. 6
162. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, p. 419.
163. See Cuff's obituary notice, LDP, 7 Feb. 1949, 'Fifty years a leader in soccer', p. 3.
164. From Cuff's memoirs, LDP, 19 Feb. 1949, 'Don't stop Sunday play begged police', p. 3.
165. LDP, 3 Mar. 1892, Everton committee meeting report, 'Everton football club', p. 7
166. and George Mahon's letter to LDP editor, p. 3
167. See also LDP, 16 Mar. 1892, 'The difficulties of the Everton football club', p. 6.
168. St Domingo chapel trust committee meeting minutes, 1879-1884; Gores directory, 1888, 'Associations and institutions'.
169. 'Minutes of Evidence taken before the Royal Commission on Liquor Licensing Laws', Parliamentary Papers, XXXVI (1898), statement 26,450, p. 8, made by Capt. Nott-Bower, Chief Constable of Liverpool, at the Queen's Robing Room, House of Lords, 13 Apr. 1897.
170. LR, 7 Nov. 1896, 'Open letter to Dr Whitford' (by 'Diogenes'), p. 4.
171. Porcupine, 26 Dec. 1896, 'People who are talked about: Dr William Whitford'.
172. Clayton was chairman of Formby Liberal Association and an executive member of Southport Liberal Association (Southport Liberal Association: annual reports 1899-1930; executive reports 1880-1930 - records kept at Atkinson library, Southport, Merseyside). Baxter was Liverpool city councillor for the predominantly Irish Catholic St Anne's ward from 1906 to 1921 (see Baxter's funeral report in LDP, 28 Jan. 1928, 'The funeral of Dr James Clement Baxter').
173. Clayton's temperance credentials can be gauged by evidence in the years after the split that demonstrates that he gave weekly lectures to the Formby Congregational School's Band of Hope. Such Band of Hope societies were set up to provide moral guidance and help build up 'good character' in children, to teach them the perils of alcohol and to encourage them to sign a pledge of total abstinence of liquor. Dr Baxter is cited in the Liverpool Daily Post, 25 Oct. 1898, 'Municipal nominations', p. 7, as acting as the proposer for the temperance candidate, Jonathon Hargrove, for Breckfield ward (a candidate, incidentally, running against the tory and drink trade-sponsored Edwin Berry, the then director of Liverpool FC).
174. D. J. Jeremy, Dictionary of business biographies, III (London, 1985), pp. 96-9
175. obituary notice, LC, 26 Oct. 1922, p. 7.
176. LC, 7 Aug. 1884, 'Mr Robert Speirs Hudson', p. 4
177. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, pp. 69, 383n.
178. LDP, 16 Mar. 1892, 'The difficulties of the Everton football club', p. 6.
179. LDP, 29 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton ward' (letter from A. Guthrie), p. 6.
180. LDP, 19 Mar. 1892, 'The Everton club', p. 7.
181. LR, 28 May 1892, 'Houlding's bust football', p. 4.
182. LC, 25 Jan. 1892, 'Everton parliamentary election' (letter from 'Old Tory'), p. 7.
183. See also letters in LDP, 26 Jan. 1892, 'Parliamentary vacancy in Everton: Mr Houlding and the seat', p. 4,
184. and LDP, 28 Jan. 1892, 'The Everton parliamentary vacancy', p. 6.
185. LE, 26 Jan. 1892, Leader Comment, p. 3.
186. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, p. 63.
187. See letter by club member 'OM' to LDP, 27 Oct. 1891, 'Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 6.
188. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, pp. 63-4.
189. Ibid., p. 64.
190. Ibid., pp. 120-1.
191. LDP comment, 19 Mar. 1892, 'The Everton club', p. 7.
192. LDP, 19 Feb. 1892, 'Everton football club' (letter from J. G. Allan), p. 7.
193. LDP, 20 Oct. 1891, 'The Everton election' (letter from J. W. McGovern), p. 3.
194. Liverpool Athletic News, 8 Nov. 1891, pp. 4, 9.
195. LC, 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 7.
196. Bootle Times (BT), 1 Mar. 1890, 'Meeting of Walton Liberals', p. 8.
197. LDP, 7 Apr. 1887, 'Local board election', p. 6.
198. BT, 12 Jan. 1889, 'Sir David Radcliffe disqualified', p. 5.
199. BT, 12 Jan. 1889, 'Walton whispers', p. 5.
200. LDP, 13 Apr. 1892, 'The Liberal campaign in Everton', p. 6
201. LC, 24 Oct. 1891, 'Municipal elections: Mr Nicholson's candidature', p. 7.
202. Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool.
203. LC, 20 Oct. 1891
204. LDP, 21 Oct. 1891.
205. Waller, Democracy and sectarianism, p. 121, quoting from LDP, 27 Oct. 1891.
206. LC, 20 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and his supporters: The Everton football club dispute'
207. LDP, 21 Oct. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club: defence of his actions', p. 3.
208. LDP, 19 Sept. 1891, 'Mr John Houlding and the Everton football club', p. 7.
209. LDP, 4 Feb. 1892, 'Everton football club' (letter from club member), p. 7.