The Suez crisis and the 1956 Hungarian revolution

East European Quarterly

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 47-58

  Kecskés, Gustáv ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS   (Hungary)

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EID: 33748283203     PISSN: 00128449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Aristotle, Analytica Priora, in The Works of Aristotle, trans., A.J. Jenkinson (Oxonii, E. Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1964), Vol. 1, Chapter 30, p. 45.
2. 1956. Le commencement de la fin, Minutes of the Conference, "Budapest 1956-1966," in the Luxembourg Palace, Paris, October 28-29, 1996, by the Association pour la Communauté Culturelle Européenne. (Paris, 1997), p. 153.
3. Alfred Grosser, La IVe République et sa politique extérieure (Paris: Armand Colin, 1972), pp. 373-374.
4. Csaba Békés, Az 1956 magyar forradalom a világpolitikában. Tanulmány és válogatott dokumentumok [The 1956 Hungarian Revolution in World Politics: A Study and Selected Documents]. Katalin Somlai from the 1956 Institute in Budapest participated in translating and editing numerous American, English, and French documents (Budapest, 1996), p. 13.
5. Daniel F. Calhoun, "Hungary and Suez, 1956: An Exploration of Who Makes History" (Lanham-New York-London: University Press of America, 1991), in Evkönyv V, 1996-1997 [Yearbook V, 1996-1997] (Budapest: 1956-os Intézet [1956 Institute], 1997);
6. John C. Campbell, "The Soviet Union, The United States and the Twin Crisis of Hungary and Suez," in W.M. Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and Its Consequences (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
7. The two American historians represent vastly disparate viewpoints: according to Calhoun the Suez question and the fate of the Hungarian Revolution are very closely connected since it was the British government's move which forced Khrushchev to revise his former compromising standpoint and to decide on crushing the Hungarian Revolution. As opposed to him Campbell was of the view that the two parallel crises developed independently of one another. The most comprehensive monograph about the Suez issue is Keith Kyle, Suez (London: Weidenfeld-Nicolson, 1991).
8. For example, René Girault-Robert Frank-Jacques Thobie, La loi des géants, 1941-1964 (Paris-Milan-Barcelona-Bonn: Masson, 1993) as part of the series, Histoire des Relations Internationales Contemporaines, vol. 3, p. 257.
9. For example, André Fontaine, Histoire de la guerre froide, vol. 2: De la guerre de Corée à la crise des alliances, 1950-1963 (Paris: Fayard, 1967), p. 273;
10. Jean-Pierre Rioux, La France de la Quatrième République, vol. 2: L'expansion et l'impuissance, 1952-1958 (Paris: Seuil, 1983)
11. (Within in the series, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine - 16), pp. 114-115;
12. and Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Histoire diplomatique de 1919 á nos jours(Paris: Dalloz, 1993), 11th edition, pp. 612-613.
13. Alfred Grosser, Affaires extérieures. La politique de la France, 1944-1989 (Paris: Flammarion, 1989), p. 137.
14. László Salgó, A szuezi háromszög 1956. Szuez-Algír-Budapest [The Suez Triangle, 1956: Suez-Algir-Budapest] (Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1986), p. 237.
15. Miklós Molnár, Egy vereség diadala. A forradalom története [The Triumph of a Defeat: The History of the Revolution] (Budapest: 1956-os Intézet, 1998), pp. 218-224.
16. French edition: Victoire d'une défaite. Budapest 1956 (Paris: Fayard, 1968).
17. Emil Csonka, A forradalom oknyomozó története, 1945-1956 [The Investigative History of the Revolution, 1945-1956] (München: Veritas, 1981), p. 499.
18. Béla Király, Forradalomtól forradalomig. Válogatott tanulmányok, beszédek és interjúk, 1982-1990 [From Revolution to Revolution: Selected Reviews, Speeches, and Interviews, 1982-1990] (Budapest: Századvég Kiadó - Atlanti Kutató és Kiadó Társulat, 1990).
19. János M. Bak, Gyula Kozák, György Litván, and János M. Rainer, Az 1956-os magyar forradalom. Reform-Felkelés-Szabadságharc-Megtorlás [The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Reform-Uprising-War of Independence-Retaliation]
20. (Budapest: 1991, Tankönyvkiadó, Történelmi olvasókönyv középiskolásoknak [Historical Textbook for High School Students]).
21. Csaba Békés, "A brit kormány és az 1956-os magyar forradalom" [The British Government and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution], in Évkönyv I [Yearbook, I] (Budapest: Tankönykiadó, 1992), p. 36.
22. My research in Paris in 1996-1998 was supported by the French government and the Soros Foundation.
23. Georgette Elgey, Histoire de la IVe République: Malentendu et passion. La République des Tourmentes 1954-1959 (Paris: Fayard, 1997), p. 170.
24. Ben Gurion's Diary: The Suez-Sinai Campaign, intr., Selwyn Ilan Troen, in The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956. Retrospective and Reappraisal (London: Selwyn Ilan Troen, Moshe Shemesh, and Frank Cass, 1990).
25. Békés, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution in World Politics, p. 62.
26. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution in World Politics, Ibid., and Elgey, p. 171.
27. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, "A magyar forradalom és az izraeli külpolitika" [The Hungarian Revolution and the Israeli Foreign Policy], in Evkönyv V. 1996/1997 [Yearbook V: 1996/1997] (Budapest, 1956-os Intézet, 1997), pp. 246-247.
28. Aide-de-camp of Dajan, former Israeli chief of staff, Mordekhaj Bar-On also mentions in his book that French Minister of Foreign Affairs Christian Pineau tried to convince Ben Gurion that there was too little time left. Among other arguments he also said that the Soviets had been completely occupied by the Polish and Hungarian uprisings. In Mordekhaj Bar-On, Challenge and Quarrel. The Road to Sinai, 1956, in Hebrew (1991), p. 254.
29. Békés, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution in World Politics, pp. 62-63.
30. Békés, The British Government and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, p. 36.
31. That is the reason why the British and French governments demonstrated such a noncommittal attitude towards the Americans' initiative of October 26 suggesting that they present the Hungarian Soviet intervention to the UN. Békés, The British Government and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, p. 31.
32. Békés, The 1956 Hungarian Revolution and World Politics, pp. 149, 154.
33. Békés, The British Government and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, p. 36.
34. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], eds., Viacheslav Sereda and János M. Rainer, introduced by Viacheslav Sereda and attached essay by János M. Rainer (Budapest: 1956-os Intézet, 1996).
35. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 42.
36. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 48.
37. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 130.
38. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 62.
39. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 141.
40. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], Ibid., p. 140.
41. Döntés a Kremlben, 1956. A szovjet pártelnökség vitái Magyarországról [Decision in the Kremlin, 1956: The Soviet Party Presidium's Debates about Hungary], p. 140. Ibid.
42. Csaba Békés, "Hidegháború, enyhüles és az 1956-os magyar forradalom" [Cold War, Détente, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution], in Évkönyv V. 1996/1997 [Yearbook V: 1996/1997] (Budapest: 1956-os Intézet, 1997), pp. 208-210.