Both black and symbolically white: The 'Bajan-Brit' return migrant as post-colonial hybrid

Ethnic and Racial Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 901-927

  Potter, Robert B ^a   Phillips, Joan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

'Token' and 'symbolic' whiteness; Barbados; Caribbean; Migration; Post colonial discourse; Racial identity; Young returning nationals

Indexed keywords

BLACK POPULATION; CULTURAL CONFLICT; CULTURAL TRADITION; MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE; MIGRATION; RACIAL IDENTITY;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BARBADOS; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; LESSER ANTILLES;

EID: 33748275551     PISSN: 01419870     EISSN: 14664356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01419870600813942     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abenaty, F. (2001) 'The dynamics of return migration to St Lucia'. In Caribbean Families in Britain and the Transatlantic World. London and Oxford: Macmillan.
2. Ascroft, Bill and Griffiths, Gareth and Tiffen, Helen. (1995) 'General introduction'. In Post-Colonial Studies Reader. (pp. 1-6). London: Routledge.
3. Beckles, Hilary. (1996) 'Independence and the social crisis of nationalism in Barbados'. In Caribbean Freedom: Economy and Society from Emancipation to Present. (pp. 528-539). Princeton NJ: Marcus Weiners Publishers.
4. Bhabha, Homi. (1994) The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
5. Bovenkerk, F. (1974) The Sociology of Return Migration: A Bibliographic Essay. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
6. BovenkerkF. 1981 'Why returnees generally do not turn out to be "agents of change": The case of Suriname', Nieuwe West Indische Gids, vol. 55, pp. 154-173
7. Brana-Shute, R. and Brana-Shute, G. 1982 'The magnitude and impact of remittances in the eastern Caribbean: A research note', in W.F.Stinner, K. de Albuquerque and R. Bryce-Laporte (eds) Return Migration and Remittances: Developing a Caribbean Perspective, Washington DC: The Smithsonian Institute, Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies, Occasional Paper no. 3, pp. 267-173
8. Bueno, L. (1997) 'Dominican women's experiences of return migration: The life stories of five women'. In Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration. (pp. 14-60). New York: Centre for Migration Studies.
9. Brooks, D. (1975) Race and Labour in London Transport. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Byron, Margaret. (1999) 'The Caribbean-born population in 1990s Britain' who will return? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25, pp. 285-301.
11. Byron Margaret 2000 'Return migration to the eastern Caribbean: comparative experiences and policy implications', Social and Economic Studies, vol. 49, pp. 155-188
12. Byron, Margaret and Condon, Stephanie. (1996) 'A comparative study of Caribbean return migrants from Britain and France: Toward a context-dependent explanation' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 21, pp. 91-104.
13. Chamberlain, Mary. (1995) 'Family narratives and migration dynamics: Barbadians in Britain' Nieuwe West Indische Gids, 69, pp. 253-275.
14. Chamberlain Mary 1997 Narratives of Exile and Return, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press
15. Chamberlain Mary 2001 'Migration, the Caribbean and the family', in H. Goulbourne and Mary Chamberlain (eds) Caribbean Families in Britain and the Transatlantic World, London and Oxford: Macmillan, pp. 32-47
16. Conway, Dennis. (1985) 'Remittance impacts on development in the eastern Caribbean' Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs, 11, pp. 31-40.
17. Conway Dennis 1993 'Rethinking the consequences of remittances for eastern Caribbean development', Caribbean Geography, vol. 4, pp. 116-130
18. Dann, Graham and Potter, Robert. (1990) 'Yellow Man in the Yellow Pages: Sex and Race typing in the Barbados Telephone Directory' Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs, 15, pp. 1-15.
19. De Souza, Roger-Mark. (1998) 'The spell of the Cascadura: West Indian return migration'. In Globalisation and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context. (pp. 227-253). London: Rowman and Littlefield.
20. Fanon, Frantz 1967 Black Skin, White Mask, New York: Grove Press(translated by C.L. Markman)
21. Foner, Nancy. (1978) Jamaica Farewell: Jamaican Migrants in London. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
22. Foner Nancy 1979 'West Indians in New York City and London: A comparative analysis', International Migration Review, vol. 13, pp. 284-297
23. Foner Nancy 1997 'What's new about transantionalism? New York immigrants today and at the turn of century', Diaspora, vol. 6, pp. 355-375
24. Gilroy, Paul. (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso.
25. Gmelch, George. (1980) 'Return migration' Annual Review of Anthropology, 9, pp. 135-159.
26. Gmelch George 1985a 'Emigrants who come back, Part I', The Bajan, April 1985, 8-9
27. Gmelch George 1985b 'Emigrants who return, part II', The Bajan, May-June, 4-6
28. Gmelch George 1985c 'The impact of return migration, Part III', The Bajan, July-August, 4-6
29. Gmelch George 1987 'Work, innovation and investment; the impact of return migrants in Barbados', Human Organisation, vol. 46, pp. 131-140
30. Gmelch George 1992 Double Passage: The Lives of Caribbean Migrants and Back Home, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
31. Goulbourne, H. 1999 'Exodus?: Some social and policy implications of return migration to the Caribbean Commonwealth in the 1990s', Social Policy, 20
32. Goulbourne H. 2002 Caribbean Transnational Experience, London: Pluto Press; Kingston: Arawak Publications
33. Goulbourne, H. and Chamberlain, M. (2001) Caribbean Families in Britain and the Trans-Atlantic World. London and Oxford: Macmillan Press.
34. Hall, Stuart. (1989) 'New ethnicities'. In Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies. (pp. 441-449). London: Routledge.
35. King, Russell. (1986) Return Migration and Regional Economic Problems. London, Sydney and Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
36. Lewis, Linden. (2001) 'The contestation of race in Barbadian society and the camouflage of conservatism'. In New Caribbean Thought: A Reader. (pp. 144-195). Mona Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.
37. Loomba, Ania. (1998) Colonalism/Postcolonialism. London: Routledge.
38. Lowenthal, David. (1972) West Indian Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. McLeod, John. (2000) Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
40. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Barbados 1996 Returning Nationals Information Booklet, Nation Publishing Co. Ltd. For the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Barbados
41. Nutter, R. (1986) 'Implications of return migration from the United Kingdom for urban employment in Kingston, Jamaica'. In Return Migration and Regional Development Problems. (pp. 198-212). London: Croom Helm.
42. Peach, Ceri. (1967) 'West Indians as a replacement population in England and Wales' Social and Economic Studies, 16, pp. 287-294.
43. Peach Ceri 1968 West Indian Migration to Britain: A Social Geography, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations
44. Phillips, Joan 2001 'Beach Boys in Barbados: A study of male tourist-oriented prostitution', Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Luton
45. Phillips, Joan and Potter, Robert 2003 'The social dynamics of 'foreign-born' and 'young' returning nationals to the Caribbean: A review of the literature' Reading Geographical Paper, no. 167.
46. Plaza, Dwaine. (2002) 'The socio-cultural adjustment of second generation British-Caribbean 'return' migrants to Barbados and Jamaica' Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies, 27, pp. 135-160.
47. Potter, Robert. (1993) 'Urbanisation in the Caribbean and trends of global convergence-divergence' Geographical Journal, 80, pp. 334-341.
48. Potter Robert 2001 'Tales of two Societies: Young return migrants to St Lucia and Barbados', Caribbean Geography, vol. 12, pp. 24-43
49. Potter Robert 2003 "Foreign-born and 'young' returning nationals to Barbados: Results of a pilot study', Reading Geographical Paper, no. 166.
50. Potter Robert 2005 'Citizens of descent: Foreign-born and young returning nationals to St Lucia', Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies, vol. 30, (1), pp.1-30.
51. Potter, Robert and Barker, David and Conway, Dennis and Klak, Thomas. (2004) The Contemporary Caribbean. London and New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
52. Potter, Robert and Dann, Graham 1987 Barbados: World Bibliographic Series, Volume 76, OxfordSanta Barbara and Denver: Clio Press
53. Potter, Robert and Phillips, Joan 2002 'The social dynamics of 'young' and 'foreign-born' returning nationals to the Caribbean, Centre for Developing Areas Research Paper, (CEDAR, Royal Holloway, University of London), no. 37.
54. Potter, Robert 2004 'The rejuvenation of tourism in Barbados 1993-2003: reflections on the Butler model', Geography, vol. 89, pp. 240-247
55. Potter, Robert and Welch, Barbara. (1996) 'Indigenization and development in the eastern Caribbean: Reflections on culture, diet and agriculture' Caribbean Week, 8, pp. 13-14.
56. Rhoades, R. (1979) 'From caves to main street: Return migration and the transformation of a Spanish village' Papers in Anthropology, 20, pp. 57-74.
57. Richardson, Bonham. (1975) 'The overdevelopment of Carriacou' Geographical Review, 65, pp. 290-299.
58. Said, Edward. (1978) Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
59. Stinner, W.F., de Albuquerque, K. and Bryce-Laporte, R.S. 1983 Return Migration and Remittances: Developing a Caribbean Perspective, Washiington DC: Smithsonian Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies, Occasional Paper no. 3.
60. Thomas-Hope, E. (1985) 'Return migration and its implications for Caribbean development'. In Migration and Development in the Caribbean: the Unexpected Connection. (pp. 157-177). Boulder Colorado: Westview Press.
61. Thomas-Hope E. 1986 'Transients and settlers: Varieties of Caribbean migrants and the socio-economic implications of their return', International Migration, vol. 24, pp. 559-571
62. Thomas-Hope E. 1992 Explanation in Caribbean Migration: Perception and the Image: Jamaica, Barbados and St Vincent, Basingstoke: Macmillan
63. Tsuda, Takeyuki. (1999) 'Transnational migration and the nationalisation of ethnic identity among Japanese Brazilian return migrants' Ethos, 27, pp. 1-35.
64. Tsuda Takeyuki 2000 'Acting Brazilian in Japan: Ethnic resistance among return migrants', Ethnology, vol. 39, pp. 55-71