Introduction - Political culture, representation and electoral systems in the Pacific Islands

Commonwealth and Comparative Politics

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 261-275

  Fraenkel, Jon ^a   Grofman, Bernard ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC   (Fiji)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748266680     PISSN: 14662043     EISSN: 17439094     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14662040500304783     Document Type: Editorial

References (36)

1. SNTV is also used in the Pitcairn Islands.
2. American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Niue, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Tuvalu (and formerly Papua New Guinea).
3. Territorial elections in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna use list PR.
4. B. Reilly, 'Social Choice in the South Seas: Electoral Innovation and the Borda Count in the Pacific Island Countries', International Political Science Review, 23/4 (2002), 355-72
5. P. Larmour, '"A Foreign Flower?" Democracy in the South Pacific', Pacific Studies, 17/1 (1994), 49.
6. The phrase 'the Pacific Way' is frequently associated with Fiji's long-serving prime minister (1970-87) and then President (1993-2000) Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, and conveyed the aspiration for a distinctive regional approach to politics and society.
7. J. Connell, 'Oceania', World Directory of Minorities (London: Minority Rights Group, MRG International 1997), 652.
8. Summer Institute of Linguistics, http://www.ethnologue.com. The number of languages includes English, French, pidgin and migrant languages. The figures are inevitably uncertain, given difficulties in distinguished 'dialects' from 'languages'.
9. Although many countries in the world use communal constituencies for some ethnic minorities, Fiji is unique in classifying the overwhelming majority of its citizens by race (rather than in a catch-all 'general' category), and placing them on ethnically separate electoral rolls.
10. Figures from S. Henningham, France and the South Pacific: A Contemporary History (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991), 95.
11. For a summary of the debates, see Timothy Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1996).
12. Lijphart's ideas have had considerable impact worldwide. In South Africa, Bosnia, Northern Ireland and Iraq, post-conflict arrangements tended to more closely resemble Lijphart's favoured mix of constitutional arrangements. See A. Lijphart, 'The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy', in Andrew Reynolds (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
13. Donald Horowitz, 'Constitutional Design: Proposals Versus Process', Kellog Institute Conference, Constitutional Design 2000
14. Donald Horowitz, 'Institutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy in the Late Twentieth Century', University of Notre Dame, 9-11 December 1999 (reprinted in Reynolds (ed.), The Architecture of Democracy, 15-36)
15. Donald Horowitz, 'Some Realism about Peacemaking', Center for Development Research: Facing Ethnic Conflicts, 14-16 December 2000
16. Donald Horowitz, 'Constitutional Design: An Oxymoron?' in Ian Schapiro and Stephen Macedo (eds.), Designing Democratic Institutions, Nomos XLII (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 253-84.
17. B. Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies; Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
18. B. Reilly, 'Evaluating the Effect of the Electoral System on Post-Coup Fiji', Pacific Economic Bulletin, 16/1 (2001), 142-49.
19. J. Fraenkel and B. Grofman, 'Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji', Comparative Political Studies, forthcoming in Vol. 39, 2006.
20. R. Stockwell, 'AV or not AV?: That Is The Question... in Fiji', paper presented at 'Political Culture, Representation and Electoral Systems in the Pacific Islands', Port Vila, Vanuatu, July 2004.
21. New Caledonia switched from usage of a double-ballot (or two-round) system just at the point when new laws in Paris ensured enfranchisement of the Kanak majority (see M. Dornoy, Politics in New Caledonia (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1984), 163
22. V. Thomson and R. Aldoff, The French Pacific Islands: French Polynesia and New Caledonia (Berkeley, Los Angeles&London: University of California Press, 1971), 298, 305).
23. B. Grofman, 'SNTV: An Inventory of Theoretically Derived Propositions and a Brief Review of the Evidence from Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Alabama', in B. Grofman, S.-C. Lee, E. Winckler and B. Woodall (eds.), Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote: The Comparative Study of an Embedded Institution (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 375-416.
24. B. Grofman, 'Preface: Methodological Steps toward the Study of Embedded Institutions', in B. Grofman, S.-C. Lee, E. Winckler and B. Woodall (eds.), Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote: The Comparative Study of an Embedded Institution (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1999), ix-xvii
25. S. Bowler and B. Grofman, 'Introduction', in S. Bowler and B. Grofman (eds.), Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 1-14.
26. See D. Anckar and C. Anckar, 'Democracies without Parties', Comparative Political Studies, 33/2 (2000), 225-47.
27. S. Mainwaring, 'Politicians, Parties and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics, 24/1 (1991), 21-43
28. S. Mainwaring, 'Party Systems in the Third Wave', Journal of Democracy, 9/3 (1998), 67-81
29. S. Mainwaring, Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
30. See also Table 5 in Howard Van Trease's paper, which looks at incumbent turnover in Vanuatu.
31. See So'o and Fraenkel, this volume.
32. Hamilton, John C. The Federalist: A Commentry on the Constitution of the United States (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co, 1871).
33. Neither Sitiveni Rabuka or Laisenia Qarase were traditional chiefs. We avoid saying all prime ministers only because in the wake of the 2000 coup, a western Viti Levu chief, Ratu Tevita Momoedonu briefly became prime minister twice, each time for only a single day, in order to enable the president to dissolve parliament with a semblance of legality.
34. D. Patterson, 'Customary Chiefs in Vanuatu's Electoral Politics', Conference on Political Culture, Representation and Electoral Systems, Emalus Campus, Port Vila, 10-12 July 2004.
35. J. Steeves, 'Unbounded Politics in the Solomon Islands: Leadership and Party Alignments', Pacific Studies, 19/1 (1996), 133-38.
36. The contrast is much debated, but the classic early exposition was M. Sahlins, 'Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia', Comparative Political Studies in Society and History, 5/5 (1963), 289.