US protection of underwater cultural heritage beyond the territorial sea: Problems and prospects

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 43-56

  Elia, Ricardo J ^a  

^a Boston University   (United States)

Author keywords

Treasure salvage; Underwater cultural heritage

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748261046     PISSN: 10572414     EISSN: 10959270     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/ijna.2000.0270     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. AIA, 1998, Comments of the Archaeological Institute of America on the UNESCO Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. International Journal of Cultural Property, 7:538-544.
2. Bederman, D. J., 1999, The UNESCO Draft Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage: a critique and counter-proposal. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 30:331-354.
3. Brown, E. D., 1994, The International Law of the Sea. Volume I: Introductory Manual. Volume II: Documents, Cases and Tables. Brookfield, VT.
4. Brownlie, I., 1990, Principles of Public International Law. Fourth edition. Oxford.
5. Cockrell, W. A., 1980, The trouble with treasure-a preservationist view of the controversy. American Antiquity, 45:333-339.
6. Conlin, D. L. & Lubkemann, S. C, 1999, What's relevant about underwater archaeology... and not about treasure hunting. Anthropology Newsletter, April 1999: 64.
7. Cottrell, A. M., 1994, The law of the sea and international marine archaeology: abandoning admiralty law to protect historic shipwrecks. Fordham International Law Journal, 17:667-725.
8. Delgado, J. P., 1996, Lure of the deep. Archaeology, 49:41-45.
9. Delgado, J. P., 1997, Central America. In J. P. Delgado (Ed.), British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, 92-94. London.
10. Dunbar, J., 1996, Discovering ancient Florida. Common Ground: Archaeology and Ethnography in the Public Interest, 1, 3/4: 24-25.
11. Elia, R. J., 1992, The ethics of collaboration: archaeologists and the Whydah project. Historical Archaeology, 22, 4:105-117.
12. Elia, R. J., 1994, US signs Law of the Sea agreement. Archaeology, 47(6):26-27.
13. Elia, R. J., 1997, Professional ethics. In J. P. Delgado (Ed.), British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, 327-328. London.
14. Federal Register, 1999, Proclamation 7219 of September 2, 1999, Contiguous Zone of the United States. Federal Register, vol. 64, no. 173: 48701-18702..
15. Garrison, E. G., Giammona, C. P., Kelly, F. J., Tripp, A. R. & Wolff, G. A., 1989, Historic Shipwrecks and Magnetic Anomalies of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Reevaluation of Archaeological Resource Management Zone 1. Volume II: Technical Narrative. OCS Study/MMS 89-0024. U. S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service.
16. Giesecke, A. G., 1988, The Abandoned Shipwreck Act: affirming the role of the states in historic preservation. Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts, 12:379-389.
17. Giesecke, A. G., 1997, Abandonment in the Supreme Court. Sea Technology, Nov. 1997: 97.
18. Giesecke, A. G., 1999, The Abandoned Shipwreck Act through the eyes of its drafter. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 30:167-173.
19. Hutt, S., Blanco, C. M. & Varmer, O., 1999, Heritage Resources Law: Protecting the Archeological and Cultural Environment. New York.
20. ICOMOS, 1997, The ICOMOS Charter on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2:35-38.
21. Johnston, P. F., 1993, Treasure salvage, archaeological ethics, and maritime museums. IJNA, 22:53-60.
22. Johnston, P. F., 1997, Treasure-hunting. In J. P. Delgado (Ed.), British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, 424-426. London.
23. Jones, J. P., 1999, The United States Supreme Court and treasure salvage: issues remaining after Brother Jonathan. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 30:205-227.
24. Jones, W. B., 1992, Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone Extension and Enforcement Act of 1992. House of Representatives, Report 102-843 Part 1.
25. Mangone, G. J., 1997, United States Admiralty Law. Boston.
26. Minerals Management Service, 1996, Handbook for Archaeological Resource Protection (620.1-H), US Department of the Interior.
27. Nafziger, J. A. R., 1988, Finding the Titanic: beginning an international salvage of derelict law at sea. Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts, 12:339-351.
28. Nafziger, J. A. R., 1998, The international legal protection of the underwater cultural heritage. In M. Phelan (Ed.), The Law of Cultural Property and Natural Heritage: Protection, Transfer and Access, 2.1-2.23. Evanston, IL.
29. Nafziger, J. A. R., 1999, The Titanic revisited. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 30:311-329.
30. New York Times, 1999, Shareholders want change at RMS Titanic. The New York Times, November 29, 1999, p. C18.
31. NOAA, 1996, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Final Management PlanlEnvironmental Impact Statement. Volume I: The Management Plan. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
32. O'Keefe, P. J., 1996a, Protecting the underwater cultural heritage: The International Law Association draft convention. Marine Policy, 4:297-307.
33. O'Keefe, P. J., 1996b, Protection of the underwater cultural heritage: developments at UNESCO. IJNA, 25:169-176.
34. O'Keefe, P. J., 1999, International Waters. In S. Dromgoole (Ed.), Legal Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: National and International Perspectives, 223-235. London.
35. O'Keefe, P. J. & Nafziger, J. A. R., 1994, The Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Ocean Development and International Law, 25:391-418.
36. O'Keefe, P. J. & Prott, L. V., 1983, Law and the Cultural Heritage. Volume I. Discovery & Excavation. Abingdon, England.
37. Owen, D. R., 1988, The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987: good-bye to salvage in the territorial sea. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 19:499-516.
38. Pelkofer, P., 1996, A question of abandonment. Common Ground: Archaeology and Ethnography in the Public Interest, 1, 3/4: 64-65.
39. Rainey, J., 1999, Firm to keep most of shipwreck's coins. Los Angeles Times, 18 March: A3.
40. Reif, R., 1999, A golden bounty reclaimed from the ocean floor. The New York Times, 5 December: Sec. 2, 49.
41. Roach, J. A., 1997, UN Law of the Sea Convention. In J. P. Delgado (Ed.), British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, 432-434. London.
42. Schoenbaum, T. J., 1994, Admiralty and Maritime Law. Second edition. St Paul, MN.
43. Shapreau, C. J., 1998, The Brother Jonathan decision: treasure salvor's 'actual possession' of shipwreck gives rise to federal
44. jurisdiction for title claim. International Journal of Cultural Property, 7:475-495.
45. Smith, R. C, 1988, Treasure ships of the Spainish Main: the Iberian-American maritime empires. In G. F. Bass (Ed.), Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas: A History Based on Underwater Archaeology. London.
46. Speser, P. & Reinburg, K. (Eds), 1986, Archaeology and the Federal Government. Volume IV. Federal Archaeology Legislation: A Compendium. Washington, DC.
47. Stemm, G., 1998, Meeting place for two worlds. Anthropology Newsletter, Nov. /Dec.: 11-12.
48. Stevens, T. T., 1992, The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987: finding the proper ballast for the states. Villanova Law Review, 37:573-617.
49. Strati, A., 1995, The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An Emerging Objective of Contemporary Law of the Sea. Publications on Ocean Development, Vol. 23. London.
50. Strati, A., 1999, Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage: A Commentary Prepared for UNESCO. Document CLT-99/WS/8.
51. UNESCO, 1998, Report of the meeting of governmental experts of the Draft Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France (29 June-2 July 1998). Document CLT-98/CONF.202/7.
52. UNESCO, 1999, Report of the second meeting of governmental experts of the Draft Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France (19-24 April 1999). Document CLT-99/CONF.204.
53. United Nations, 1983, The Law of the Sea. Official Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea with Annexes and Index. New York.
54. USA, 1998, Information paper submitted by the United States of America. Uses and interests in underwater cultural heritage that are compatible with the convention (as presented orally at the Meeting of Government Experts, Paris, 29 June-2 July 1998).
55. USA, 1999, Comments of the United States of America on UNESCO Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CLT-96/CONF.202/5 Rev April 1999).
56. Varmer, O., 1999, The case against the 'salvage' of the cultural heritage. Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 30:279-302.
57. Varmer, O. & Blanco, C. M., 1999, United States of America. In S. Dromgoole (Ed.), Legal Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: National and International Perspectives, 205-221. London.
58. Wang, J. C. F., 1992, Handbook on Ocean Politics & Law. New York.
59. Zander, C. M. & Varmer, O., 1996, Closing the gaps in domestic and international law: achieving comprehensive protection of submerged cultural resources. Common Ground: Archaeology and Ethnography in the Public Interest, 1, 3/4: 60ff.