Idealized [Text not reproducible in ascii] and disdain for work: Aspects of philosophy and politics in ancient democracy

Classical Quarterly

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 58-79

  Anastasiadis, V I ^a  

^a University of the Aegean

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EID: 33748204738     PISSN: 00098388     EISSN: 14716844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cq/54.1.58     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. See, mainly, S. de Grazia, Of Time, Work and Leisure (New York, 1962), 3ff
2. M. Austin and P. Vidal-Naquet, Économie et société en Grèce ancienne (Paris, 1972), 29-30
3. G. Glotz, Le Travail dans la Grèce ancienne (Paris, 1920), 193-202; cf. 208
4. For a survey of the views regarding the disparaging (or favourable) attitude to work, see R. Descat, L'Acte et l'effort. Une ideologie du travail en Grèce ancienne (8ème-5ème siècle av. J.-C.) (Besançon, 1986), 13-18
5. cf. C. Sylvester, 'The classical idea of leisure: cultural ideal or class prejudice?', Leisure Sciences 21 (1999), 3-16
6. J. P. Toner, Leisure and Ancient Rome (Cambridge, 1995), 11, 17
7. J. F. O'Leary, 'Stole and Plato's work ethic', Journal of Leisure Research 5 (1973), 49-55, observes that 'Plato described leisure as instrumental and subordinate to the necessity and pleasure of work' or 'leisure is a condition of work'; however, this modern reading of Plato's attitude falls short in its interpretation of the specific passages concerned, most notably Resp. 370b and 619c, and, regrettably, takes little account of earlier alternative readings
8. Hippoc Genit. 30 19
9. Pl. Phib. 38e; 60e
10. Theophr. Caus Pl. 1.14.4
11. The. 154e, 172c
12. Men. Dysc. 196, 880)
13. For the sense of devoting time exclusively to a specific activity, see Isoc. 6.76: Cf. nn. 28,49
14. E. C. Welskopf, Probleme der Musse im alien Hellas (Berlin, 1962), 16-17
15. For the temporal connotations of the expression, cf., conversely, Eur. Andr. 732
16. Arist. Eth. Nic. 1171b25 (VS.)
17. (cf. Dieb. Judic. 10) (VS.)
18. Metaph. 999a10, 1001a23
19. Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 80.22
20. Men. Georg. fr. 6 Sandbach, fr. 436.2
21. See J. L. Stocks, CQ 30 (1936), 181
22. cf. J.-M. André, '«Otium» et vie contemplative dans les «Lettres à Lucilius»', REL 40 (1962), 126-7
23. See J. Humbert, 'Le pamphlet de Polycratès et le Gorgias de Platon', RPh 57 (1931), 26-31
24. For the substance of the censure, its connotations, and its refutation in Xenophon, see O. Gigon, Sokrates. Sein Bold in Dichtinng und Geschichte (Bern, 1947), 139-42
25. cf. Lys. fr. p. 334.17-22 Thalheim
26. For the sources and the literature, see Descat (n. 4), 208-10
27. for how widely the relevant legislation was applied, see Nenci (n. 4), 334-5
28. See also P. Demont, La citè grecque archaïque et classique et l'idéal de tranquillité (Paris, 1990), 165ff
29. For its gradual shift towards a more negative sense, see L. Kurke, 'The politics of in archaic Greece', ClAnt 11 (1992), 98ff
30. See N. I. Barbu, 'La hiérarchie des valeurs humaines chez Hésiode', StudClass 10 (1968), 209-12
31. Men. Epit. 224
32. Pl. Leg. 694e, 763d
33. Theophr. Char. 16.11a, 24.5, fr. 114.1
34. Cf. Sent. 624 Jäkel, where is viewed in contradistinction to life as a whole
35. cf. Lysippus fr. 1-2.6 Meineke
36. For the dynamic/intensive middle see, generally, J. Gonda, 'Reflections on the Indo-European medium', Lingua 9 (1960), 47-9, 180
37. See, in brief, E. Barker, The Politics of Aristotle (Oxford, 1946), 323-4, n. GGG
38. S. M. DeHart, 'Hippocratic medicine and the Greek body image', Perspectives on Science 7 (1999), 368, 375 and n. 57
39. and H. van Wees, 'Greeks Bearing Arms: The State, the Leisure Class, and the Display of Weapons in Archaic Greece', in Fisher and van Wees (n. 64), 349-69
40. For the counter-arguments against the moral supremacy of wealth, see K. J. Dover, Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle (Oxford, 1974), 112
41. Apophth. 4.11 and 15 (= Stob. 3.1.172)
42. For Hesiod, see A. W. H. Adkins, Moral Values and Political Behaviour in Ancient Greece (London, 1972), 25, 32-3
43. See, for instance, Donlan (n. 66), 172
44. R. Descat, 'La représentation du travail dans la société grecque', in Annequin et al. (n. 65), 17-18
45. See e.g. M. T. W. Arnheim, Aristocracy in Greek Society (London, 1977), 159, 185
46. and Donlan (n. 66), 173
47. See, for instance, Balme (n. 4), 145-6
48. For the impact of Ischomachus' views on the political body as a whole, and for their lasting relevance, see A. Burford, Land and Labor in the Greek World (Baltimore and London, 1993), 82-9, 223-30
49. cf. W. Stroh, 'Labor improbus: Die Arbeit im antiken Rom', in Schubert (n. 4), 119-20
50. See R. K. Sinclair, Democracy and Participation in Alliens (Cambridge, 1988), 120-2
51. See J. M. Bryant, Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece. A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics (New York, 1996), 109-10
52. For the special importance of the criterion of leisure for the lower strata, see, mainly, Markle (n. 82), 269-71
53. More generally, for a correlation between disdain for manual labour and disdain for radical democracy, see Meier (n. 4), 81-92