Placental toxicity of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides

Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 463-479

  Pelkonen, Olavi ^a   Vähäkangas, Kirsi ^b   Gupta, Ramesh C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748168413     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088523-7/50034-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Abu-Qare A.W., Abou-Donia M.B. Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity following a single cutaneous dose of methyl poarathion and diazinon, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001, 21:307-316.
2. 14C]methyl parathion in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 53:5-12.
3. Abu-Quare A.W., Elmasry E., Abou-Donia M.B. A role for P-glycoprotein in environmental toxicology. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 2003, 6:279-288.
4. Ahmad S., Ahmed A. Elevated placental soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 inhibits, angiogenesis in preeclampsia. Circ. Res. 2004, 95:884-891.
5. Ala-Kokko T.I., Myllynen P., Vähäkangas K. Ex vivo perfusion of the human placental cotyledon: Implications for anesthetic, pharmacology. Int. J. Obstet. Anesth. 2000, 9:26-38.
6. Andersen H.R., Vinggaard A.M., Rasmussen T.H., Gjermandsen I.M., Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C. Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity and aromatase activity in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 179:1-12.
7. AstroffA.B., Young A.D. The relationship between maternal and fetal effects following organophosphate exposure during gestation in the rat. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1998, 14:869-889.
8. Bain L.J., LeBlanc G.A. Interaction of structurally diverse pesticides with the human MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996, 141:288-298.
9. Balkundi D.R., Hanna N., Hleb M., Dougherty J., Sharma S. Labor-associated changes in Fas ligand expression and function in human placenta. Pediatr. Res. 2000, 47:301-308.
10. Benjaminov O., Hoffer E., Taitelman U., Urbach J., Brandes J.M. Parathion transfer and acetylcholinesterase activity in an in-vitro perfused term human placenta. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1992, 34:10-12.
11. Bisseling T.M., Roes E.M., Raijmakers M.T.M., Steegers E.A.P., Peters W.H.M., Smits P. N-acetylcysteine restores nitric oxide-mediated effects in the fetoplacental circulation of preeclamptic patients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 191:328-333.
12. Bjarnegrd M., Enge M., Norlin J., Gustafsdottir S., Fredriksson S., Abramsson A., Takemoto M., Gustafsson E., Fassler R., Betsholtz C. Endothelium-specific ablation of PDGFB leads to pericyte loss and glomerular cardiac and placental abnormalities. Development 2004, 131:1847-1857.
13. Boal J.H., Plessinger M.A., van den Reydt C., Miller R.K. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies of AZT (zidovudine) following perfusion of human term placenta for 14 hours. Toxicol. Appl. Pharamcol. 1997, 143:13-21.
14. Brennecke S.P., Chen S., King R.G., Boura A.L.A. Human placental acetylcholine content and release at parturition. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1998, 15:715-725.
15. Buratti F.M., Volpe M.T., Meneguz A., Vittozzi L., Tastai E. CYP-specific bioactivation of four organophosphorothioate pesticides by human liver microsomes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003, 186:143-154.
16. Buratti F.M., D'Aniello A., Volpe M.T., Meneguz A., Testai E. Malathion bioactivation in the human liver: The contribution in the human liver: The contribution of different cytochrome P450 isoforms. Drug Metab Disp. 2005, 33:295-302.
17. Bus J.S., Gibson J.E. Bidrin: Perinatal toxicity and effects on the development of brain acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in mice. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1974, 12:313-322.
18. Cambon C., Declume C., Derache R. Effect of the insecticidal carbamate derivatives (carbofuran, pirimicarb, aldicarb) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in tissues from pregnant rats and fetuses. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979, 49:203-208.
19. Cambon C., Declume C., Derache R. Fetal and maternal rat brain acetylcholinesterase isoenzymes changes following insecticidal carbamate derivatives poisoning. Arch. Toxicol. 1980, 45:257-262.
20. Cariappa R., Heath-Monning E., Smith C.H. Isoforms of amino acid transporters in placental syncytiotrophoblast: Plasma membrane localization and potential role in maternal/fetal transport. Placenta 2003, 24:713-726.
21. 2+]I and phosphorylation of MAP kinase of a human extravillous trophoblast cell line. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2003, 201:63-73.
22. Chang H.-C., Gaddum J.H. Choline esters in tissue extracts. J. Physiol. (London) 1933, 79:255-285.
23. Choy M.Y., St. Whitley G., Manyonda I.T. Efficient, rapid and reliable establishment of human trophoblast cell lines using poly-L-ornithine. Early Pregnancy 2000, 2:124-143.
24. 14C-lysine into the proteins of rat brain. J. Neurochem. 1963, 10:51-63.
25. Deacon M.M., Murray J.S., Pilny M.K., Rao J.A. Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity of orally administered chlorpyriphos in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980, 54:31-40.
26. De Castro V.L., Chiorato S.H., Pinto N.F. Relevance of developmental testing of exposure to methamidophos during gestation to its toxicology evaluation. Toxicol. Lett. 2000, 118:93-102.
27. Declume C., Derache R. Placental passage of an anticholinesterase carbamate on the effectivity of carbaryl insecticide. Chemosphere 1977, 6:141-146.
28. Derfoul A., Lin F.J., Awumey E.M., Kolodzeski T., Hall D.J., Tuan R.S. Estrogenic endocrine disruptive components interfere with calcium handling and differentiation of human trophoblast cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 2003, 89:755-770.
29. Di Santo S., Malek A., Sager R., Andres A.-C., Schneider H. Trophoblast viability in perfused term placental tissue and explant cultures limied to 7-24 hours. Placenta 2003, 24:882-894.
30. Faber J.J. Review of flow limited transfer in the placenta. Int. J. Obstet. Anesth. 1995, 4:230-237.
31. Furchgott R.F. Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 1983, 53:557-573.
32. Ganapathy V., Prasad P.D., Ganapathy M.E., Leibach F.H. Placental transporters relevant to drug distribution across the maternal-fetal interface. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2000, 294:413-420.
33. Goad R.T., Goad J.T., Atieh B.H., Gupta R.C. Carbofuran-induced endocrine disruption in adult male rats. Toxicol. Mech. Methods. 2004, 14:233-239.
34. Gupta R.C. Envrionmental agents and polacental toxicity: Anticholinesterases and other agents. Placental Toxicology 1995, 257-278. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B.V.R. Sastry (Ed.).
35. Gupta R.C., Sastry B.V.R. Toxicology of the placenta. General and Applied Toxicology 1999, vol. 2:1233-1263. Macmillan, London. B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs, T. Syversen (Eds.).
36. Gupta R.C., Thornberg J.E., Stedman D.B., Welsch F. Effect of subchronic administration of methyl parathion on in vivo protein synthesis in pregnant rats and their conceptuses. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1984, 72:457-468.
37. Gupta R.C., Rech R.H., Lovell K.L., Welsch F., Thornberg J.E. Brain cholinergic, behavioral, and morphological development in rats exposed in utero to methyl parathion. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985, 77:405-413.
38. Gurba P.E., Richardson R.J. Partial characterization of neurotoxic esterase of human placenta. Toxicol. Lett. 1983, 15:13-17.
39. Gurba P.E., Dudek B.R., Richardson R.J. Neurotoxic esterase activity in diverse species. Toxicologist 1981, 1:157. [Abstract No. 589].
40. Guyon F., Marnet B., Arnaud-Dabernat S., Carles D., Mathieu C., Saura R., Perel Y., Horovitz J., Landry M., Bischof P., Daniel J.Y. Differential expression of the nm23 genes in the developing human trophoblast. Placenta 2004, 1:20-28.
41. Hakkola J., Pasanen M., Hukkanen J., Pelkonen O., Maenpaa J., Edwards R.J., Boobis A.R., Raunio H. Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 forms in human full-term placenta. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996, 51:403-411.
42. Hakkola J., Raunio H., Purkunen R., Pelkonen O., Saarikoski S., Cresteil T., Pasanen M. Detection of cytochrome P450 gene expression in human placenta in first trimester of pregnancy. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996, 52:379-383.
43. Hakkola J., Pelkonen O., Pasanen M., Raunio H. Xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the human feto-placental unit: Role in intrauterine toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1998, 28:35-72.
44. Harbison R.D., Olubadewo J.O., Dwivedi C., Sastry B.V.R. Proposed role of the placental cholinergic system in the regulation of fetal growth and development. Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology 1975, Raven Press, New York. P.L. Morselli, S. Garattini, F. Sereni (Eds.).
45. Harbison R.D., Stevens M.W., Dwivedi C., Fant M.E. Regulation of fetal growth by a placental cholinergic system. Fed. Proc. 1976, 35:611.
46. Hebb C.O., Ratkovic D. Choline acetylase in the placenta of man and other species. J. Physiol. (London) 1962, 216:307-313.
47. Heikkila A., Myllynen P., Keski-Nisula L., Heinonen S., Vahakangas K., Yla-Herttuala S. Gene transfer to human placenta ex vivo: A novel application of dual perfusion of human placental cotyledon. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 186:1046-1051.
48. Heikkinen T., Laine K., Neuvonen P.J., Ekblad U. The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000, 107:770-775.
49. Heirman P. L'acetylcholine placentaire. Arch. Int. Physiol. 1941, 51:85.
50. Ho M., Gibson M.A. A histochemical study of the developing tibiotarsus in malathion-treated chick embryos. Can. J. Zool. 1972, 5:1293-1298.
51. Jansson T., Ekstrand Y., Bjorn C., Wennergren M., Powell T.L. Alterations in the activity of placental amino acid transporters in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51:2214-2219.
52. Jayatunga Y.N.A., Dangalle C.D., Ratnasooriya W.D. Hazardous effects of carbofuran on pregnancy outcomes of rats. Med. Sci. Res. 1998, 26:33-37.
53. Jayatunga Y.N.A., Dangalle C.D., Ratnasooriya W.D. Effects of mid-term exposure to carbofuran on pregnancy outcome of rats. Med. Sci. Res. 1998, 26:679-683.
54. Jinga V.V., Gefencu A., Antohe F., Constantinescu E., Heltianu E., Raicu M., Manolescu I., Hunziker W., Simionescu M. Establishment of a pure vascular endothelial cell line from human placenta. Placenta 2000, 21:325-336.
55. Johnsson M., Jansson T., Pestov N.B., Powell T.L. Non-gastric H+/K+ATPase is present in the microvillous membrane of the human placental syncytiotrophoblast. Placenta 2004, 25:505-511.
56. Johnson M.K. The primary biochemical lesion leading to the delayed neurotoxic effects of some organophosphorus esters. J. Neurochem. 1974, 23:785-789.
57. Juchau M.R. Placenta enzymes: Cytochrome P450s and their significance. Placental Toxicology 1995, 197-212. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B.V.R. Sastry (Ed.).
58. Khera K.S. Evaluation of dimethoate (Cygon 4E) for teratogenic activity in the cat. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1979, 2:1283-1288.
59. King R.G., Gude N.M., Krishna B.R., Chen S., Brennecke S.P., Boura A.L.A., Rook T.J. Human placental acetylcholine. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1991, 3:405-411.
60. Koelle G.B. Physiological functions of acetylcholine. Neurosci. Res. Progr. Bull. 1969, 5:44.
61. Koelle G.B., Koelle W.A., Smyrl E.G. Effects of inactivation of BuChE on steady state and regenerating levels of ganglionic AChE. J. Neurochem. 1977, 28:313.
62. Koshakji R.P., Sastry B.V.R., Harbison R.D. Studies on the levels and nature of cholinesterases in humans and mouse placenta. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1974, 9:181-184.
63. Lecuit M., Nelson D.M., Smith S.D., Khun H., Huerre M., Vacher-Lavenu M.C., Gordon J.I., Cossart P. Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier by Listeria monocytogenes: Role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:6152-6157.
64. Leik C.E., Willey A., Graham M.F., Walsh S.W. Isolation and culture of arterial smooth muscle cells from human placenta. Hypertension 2004, 43:837-840.
65. Leiser R., Kaufmann P. Placental structure: In a comparative aspect. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 1994, 102:122-134.
66. Lavario-Carrillo M., Olave M.E., Corral D.C., Alderete J.G., Gagioti S.M., Bevilacqua E. Placental morphology of rats prenatally exposed to methyl parathion. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2004, 55:489-496.
67. Leventer S.M., Rowell P.P., Clark M.J. The effect of choline acetyltransferase inhibition on acetylcholine synthesis and release in term human placenta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1982, 222:301-305.
68. Lockwood C.J., Krikun G., Schatz F. Decidual cell-expressed tissue factor maintains hemostasis in human endometrium. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 2001, 943:77-88.
69. Malassine A., Cronier L. Hormones and human trophoblast differentiation: A review. Endocrine 2002, 1:3-11.
70. Marinovich M., Ghilardi F., Galli C. Effect of pesticide mixtures on in vitro nervous cells: Comparison with single pesticides. Toxicology 1996, 108:201-206.
71. McIlwain H., Bachelard H.S. Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System 1971, Churchill Livingstone, London. 4th ed.
72. Meadows J.W., Pitzer B., Brockman D.E., Myatt L. Differential localization of prostaglandin E synthase isoforms in human placental cell types. Placenta 2004, 4:259-265.
73. Merchant S.J., Crocker I.P., Baker P.N., Tansinda D., Davidge S.T., Guilbert L.J. Matrix metallo-proteinase release from placental explants of pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 2004, 2:97-103.
74. Miller R.K., Wier P.J., Shah Y., et al. Placenta as a Model and a Source 1989, 27-38. Plenum, New York. O. Genbacev, A. Klopper, R. Beaconsfield (Eds.).
75. Moreau R., Simoneau L., Lafond J. Characteristics of calcium uptake by BeWo cells, a human trophoblast cell line. Placenta 2001, 22:768-775.
76. Mutch E., Daly A.K., Leathart J.B., Blain P.G., Williams F.M. Do multiple cytochrome P450 isoforms contribute to parathion metabolism in man?. Arch. Toxicol. 2003, 77:313-320.
77. Myllynen P., Pasanen M., Pelkonen O. Human placenta: A human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring. Placenta 2005, 26:361-371.
78. Nagashige M., Ushigome F., Koyabu N., Hirata K., Kawabuchi M., Hirakawa T., Satoh S., Tsukimori K., Nakano H., Uchiumi T., Kuwano M., Ohtani H., Sawada Y. Basal membrane localization of MRP1 in human placental trophoblast. Placenta 2003, 24:951-958.
79. Nejhayeva I.A., Nanovskaya T.N., Deshmuk S.V., Zharikova O.L., Hankins G.D.V., Ahmed M.S. Bidirectional transfer of methadone across human placenta. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2005, 69:187-197.
80. Nishimura T., Dunk C., Lu Y., Feng X., Gellhaus A., Winterhager E., Rossant J., Lye S.J. Gap junctions are required for trophoblast proliferation in early human placental development. Placenta 2004, 25:595-607.
81. Nurminen T. Maternal pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. J. Occup. Med. 1995, 37:935-940.
82. Ockleford C.D., Smith R.K., Byrne S., Sanders R., Bosio P. Confocal laser scanning microscope study of cytokeratin immunofluorescence differences between villous and extravillous trophoblast: Cytokeratin downregulation in pre-eclampsia. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2004, 64:43-53.
83. Ogi D., Hamada J.A. Case reports on fetal deaths and malformations of extremities probably related to insecticide poisoning. Jpn. Obstet. Gynecol. Soc. 1965, 17:569.
84. Oki N., Matsuo H., Nakago S., Murakoshi H., Laoag-Fernandez J.B., Maruo T. Effects of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine on the invasive potential and the expression of integrins and matrix metalloproteinases in cultured early placental extravillous trophoblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:5213-5221.
85. Olubadewo J.O., Sastry B.V.R. Human placental cholinergic system: Stimulation secretion coupling for release of acetylcholine from isolated placental villus. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1978, 204:433-445.
86. O'Neill C., Ferrier A.J., Sinosich M.J., Saunders D.M. Causes of implantation failure after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Lancet 1985, 2:615.
87. Pacifici G.M., Nottoli R. Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1995, 28:235-269.
88. Pasanen M. The expression and regulation of drug metabolism in human placenta. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, 38:81-97.
89. Pasanen M., Pelkonen O. The expression and environmental regulation of P450 enzymes in human placenta. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1994, 24:211-229.
90. Petraglia F., Sutton S., Vale W. Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured human placental cells. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1989, 160:247-251.
91. Pienimaki P., Hartikainen A.L., Arvela P., Partanen T., Herva R., Pelkonen O., Vahakangas K. Carbamazepine and its metabolites in human perfused placenta and in maternal and cord blood. Epilepsia 1995, 36:241-248.
92. Polliotti B.M., Holmes R., Cornish J.D., Hulsey M., Keesling S., Schwartz D., Abramowsky C.R., Huddleston J., Panigel M., Nahmias A.J. Long-term dual perfusion of isolated human placental lobules with improved oxygenation for infectious diseases research. Placenta 1996, 17:57-68.
93. Radaelli T., Varastehpour A., Catalano P., Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Gestational diabetes induces placental genes for chronic stress and inflammatory pathways. Diabetes 2003, 52:2951-2958.
94. Raghavan K.S., Sastry P.D. Effects of temperature on acetylcholine synthesis and release in perfused human placenta. Indian J. Med. Res. 1970, 58:1718-1723.
95. Robens J.F. Teratologic studies of carbaryl, diazinon, norea, disulfiram, and thiram in small laboratory animals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1969, 15:152-163.
96. Romero P., Barnett P.G., Midtling J.E. Congenital anomalies associated with maternal exposure to oxydemeton. Environ. Res. 1989, 50:256.
97. Rowell P.P., Sastry B.V.R. The influence of cholinergic blockade on the uptake of a-aminoisobutyric acid by isolated human placental villi. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1978, 45:79-93.
98. Sastry B.V.R. Placental toxicology; Tobacco smoke, abused drugs, multiple chemical interactions and placental function. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1991, 3:355-372.
99. Sastry B.V.R. Placental acetylcholine. Molecular Aspects of Placental and Fetal Membrane Autacoides 1993, 157-193. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. G.E. Rice, S.P. Brennecke (Eds.).
100. Sastry B.V.R. Human placental cholinergic system. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1997, 53:1577-1586.
101. Sastry B.V.R. Placental acetylcholine. Molecular Aspects of Placental and Fetal Membrane Autacoids 2000, 157-193. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2nd ed. G.E. Rice, S.P. Brennecke (Eds.).
102. Sastry B.V.R., Sadavongvivad C. Cholinergic systems in non-nervous tissues. Pharmacol. Rev. 1979, 30:65-132.
103. Sastry B.V.R., Olubadewo J.O., Schmidt D.E. Placental cholinergic system and occurrence of acetylcholine in human placenta. Fed. Proc. 1973, 32:742A.
104. Sastry B.V.R., Olubadewo J., Harbison R.D., Schmidt D.E. Human placental cholinergic system: Occurrence, distribution, and variation with gestational age of acetylcholine in human placenta. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1976, 25:425-431.
105. Satyanarayana M. A correlative review of acetylcholine synthesis in relation to histopathology of the human syncytiotrophoblast. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1986, 65:567-572.
106. Schneider H., Proegler M. Placental transfer of beta-adrenergic antagonists studied in an in vitro perfusion system of human placental tissue. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1988, 159:42-47.
107. Schoental R. Depletion of coenzymes at the site of rapidly growing tissue due to alkylation: The biochemical basis of the teratogenic of alkylating agents, including organophosphorus and certain other compounds. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1977, 5:1016-1017.
108. Schutz M., Teifel M., Friedl P. Establishment of a human placental endothelial cell line with extended life span after transfection with SV 40 T-antigens. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 1997, 74:315-320.
109. Sgambati E., Marini M., Zappoli, Thyrion G.D., Parretti E., Mello G., Orlando C., Simi L., Tricarco C., Gheri G., Brizzi E. VEGF expression in the placenta from pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 111:564-570.
110. Siman C.M., Sibley C.P., Jones C.J., Turner M.A., Greenwood S.L. The functional regeneration of syncytiotrophoblast in cultured explants of term placenta. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001, 4:R1116-R1122.
111. Simone C., Derewlany L.O., Oskamp M., et al. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the human term placenta: Implications for fetal cocaine exposure. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1994, 123:400-406.
112. Smalley H.E., Curtis J.M., Earl F.L. Teratogenic action of carbarl in beagle dogs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1968, 13:392-403.
113. Spielmann H., Vogel R. Unique role of studies on preimplantation embryos to understand mechanisms of embryotoxicity in early pregnancy. Toxicology 1989, 20:51-64.
114. Srivastava M.K., Raizada R.B., Dikshith T.S. Fetotoxic response to technical quinalphos in rats. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1992, 34:131-133.
115. Tang J., Cao Y., Rose R.L., Hodgson E. In vitro metabolism of carbaryl by human cytochrome P450 and its inhibition by chlorpyrifos. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2002, 141:229-241.
116. Tuchmann-Duplessis H., David G., Haegel P. Illustrated Human Embryology: Vol. I. Embryogenesis 1972, Springer-Verlag, New York.
117. Vähäkangas K. Lung perfusion studies on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. A thesis. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Series D, Medica No. 77, Pharmacologica et Physiologica No. 13. Oulu, Finland. 1981.
118. van der Ende A., du Maine A., Schwartz A.L., Strous G.J. Modulation of transferrin-receptor activity and recycling after induced differentiation of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Biochem. J. 1990, 270:451-457.
119. Wadsack C., Hrzenjak A., Hanner A., Hirschmugl B., Levak-Frank S., Desoye G., Sattler W., Malle E. Trophoblast-like human choriocarcinoma cells serve as a suitable in vitro model for selective cholesteryl ester uptake from high density lipoproteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 2003, 270:451-462.
120. Welsch F. The cholinergic system in tissues without innervation. Choline acetyltransferase, choline and acetylcholine in the placenta of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata). Biochem. Pharmacol. 1977, 26:1181-1286.
121. Welsch F. Placental transfer and fetal uptake of drugs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1982, 5:91-104.
122. Welsch F., Dettbarn W.-D. Protein synthesis in lobster walking leg nerves. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 1971, 38:393.
123. Welsch F., Wenger W.C. Acetylcholine in human placenta: Identification by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and tissue levels following different modes of delivery. Naunyn-Schmiedberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1980, 311:113-118.