메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 98, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1866-1875

Chronic oral nicotine treatment protects against striatal degeneration in MPTP-treated primates

Author keywords

MPTP; Nicotine; Nicotinic; Non human primates; Parkinson's disease; Striatum

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER;

EID: 33748159130     PISSN: 00223042     EISSN: 14714159     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04078.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (113)

References (54)
  • 2
    • 0026543361 scopus 로고
    • Nicotine enhances 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity
    • Behmand R. A. and Harik S. I. (1992) Nicotine enhances 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 58, 776-779.
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.58 , pp. 776-779
    • Behmand, R.A.1    Harik, S.I.2
  • 3
    • 0033846277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nicotinic receptors, neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection
    • Belluardo N., Mudo G., Blum M. and Fuxe K. (2000) Central nicotinic receptors, neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection. Behav. Brain Res. 113, 21-34.
    • (2000) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.113 , pp. 21-34
    • Belluardo, N.1    Mudo, G.2    Blum, M.3    Fuxe, K.4
  • 5
    • 0032842038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine oxidation alters mitochondrial respiration and induces permeability transition in brain mitochondria: Implications for Parkinson's disease
    • Berman S. B. and Hastings T. G. (1999) Dopamine oxidation alters mitochondrial respiration and induces permeability transition in brain mitochondria: implications for Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 73, 1127-1137.
    • (1999) J. Neurochem. , vol.73 , pp. 1127-1137
    • Berman, S.B.1    Hastings, T.G.2
  • 7
    • 0025220359 scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity by tobacco smoke
    • Carr L. A. and Rowell P. P. (1990) Attenuation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2, 3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity by tobacco smoke. Neuropharmacology 29, 311-314.
    • (1990) Neuropharmacology , vol.29 , pp. 311-314
    • Carr, L.A.1    Rowell, P.P.2
  • 8
    • 0032948286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic approaches to the study of Parkinson's disease etiology
    • Checkoway H. and Nelson L. M. (1999) Epidemiologic approaches to the study of Parkinson's disease etiology. Epidemiology 10, 327-336.
    • (1999) Epidemiology , vol.10 , pp. 327-336
    • Checkoway, H.1    Nelson, L.M.2
  • 9
    • 0035847204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine prevents striatal dopamine loss produced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the substantia nigra
    • Costa G., Abin-Carriquiry J. A. and Dajas F. (2001) Nicotine prevents striatal dopamine loss produced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the substantia nigra. Brain Res. 888, 336-342.
    • (2001) Brain Res. , vol.888 , pp. 336-342
    • Costa, G.1    Abin-Carriquiry, J.A.2    Dajas, F.3
  • 11
    • 13344293709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers
    • Fowler J. S., Volkow N. D., Wang G. J. et al. (1996a) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379, 733-736.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 733-736
    • Fowler, J.S.1    Volkow, N.D.2    Wang, G.J.3
  • 12
    • 12644314144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers
    • Fowler J. S., Volkow N. D., Wang G. J. et al. (1996b) Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14065-14069.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 14065-14069
    • Fowler, J.S.1    Volkow, N.D.2    Wang, G.J.3
  • 13
    • 13344277993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF
    • Gash D. M., Zhang Z., Ovadia A. et al. (1996) Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF. Nature 380, 252-255.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 252-255
    • Gash, D.M.1    Zhang, Z.2    Ovadia, A.3
  • 14
    • 0012120951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor numbers and function by chronic nicotine exposure
    • Gentry C. L. and Lukas R. J. (2002) Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor numbers and function by chronic nicotine exposure. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 1, 359-385.
    • (2002) Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. , vol.1 , pp. 359-385
    • Gentry, C.L.1    Lukas, R.J.2
  • 15
    • 0027977944 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced MPTP neurotoxicity after treatment with isoflurophate or cholinergic agonists
    • Hadjiconstantinou M., Hubble J. P., Wemlinger T. A. and Neff N. H. (1994) Enhanced MPTP neurotoxicity after treatment with isoflurophate or cholinergic agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 639-644.
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.270 , pp. 639-644
    • Hadjiconstantinou, M.1    Hubble, J.P.2    Wemlinger, T.A.3    Neff, N.H.4
  • 16
    • 12744252899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke and TGF-β proteins: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenetic protein
    • Harvey B. K., Hoffer B. J. and Wang Y. (2005) Stroke and TGF-β proteins: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenetic protein. Pharmacol. Ther. 105, 113-125.
    • (2005) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.105 , pp. 113-125
    • Harvey, B.K.1    Hoffer, B.J.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 17
    • 14144253640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine
    • Hukkanen J., Jacob P. III and Benowitz N. L. (2005) Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol. Rev. 57, 79-115.
    • (2005) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 79-115
    • Hukkanen, J.1    Jacob III, P.2    Benowitz, N.L.3
  • 18
    • 0023808881 scopus 로고
    • Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the disappearance of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, dendrites and terminals in the mesostriatal dopamine system of the male rat after partial hemitransection
    • Janson A. M., Fuxe K., Agnati L. F., Kitayama I., Harfstrand A., Andersson K. and Goldstein M. (1988) Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the disappearance of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies, dendrites and terminals in the mesostriatal dopamine system of the male rat after partial hemitransection. Brain Res. 455, 332-345.
    • (1988) Brain Res. , vol.455 , pp. 332-345
    • Janson, A.M.1    Fuxe, K.2    Agnati, L.F.3    Kitayama, I.4    Harfstrand, A.5    Andersson, K.6    Goldstein, M.7
  • 19
    • 0026528017 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on MPTP-(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse
    • Janson A. M., Fuxe K. and Goldstein M. (1992) Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on MPTP-(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine) induced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse. Clin. Invest. 70, 232-238.
    • (1992) Clin. Invest. , vol.70 , pp. 232-238
    • Janson, A.M.1    Fuxe, K.2    Goldstein, M.3
  • 20
    • 0041886880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment effects on nigrostriatal projection integrity in partial 6-OHDA lesions: Comparison of L-DOPA and pramipexole
    • Kemmerer E. S., Desmond T. J., Albin R. L., Kilbourn M. R. and Frey K. A. (2003) Treatment effects on nigrostriatal projection integrity in partial 6-OHDA lesions: comparison of L-DOPA and pramipexole. Exp. Neurol. 183, 81-86.
    • (2003) Exp. Neurol. , vol.183 , pp. 81-86
    • Kemmerer, E.S.1    Desmond, T.J.2    Albin, R.L.3    Kilbourn, M.R.4    Frey, K.A.5
  • 21
    • 1942520420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in Parkinson's disease: Restoration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system is not enough
    • Lang A. E. and Obeso J. A. (2004) Challenges in Parkinson's disease: restoration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system is not enough. Lancet Neurol. 3, 309-316.
    • (2004) Lancet Neurol. , vol.3 , pp. 309-316
    • Lang, A.E.1    Obeso, J.A.2
  • 22
    • 0029751103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The etiology of Parkinson's disease with emphasis on the MPTP story
    • Langston J. W. (1996) The etiology of Parkinson's disease with emphasis on the MPTP story. Neurology 47, S153-S160.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47
    • Langston, J.W.1
  • 24
    • 0033960085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as novel drug targets
    • Lloyd G. K. and Williams M. (2000) Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as novel drug targets. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292, 461-467.
    • (2000) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.292 , pp. 461-467
    • Lloyd, G.K.1    Williams, M.2
  • 25
    • 0020642784 scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic nicotine infusion on tolerance development and nicotinic receptors
    • Marks M. J., Burch J. B. and Collins A. C. (1983) Effects of chronic nicotine infusion on tolerance development and nicotinic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 226, 817-825.
    • (1983) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.226 , pp. 817-825
    • Marks, M.J.1    Burch, J.B.2    Collins, A.C.3
  • 26
    • 0029826376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine induces apoptotic cell death of a catecholaminergic cell line derived from the central nervous system
    • Masserano J. M., Gong L., Kulaga H., Baker I. and Wyatt R. J. (1996) Dopamine induces apoptotic cell death of a catecholaminergic cell line derived from the central nervous system. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 1309-1315.
    • (1996) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.50 , pp. 1309-1315
    • Masserano, J.M.1    Gong, L.2    Kulaga, H.3    Baker, I.4    Wyatt, R.J.5
  • 29
    • 0031776914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of dopamine to striatal neurons in vitro and potentiation of cell death by a mitochondrial inhibitor
    • McLaughlin B. A., Nelson D., Erecinska M. and Chesselet M. F. (1998) Toxicity of dopamine to striatal neurons in vitro and potentiation of cell death by a mitochondrial inhibitor. J. Neurochem. 70, 2406-2415.
    • (1998) J. Neurochem. , vol.70 , pp. 2406-2415
    • McLaughlin, B.A.1    Nelson, D.2    Erecinska, M.3    Chesselet, M.F.4
  • 30
    • 0029078869 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson's disease: False association or etiologic clue?
    • Morens D. M., Grandinetti A., Reed D., White L. R. and Ross G. W. (1995) Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson's disease: false association or etiologic clue? Neurology 45, 1041-1051.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1041-1051
    • Morens, D.M.1    Grandinetti, A.2    Reed, D.3    White, L.R.4    Ross, G.W.5
  • 31
    • 0037435511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind trial of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in PD
    • Nutt J. G., Burchiel K. J., Comella C. L. et al. (2003) Randomized, double-blind trial of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in PD. Neurology 60, 69-73.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 69-73
    • Nutt, J.G.1    Burchiel, K.J.2    Comella, C.L.3
  • 33
    • 1542269162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific basis for the current treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow C. W. (2004) The scientific basis for the current treatment of Parkinson's disease. Annu. Rev. Med. 55, 41-60.
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Med. , vol.55 , pp. 41-60
    • Olanow, C.W.1
  • 34
    • 0035793423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine, but not cotinine, partially protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced degeneration in mice
    • Parain K., Marchand V., Dumery B. and Hirsch E. (2001) Nicotine, but not cotinine, partially protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced degeneration in mice. Brain Res. 890, 347-350.
    • (2001) Brain Res. , vol.890 , pp. 347-350
    • Parain, K.1    Marchand, V.2    Dumery, B.3    Hirsch, E.4
  • 35
    • 0042155870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke and nicotine protect dopaminergic neurons against the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinsonian toxin
    • Parain K., Hapdey C., Rousselet E., Marchand V., Dumery B. and Hirsch E. C. (2003) Cigarette smoke and nicotine protect dopaminergic neurons against the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinsonian toxin. Brain Res. 984, 224-232.
    • (2003) Brain Res. , vol.984 , pp. 224-232
    • Parain, K.1    Hapdey, C.2    Rousselet, E.3    Marchand, V.4    Dumery, B.5    Hirsch, E.C.6
  • 36
    • 13144282676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraputamenal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in PD: A two-year outcome study
    • Patel N. K., Bunnage M., Plaha P., Svendsen C. N., Heywood P. and Gill S. S. (2005) Intraputamenal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in PD: a two-year outcome study. Ann. Neurol. 57, 298-302.
    • (2005) Ann. Neurol. , vol.57 , pp. 298-302
    • Patel, N.K.1    Bunnage, M.2    Plaha, P.3    Svendsen, C.N.4    Heywood, P.5    Gill, S.S.6
  • 37
    • 0029416936 scopus 로고
    • 3H]epibatidine labels nicotinic receptors in rat brain: An autoradiographic study
    • 3H]epibatidine labels nicotinic receptors in rat brain: an autoradiographic study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275, 1030-1034.
    • (1995) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.275 , pp. 1030-1034
    • Perry, D.C.1    Kellar, K.J.2
  • 38
    • 0344258434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased nicotinic receptors in brains from smokers: Membrane binding and autoradiography studies
    • Perry D. C., Davila-Garcia M. I., Stockmeier C. A. and Kellar K. J. (1999) Increased nicotinic receptors in brains from smokers: membrane binding and autoradiography studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289, 1545-1552.
    • (1999) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.289 , pp. 1545-1552
    • Perry, D.C.1    Davila-Garcia, M.I.2    Stockmeier, C.A.3    Kellar, K.J.4
  • 39
    • 4344698859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking, nicotine and Parkinson's disease
    • Quik M. (2004) Smoking, nicotine and Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci. 27, 561-568.
    • (2004) Trends Neurosci. , vol.27 , pp. 561-568
    • Quik, M.1
  • 40
    • 0035798302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine administration reduces striatal MPP+ levels in mice
    • Quik M. and Di Monte D. A. (2001) Nicotine administration reduces striatal MPP+ levels in mice. Brain Res. 917, 219-224.
    • (2001) Brain Res. , vol.917 , pp. 219-224
    • Quik, M.1    Di Monte, D.A.2
  • 41
    • 0034618844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential alterations in nicotinic receptor α6 and β3 subunit messenger RNAs in monkey substantia nigra after nigrostriatal degeneration
    • Quik M., Polonskaya Y., Gillespie A., G. K. L. and Langston J. W. (2000) Differential alterations in nicotinic receptor α6 and β3 subunit messenger RNAs in monkey substantia nigra after nigrostriatal degeneration. Neuroscience 100, 63-72.
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.100 , pp. 63-72
    • Quik, M.1    Polonskaya, Y.2    Gillespie, A.3    Lloyd, G.K.4    Langston, J.W.5
  • 43
    • 33646823452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic oral nicotine normalizes dopaminergic function and synaptic plasticity in MPTP-lesioned primates
    • Quik M., Chen L., Parameswaran N., Xie X., Langston J. W. and McCallum S. E. (2006) Chronic oral nicotine normalizes dopaminergic function and synaptic plasticity in MPTP-lesioned primates. J. Neurosci. 26, 4681-4689.
    • (2006) J. Neurosci. , vol.26 , pp. 4681-4689
    • Quik, M.1    Chen, L.2    Parameswaran, N.3    Xie, X.4    Langston, J.W.5    McCallum, S.E.6
  • 44
    • 0023814368 scopus 로고
    • Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture
    • Rosenberg P. A. (1988) Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture. J. Neurosci. 8, 2887-2894.
    • (1988) J. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 2887-2894
    • Rosenberg, P.A.1
  • 45
    • 0035036071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-related neuroprotective effects of chronic nicotine in 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats, and loss of neuroprotection in α4 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice
    • Ryan R. E., Ross S. A., Drago J. and Loiacono R. E. (2001) Dose-related neuroprotective effects of chronic nicotine in 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats, and loss of neuroprotection in α4 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 1650-1656.
    • (2001) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.132 , pp. 1650-1656
    • Ryan, R.E.1    Ross, S.A.2    Drago, J.3    Loiacono, R.E.4
  • 46
    • 2542596183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease
    • Samii A., Nutt J. G. and Ransom B. R. (2004) Parkinson's disease. Lancet 363, 1783-1793.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1783-1793
    • Samii, A.1    Nutt, J.G.2    Ransom, B.R.3
  • 47
    • 0037222167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down-regulation of hepatic nicotine metabolism and a CYP2A6-like enzyme in African green monkeys after long-term nicotine administration
    • Schoedel K. A., Sellers E. M., Palmour R. and Tyndale R. F. (2003) Down-regulation of hepatic nicotine metabolism and a CYP2A6-like enzyme in African green monkeys after long-term nicotine administration. Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 96-104.
    • (2003) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.63 , pp. 96-104
    • Schoedel, K.A.1    Sellers, E.M.2    Palmour, R.3    Tyndale, R.F.4
  • 48
    • 0020641301 scopus 로고
    • Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: Regulation in vivo
    • Schwartz R. D. and Kellar K. J. (1983) Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: regulation in vivo. Science 220, 214-216.
    • (1983) Science , vol.220 , pp. 214-216
    • Schwartz, R.D.1    Kellar, K.J.2
  • 49
    • 0025740245 scopus 로고
    • 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity: Partial protection against striato-nigral dopamine depletion in C57BL/6J mice by cigarette smoke exposure and by β-naphthoflavone-pretreatment
    • Shahi G. S., Das N. P. and Moochhala S. M. (1991) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2, 3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity: partial protection against striato-nigral dopamine depletion in C57BL/6J mice by cigarette smoke exposure and by β-naphthoflavone-pretreatment. Neurosci. Lett. 127, 247-250.
    • (1991) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.127 , pp. 247-250
    • Shahi, G.S.1    Das, N.P.2    Moochhala, S.M.3
  • 50
    • 19544363603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The webcam system: A simple, automated, computer-based video system for quantitative measurement of movement in nonhuman primates
    • Togasaki D., Hsu A., Samant M., Farzan B., DeLanney L., Langston J., Di Monte D. and Quik M. (2005) The webcam system: a simple, automated, computer-based video system for quantitative measurement of movement in nonhuman primates. J Neurosci. Methods 145, 159-166.
    • (2005) J Neurosci. Methods , vol.145 , pp. 159-166
    • Togasaki, D.1    Hsu, A.2    Samant, M.3    Farzan, B.4    DeLanney, L.5    Langston, J.6    Di Monte, D.7    Quik, M.8
  • 51
    • 0029558914 scopus 로고
    • The vesicular monoamine transporter is not regulated by dopaminergic drug treatments
    • Vander Borght T., Kilbourn M., Desmond T., Kuhl D. and Frey K. (1995) The vesicular monoamine transporter is not regulated by dopaminergic drug treatments. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 294, 577-583.
    • (1995) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.294 , pp. 577-583
    • Vander Borght, T.1    Kilbourn, M.2    Desmond, T.3    Kuhl, D.4    Frey, K.5
  • 52
    • 0030002053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vesicular monoamine transporter, in contrast to the dopamine transporter, is not altered by chronic cocaine self-administration in the rat
    • Wilson J. M. and Kish S. J. (1996) The vesicular monoamine transporter, in contrast to the dopamine transporter, is not altered by chronic cocaine self-administration in the rat. J. Neurosci. 16, 3507-3510.
    • (1996) J. Neurosci. , vol.16 , pp. 3507-3510
    • Wilson, J.M.1    Kish, S.J.2
  • 53
    • 0031032949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors
    • Wonnacott S. (1997) Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors. Trends Neurosci. 20, 92-98.
    • (1997) Trends Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 92-98
    • Wonnacott, S.1
  • 54
    • 0024987190 scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic nicotinic receptors and the modulation of transmitter release
    • Wonnacott S., Drasdo A., Sanderson E. and Rowell P. (1990) Presynaptic nicotinic receptors and the modulation of transmitter release. Ciba Found. Symp. 152, 87-101.
    • (1990) Ciba Found. Symp. , vol.152 , pp. 87-101
    • Wonnacott, S.1    Drasdo, A.2    Sanderson, E.3    Rowell, P.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.