Was the Civil War a total war?

Civil War History

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 434-458

  Neely Jr , Mark E ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33748119432     PISSN: 00098078     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/cwh.2004.0073     Document Type: Review

References (73)

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2. Charles Strozier, Unconditional Surrender and the Rhetoric of Total War: From Truman to Lincoln, Center on Violence and Human Survival Occasional Paper Number 2 (New York: Center on Violence and Human Survival, 1987)
3. James M. McPherson, Lincoln and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender (Gettysburg, Pa.: Gettysburg College, 1984), 11-13, 23-24
4. Roy P. Basler et al., eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1953-1955), 7:435, 517 (italics added)
5. Edward Chase Kirkland, The Peacemakers of 1864 (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 253, 258
6. John B. Walters, "General William T. Sherman and Total War," Journal of Southern History 14 (November 1948): 447-80
7. John B. Walters, Merchant of Terror: General Sherman and Total War (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973)
8. Philip Paludan, "A People's Contest": The Union and the Civil War (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 456
9. John G. Barrett, Sherman's March through the Carolinas (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1956)
10. Burke Davis, Sherman's March (New York: Random House, 1980)
11. James M. Reston Jr., Sherman's March and Viet Nam (New York: Macmillan, 1984)
12. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 3
13. Bruce Catton, "The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant," in Grant, Lee, Lincoln and the Radicals: Essays on Civil War Leadership, ed. Grady McWhiney (New York: Harper Colophon, 1966), 8
14. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988), 857
15. James M. McPherson, "Lincoln and the Second American Revolution," in Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition, ed. John L. Thomas (Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1986), 148, 149, 151, 145-55
16. Emory M. Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971), 135
17. Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air (Eng. trans. New York: Coward, McCann, 1942), 5-6
18. Klaus Knorr, "Military Power Potential," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David L. Sills (New York: MacMillan, 1968), 10:327
19. Michael Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1987), 24
20. Edward Warner, "Douhet, Mitchell, Severksy: Theories of Air Warfare," in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, ed. Edward Mead Earle (New York: Atheneum, 1966), 488
21. Hans Speier, "Ludendorff: The German Concept of Total War," in Earle, Makers of Modern Strategy, 307, 308, 315-17
22. Edward S. Corwin, Total War and the Constitution: Five Lectures Delivered on the William W. Cook Foundation at the University of Michigan, March 1946 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947)
23. Peter Calvorcoressi et al., Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second War (New York: Pantheon, 1989)
24. Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 18:286-87
25. James Turner Johnson, Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1981), 229
26. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military Terms (New York: Arco, 1988), 362
27. T. Harry Williams, Americans at War: The Development of the American Military System (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1960), 47
28. Williams History of American Wars from 1745 to 1918 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), 202-3
29. Noel Perrin, Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879 (Boston: David R. Godine, 1979)
30. Robert B. Holtman in The Napoleonic Revolution (Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott, 1967), 52
31. John Gooch, Armies in Europe (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 1
32. Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1978), 11, 95
33. Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), 168
34. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860-1865 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1989), 254
35. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington: GPO, 1880-1901), ser. 1, vol. 4, pt. 3:509-10, 608 (hereafter cited OR)
36. Richard Shelly Hartigan, Lieber's Code & the Laws of War (Chicago: Precedent, 1983), 58
37. William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2 vols., 3d ed., rev. (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1892), 2:194
38. John F. Marszalek, "The Inventor of Total Warfare," Notre Dame Magazine 18 (Summer 1989), 28-31
39. OR 44:798
40. OR 17, 2:261
41. John Chipman Gray and John Codman Ropes, War Letters 1862-1865 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1927), 425, 427
42. Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1962), 205
43. OR 31, 3:459
44. OR 32, 2:281
45. OR 24, 2:209
46. John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 16 vols. to date (Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1967-), 9:155, 156n
47. Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1985), 72-73, 127-28
48. Gamaliel Bradford, Union Portraits (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1916), 154n-155n
49. Rachel Sherman Thorndike, ed., The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894), 228-30
50. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, ed., Home Letters of General Sherman (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), 209
51. OR 39, 2:412
52. OR 39, 3:660
53. J. F. C. Fuller, Grant & Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1957), 252
54. Simon, vol. 12 (1984), 15, 13
55. Philip H. Sheridan, Personal Memoirs of P H. Sheridan, 2 vols. (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1888), 2:99-100
56. OR 43, 2:679
57. OR 32, 1:671
58. Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), 80-81
59. Simon, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 12:63, 127
60. 12:124, 125n
61. E. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1926), 221-22
62. Simon, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 11:155
63. P. H. Sheridan, Personal Memoirs of P H. Sheridan, 1:487-88
64. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2:220-21
65. Jefferson Davis, Message of the President (Richmond, Va.: Ritchie & Dunnavant, 1861), 3-4
66. Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of American Science, 1840-1876 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 279-80, 299-300, 306
67. Basler et al., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 5:160
68. Louise B. Hill, State Socialism in the Confederate States of America (Charlottesville, Va.: Historical Publishing, 1936)
69. Emory M. Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience
70. Charles W. Ramsdell, Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1944), 42-82
71. Basler et al., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:145, 151
72. Jay Luvaas, The Military Legacy of the Civil War (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1959)
73. Viscount Wolseley, The American Civil War: An English View, ed. James A. Rawley (Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia, 1964), xix, xxxiii-xxxiv