Engineering organization and the scientist in World War I: The search for national service and recognition

Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 257-268

  Pursell, Carroll ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Engineers; Government industrial research; National Academy of Engineering; National Academy of Science; National Research Council; Scientists; United States

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING; POST-WAR; RESEARCH;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33748113965     PISSN: 08109028     EISSN: 14701030     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08109020600877683     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Note that the common phrase 'research and development', or R&D, privileges research over development. To reverse the terms seems not only almost unnatural, but to imply that research should grow out of development, not the other way around.
2. A. D. Flinn, 'Efforts to consolidate the engineering profession', Engineering News-Record, 82, 9 January 1919, p. 81.
3. Frank J. Sprague, 'The part of the civilian engineer in naval preparedness', Engineering Magazine, 50, November 1915, p. 169.
4. Reported in Science, 42, 30 July 1915, p. 155.
5. Quoted in Engineering News, 75, 27 January 1916, p. 192.
6. Daniel J. Kevles, The Physicists: The History of A Scientific Community in Modern America, Knopf, New York, 1978, p. 108.
7. Engineering News-Record, 78, 19 April 1917, p. 169.
8. Rexmond C. Cochrane, The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863-1963, Washington, 1978, p. 207.
9. Engineering-News, 76, 12 October 1916, p. 720.
10. Report of the National Academy of Sciences for the Year 1917, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1918, p. 25
11. Report of the National Academy of Sciences for the Year 1919, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1920, pp. 32, 168.
12. Daniel J. Kevles, 'George Ellery Hale, the First World War, and the advancement of science', Isis, 59, Winter 1968, p. 427.
13. 'Naval Consulting Board personnel', Engineering Magazine, 50, November 1915, pp. 199-201.
14. Quoted in Kevles, 'George Ellery Hale', pp. 431-32, fn. 24.
15. Kevles, The Physicists, pp. 114-5.
16. Frank B. Jewett, 'Biographical memoir of John Joseph Carty 1861-1932', National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, 18, 1937, p. 73.
17. See also Frederick Leland Rhodes, John J. Carty: An Appreciation, Privately Printed, New York, 1932.
18. Vannevar Bush, 'Gano Gillick Dunn, 1870-1953', National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, 28, 1954, pp. 31, 32, 37.
19. Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor, Scribner's Sons, New York, 1923, pp. 367-8.
20. The Engineering Foundation, Report on the Origin and Scope of the National Research Council, Engineering Foundation, n.p., 27 February 1917, pp. 1, 5.
21. George E. Hale to Cary T. Hutchinson, 1 March 1917, NAS records, Organizations: General, 1917, Archives of the National Academy of Sciences.
22. George Ellery Hale, John J. Carty and Gano Dunn to Harold W. Buck, President of AIEE, 18 April 1917, NAS records, War Committees: Engineering Committee: General, 1917, NAS archives.
23. Gano Dunn to Secretaries of ASCE, AIME, ASME, AIEE, and American Institute of Consulting Engineers, 21 April 1917, NARG 62, Council of National Defense, Director's Office Correspondence, NAS archives.
24. Ibid. Emphasis added.
25. Hollis Godfrey, 'Science leads in war's work', New York American, 15 April 1917
26. Kevles, The Physicists, p. 116.
27. Notes on the first meeting of the Engineers Committee of the NRC, 3 May 1917, NAS records, War Committee: Engineering Committee: Meetings, 1917.
28. RAM to M. I. Pupin, 23 August 1917, NAS records, NRC Chronological file.
29. S. to Robert A. Millikan, 6 September 1917, NAS records, Institutions, Societies, Individuals: Engineering Foundation: General, 1917.
30. Telegram, Gano Dunn to R. A. Millikan, 24 September 1917, Ibid.
31. Gano Dunn to R. A. Millikan, 24 September 1917, Ibid.
32. Cary T. Hutchinson to Robert A. Millikan, 1 October 1917, Ibid.
33. George E. Hale to R. A. Millikan, 1 October 1917, Ibid.
34. Calvin W. Rice to Howard E. Coffin, 15 March 1917, NARG 62, Council of National Defense, Director's Office Correspondence.
35. Notes of meeting of Engineering Committee ... 6 September 1917, NAS records, War Committees: Engineering Committee: Meetings, 1917.
36. C. A. Adams to Frank A. Scott, 9 October 1917, NAS records, unclassified file.
37. Calvin W. Rice to Ambrose Swasey, 13 October 1917, Ibid.
38. Lewis B. Stillwell to Engineering Council, 14 January 1918, NAS records, Engineering, General, 1918.
39. Memo on dinner, NAS records, General Relations: Section on Industrial Research Advisory Committee, 1918.
40. Henry M. Howe to George E. Hale, 18 February 1919, NAS records, NRC Chronological file
41. H.E. Howe to Henry M. Howe, 30 August 1919, Ibid.
42. Alfred D. Flinn to James R. Angell, 3 November 1919,
43. and George E. Hale to J. R. Angell, 27 October 1919, Ibid.
44. James R. Angell to R. A. Millikan, 26 November 1919, Ibid.
45. George E. Hale to J. C. Merriam, 27 November 1920, General Correspondence, John C. Merriam papers, Library of Congress.
46. See Ronald C. Tobey, The American Ideology of National Science, 1919-1930, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1971.
47. See Lance E. Davis and Daniel J. Kevles, 'The national research fund: A case study in the industrial support of academic science', Minerva, 12, April 1974, pp. 207-20.
48. See Carroll W. Pursell, '"What the Senate is to the Commonwealth": A National Academy of Engineers', in Bruce Sinclair (ed.), New Perspectives on Technology and American Culture, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 19-29.
49. Frederick Sitz, 'Introductory remarks by the president of the National Academy of Sciences', National Academy of Engineering Annual Report ... June 30, 1965, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC, 1965, pp. 2-3.
50. 'Engineering, science academies head for breakup', Science & Government Report, 3, 1 April 1973, p. 1.