Hydrothermal alteration at the Magdala gold deposit, Stawell, western Victoria

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 733-757

  Dugdale, A L ^a   Wilson, C J L ^a   Squire, R J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alteration; Cambrian; Lachlan Orogen; Orogenic gold; Stawell

Indexed keywords

CAMBRIAN; GEOCHEMISTRY; GOLD; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; PETROGRAPHY; SEDIMENTARY ROCK;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; STAWELL MINE; VICTORIA [AUSTRALIA];

EID: 33748107714     PISSN: 08120099     EISSN: 14400952     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08120090600827421     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Alt, J. (1995) Sulfur isotope profile through the oceanic crust: Sulfur mobility and seawater-crustal sulfur exchange during hydrothermal alteration Geology, 23, pp. 585-588.
2. Arne, D. and Bierlein, F. and McNaughton, N. and Wilson, C. and Morand, V. (1998) Absolute timing of gold mineralisation in Central Victoria: new constraints from SHRIMP II analysis of zircon grains from felsic intrusive rocks Ore Geology Reviews, 13, pp. 251-273.
3. Arne, D. and Jijun, L. and Bierlein, F. and Swan, H. (2000) Wallrock alteration surrounding Central Victorian gold deposits. Final report on Geochemistry to AMIRA for P478
4. Bach, W. and Edwards, K. (2003) Iron and sulphide oxidation within the basaltic ocean crust: Implications for chemilithoautotrophic microbial biomass production Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, pp. 3871-3887.
5. Barrett, T. and MacLean, W.(1994) Chemostratigraphy and hydrothermal alteration in exploration for VHMS deposits in greenstones and younger volcanic rocks. In Alteration and Alteration Processes Associated with Ore-Forming Deposits. (pp. 433-467). Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 11
6. Bierlein, F. and Arne, D. and McKnight, S. and Lu, J. and Reeves, S. and Besanko, J. and Marek, J. and Cooke, D. (2000) Wall-rock petrology and geochemistry in alteration halos associated with mesothermal gold mineralisation, Central Victoria, Australia Economic Geology, 95, pp. 283-312.
7. Bierlein, F. and Fuller, T. and Stüwe, K. and Arne, D. and Keays, R. (1998) Wall-rock alteration associated with turbidite-hosted gold deposits-examples from central Victoria, Australia Ore Geology Reviews, 13, pp. 345-380.
8. Binns, R. and Eames, J. (1989) Geochemistry of wall rocks at Clunes gold deposit, Victoria Economic Geology 84, pp. 310-319.
9. Bowers, T. (1991) The deposition of gold and other metals; pressure-induced fluid immiscibility and associated stable isotope signatures Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, pp. 2417-2434.
10. Cameron, E. and Hattori, K. (1987) Archean gold mineralisation and oxidized hydrothermal fluids Economic Geology, 82, pp. 1177-1191.
11. Carroll, M. and Webster, J.(1995) Solubilities of sulfur, noble gases, nitrogen, chlorine, and fluorine in magmas. In Volatiles in Magmas. (pp. 231-279). Reviews in Mineralogy 30
12. Cathelineau, M. and Boiron, M. and Essarraj, S. and Dubessy, J. and Lespinasse, M. and Poty, B. (1993) Fluid pressure variations in relation to multistage deformation and uplift: A fluid inclusion study of Au quartz veins European Journal of Mineralogy, 5, pp. 107-121.
13. Cayley, R. and Taylor, D. (2001) Ararat 1: 100 000 map area geological report Geological Survey of Victoria Report, 115.
14. Chambers, L. (1982) Sulfur isotope study of a modern intertidal environment and the interpretation of ancient sulfides Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, pp. 721-728.
15. Chaussidon, M. and Lorand, J. (1990) Sulfur isotope composition of orogenic spinel lherzolite massifs from Ariege (N.E. Pyrennes, France): an ion microprobe study Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, pp. 2835-2846.
16. Claypool, G. and Holser, W. and Kaplan, I. and Sakai, H. and Zak, I. (1980) The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation Chemical Geology, 28, pp. 199-260.
17. Coleman, M. (1977) Sulfur isotopes in petrology Journal of Geological Society of London, 133, pp. 593-608.
18. Cox, S. and Sun, S and Etheridge, M. and Wall, V. and Potter, T. (1995) Structural and geochemical controls on the development of turbidite-hosted gold deposits, Wattle Gully Mine, central Victoria, Australia Economic Geology, 90, pp. 1722-1746.
19. Cox, S. and Wall, V. and Etheridge, M. and Potter, T. (1991) Deformational and metamorphic processes in the formation of mesothermal vein-hosted gold deposits' examples from the Lachlan Fold Belt in central Victoria, Australia Ore Geology Reviews 6, pp. 391-423.
20. Crawford, A.(1994) Geology and prospectivity of the Stavely greenstone belt, western Victoria, and an assessment of the significance of greenstones in CRAE drill holes in this area. In CRAE EL 3009, Mt Talbot, Victorian, Annual Report for Period Ending 12 September 1994. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Victoria: Expired Mineral Exploration Licence Reports File (unpubl.).
21. Crawford, A. and Keays, R. (1978) Cambrian greenstone belts in Victoria: Marginal sea-crust slices in the Lachlan Fold Belt of southeastern Australia Earth and Planetary Science Letters 41 pp. 197-208.
22. Davidson, G. and Stolz, A. and Eggins, S. (2001) Geochemical anatomy of silica iron exhalites: Evidence for hydrothermal oxyanion cycling in response to vent fluid redox and thermal evolution (Mt Windsor Subprovince, Australia) Economic Geology, 96, pp. 1201-1226.
23. Diamond, L. (1990) Fluid inclusion evidence for P-V-T-X evolution of hydrothermal solutions in Late Alpine gold-quartz veins at Brusson, Val D'Ayas, Northwest Italian Alps American Journal of Science, 290, pp. 912-958.
24. Drummond, S. and Ohmoto, H. (1985) Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal deposits Economic Geology, 80, pp. 126-147.
25. Dugdale, A. and Hagemann, S. (2001) The Bronzewing lode-gold deposit, Western Australia: P-T-X evidence for fluid immiscibility caused by cyclic decompression in gold-bearing quartz veins Chemical Geology, 173, pp. 59-90.
26. Dugdale, J. and Fredricksen, D. (2000) Exploration success at Stawell Discovery: Victoria's Earth Resources Journal, pp. 2-4. February 2000
27. 2gold-bearing fluids in metabasic rocks during greenschist-amphibolite facies metamorphism Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 73, pp. 72.
28. 39Ar results Ore Geology Reviews, 13, pp. 229-250.
29. Fredricksen, D. and Gane, M. (1998) The Stawell gold deposits Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph, 22, pp. 535-542.
30. Gane, M.J. Gold mineralisation within the basalt contact ore zones, Magdala mine, Stawell, Victoria. University of Melbourne, Melbourne. MSc thesis, 1998, (unpubl.)
31. Gao, Z. and Kwak, T. (1997) The geochemistry of wall rock alteration in turbidite-hosted gold vein deposits, central Victoria, Australia Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 59, pp. 259-274.
32. Huston, D. and Power, M. and Gemmell, J. and Large, R. (1995) Design, calibration and geological application of the first operational Australian laser ablation sulfur isotope microprobe Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, pp. 549-555.
33. Karig, D.(1990) Experimental and observational constraints on the mechanical behaviour in the toes of accretionary prisms. In Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. (pp. 383-398). Geological Society of London Special Publication 54
34. Lambert, I. and Phillips, G. and Groves, D.(1984) Sulphur isotope compositions and genesis of Archean gold mineralisation, Australia and Zimbabwe. In Proceedings of Gold '82: The Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits. (pp. 373-387). Geological Society of Zimbabwe Special Publication 1
35. Lhotka, P. and Nesbitt, B. (1987) Geology of unmineralised and gold-bearing iron formation, Contwoyto Lake-Point Lake region, Northwest Territories, Canada Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 46-64.
36. Li, X. and Kwak, T. and Brown, R. (1998) Wallrock alteration in the Bendigo gold ore field, Victoria, Australia: Uses in exploration Ore Geology Reviews, 13, pp. 381-406.
37. MacLean, W. and Barrett, T. (1993) Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile elements Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 48, pp. 109-133.
38. MacLean, W. and Kranidiotis, P. (1987) Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration: Phelps Dodge massive sulphide deposit, Matagami, Quebec Economic Geology, 82, pp. 951-962.
39. Mapani, B. Structural evolution and mineralisation at the Magdala Gold Mine, Stawell, western Victoria. University of Melbourne, Melbourne. BSc (Hons) thesis, 1995, (unpubl.)
40. Mapani, B. and Wilson, C. (1998) Evidence for externally derived vein forming and mineralising fluids: An example from the Magdala gold mine, Stawell, Victoria, Australia Ore Geology Reviews, 13, pp. 323-343.
41. McCuaig, T. and Kerrich, R. (1998) P-T-t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: Evidence from alteration systematics Ore Geology Reviews, 12, pp. 381-453.
42. Mikucki, E. and Ridley, J. (1993) The hydrothermal fluid of Archean lode-gold deposits at different metamorphic grades: Compositional constraints from ore and wallrock alteration assemblages Mineralium Deposita, 28, pp. 469-481.
43. Miller, J. and Phillips, D. and Wilson, C. and Dugdale, L. (2005) Evolution of a reworked orogenic zone: The boundary between the Delamerian and Lachlan Orogens, SE Australia Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, pp. 921-940.
44. Miller, J. and Wilson, C. (2002) The Magdala lode deposit, Stawell, south eastern Australia: Structural style and relationship to gold mineralisation across the western Lachlan fold belt Economic Geology, 97, pp. 325-349.
45. Miller, J. and Wilson, C. (2004a) Structural analysis of faults related to a heterogeneous stress history: Reconstruction of a dismembered gold deposit, Stawell, western Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia Journal of Structural Geology, 26, pp. 1231-1256.
46. Miller, J. and Wilson, C. (2004b) Stress controls on intrusion-related gold lodes: Wonga gold mine, Stawell, Western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia Economic Geology, 99, pp. 941-963.
47. Miller, J. and Wilson, C. and Dugdale, L. (2006) Stawell gold deposit: A key to unravelling the Cambrian to Early Devonian structural evolution of the western Victorian goldfields Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, pp. 677-695.
48. Mills, R. and Elderfield, H. (1995) Hydrothermal activity and the geochemistry of metalliferous sediment American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, 91, pp. 392-407.
49. Perkins, W. (1997) Mount Isa lead-zinc orebodies: Replacement lodes in a zoned syndeformational copper-lead-zinc deposit? Ore Geology Reviews, 12, pp. 61-110.
50. Phillips, G. and Hughes, M. (1996) The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian gold province Ore Geology Reviews, 11, pp. 255-302.
51. Phillips, G. and Miller, J. and Wilson, C. (2002) Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Moornambool Metamorphic Complex, western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 891-913.
52. Preston, R. and Stevens, G. (1998) Metamorphism and alteration of West Rand Group shales from distal portions of the Witwatersrand Basin; consequences for a basin-wide metamorphic model University of the Witwatersrand, Economic Geology Research Unit Information Circular, 325.
53. Robert, F. and Boullier, A. and Firdaous, K. (1995) Gold-quartz veins in metamorphic terranes and their bearing on the role of fluids in faulting Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, pp. 12861-12879.
54. Robinson, J. and Wilson, C. and Rawling, T. (2006) Numerical modelling of an evolving gold-lode system: Structural and lithological controls on ore-shoot formation in the Magdala gold mine, western Victoria Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, pp. 799-823.
55. Ruhlin, D. and Owen, R. (1986) The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the East Pacific rise: Examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, pp. 393-400.
56. Sibson, R. and Robert, F. and Poulsen, K. (1988) High-angle reverse faults, fluid pressure cycling and mesothermal gold-quartz deposits Geology, 16, pp. 551-555.
57. Spooner, E. and Fyfe, W. (1973) Sub sea-floor metamorphism, heat and mass transfer Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 42, pp. 287-304.
58. Squire, R. and Miller, J. (2003) Synchronous compression and extension in East Gondwana: Tectonic controls on world-class gold deposits at 440 Ma Geology, 31, pp. 1073-1076.
59. Squire, R. and Allen, C. and Campbell, I. and Macdonald, J. and Wilson, C. (2004) Provenance of Early Palaeozoic sandstones from western Victoria: Palaeotectonic and palaeogeographic implications Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 73, pp. 187.
60. Squire, R. and Wilson, C. (2005) Interaction between collisional orogenesis and convergent-margin processes: Evolution of the Cambrian proto-Pacific margin of East Gondwana Journal of the Geological Society of London, 162, pp. 749-761.
61. Squire, R. and Stewart, I. and Zang, W. (2006a) Acritarchs in polydeformed and highly altered Cambrian rocks in western Victoria Australian Journal of Earth Science, 53, pp. 697-705.
62. Squire, R. and Wilson, C. and Dugdale, L. and Jupp, B. and Kaufmann, A. (2006b) Cambrian backarc-basin basalt in western Victoria related to evolution of a continent-dipping subduction zone Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, pp. 707-719.
63. Stein, C. and Stein, S. and Pelayo, A.(1995) Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions. (pp. 425-445). American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 91
64. Stüwe, K. and Keays, R. and Andrew, A. (1988) Wall-rock alteration around gold quartz reefs at the Wattle Gully Mine, Ballarat Slate Belt, central Victoria Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, 23, pp. 478-480.
65. Watchorn, R. Deformation in the Stawell goldfield and its relationship to the gold mineralisation. University of Melbourne, Melbourne. MSc thesis, 1988, (unpubl.)
66. Watchorn, R. and Wilson, C. (1989) Structural setting of gold mineralisation at Stawell, Victoria, Australia Economic Geology Monograph, 6, pp. 292-309.
67. Webb, A. and Dickens, G. and Oliver, N. (2003) From banded iron-formation to iron ore: Geochemical and mineralogical constraints from across the Hamersley Province, Western Australia Chemical Geology, 197, pp. 215-251.
68. Wilkinson, J. and Johnston, J. (1996) Pressure fluctuations, phase separation, and gold precipitation during seismic fracture propagation Geology, 24, pp. 395-398.
69. Wyman, D. and Kerrich, R. and Fryer, B.(1986) Gold mineralisation overprinting iron formation at the Agnico-Eagle deposit, Quebec, Canada: Mineralogical, microstructural and geochemical evidence. In Gold '86 An International Symposium On The Geology Of Gold Deposits. (pp. 108-123). Toronto: Konsult International Inc.