Primary dysmenorrhea: Advances in pathogenesis and management

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 428-441

  Dawood, M Yusoff ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANALGESIC AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DICLOFENAC; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FLUFENAMIC ACID; FOENICULUM VULGARE EXTRACT; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HERBACEOUS AGENT; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; KETOPROFEN; LUMIRACOXIB; MEFENAMIC ACID; NAPROXEN; NIFEDIPINE; NIMESULIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PYROGLUTAMATE MAGNESIUM; ROFECOXIB; SUPROFEN; TOLFENAMIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALDECOXIB; VASOPRESSIN ANTAGONIST; VITAMIN B GROUP;

ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANALGESIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; BRONCHOSPASM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSMENORRHEA; EDEMA; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FEMALE; FLUID RETENTION; FLUSHING; GASTRODUODENAL ULCER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; INDIGESTION; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LIVER TOXICITY; MENARCHE; MUSCLE CRAMP; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEURECTOMY; PAIN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN RELEASE; PULSE RATE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION; UTERUS BLOOD FLOW; UTERUS CONTRACTILITY; VASOPRESSIN BLOOD LEVEL; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; VOMITING;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED; DECISION TREES; DYSMENORRHEA; FEMALE; HUMANS; IBUPROFEN; KETOPROFEN; NAPROXEN;

EID: 33748093930     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Ylikorkala O, Dawood MY. New concepts in dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;130:833-47.
2. Burnett MA, Antao V, Black A, Feldman K, Grenville A, Lea R, et al. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005;27:765-70.
3. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea. Infertil Reprod Med Clin N Am 1995;6:363-77.
4. Dawood MY. Hormones, prostaglandin and dysmenorrhea. In: Dawood MY, editor. Dysmenorrhea. Baltimore (MD): Williams and Wilkins; 1981. p. 20-52.
5. Golomb LM, Solidum AA, Warren MP. Primary dysmenorrhea and physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:906-9.
6. Pickles VR. A plain muscle stimulant in the menstruum. Nature 1957;180:1198-9.
7. Eglinton G, Rahael RA, Smith GN, Hall WJ, Pickles VR. Isolation and identification of two smooth muscle stimulants from menstrual fluid. Nature 1963;200:960.
8. Pickles VR, Hall WJ, Best FA, Smith GN. Prostaglandin in endometrium and menstrual fluid from normal and dysmenorrhoeic subjects. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1965;72:185-92.
9. Lundstrom V, Green K. Endogenous levels of prostaglandin F2a and its main metabolites in plasma and endometrium in normal and dysmenorrheic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;130:640-6.
10. Chan WY, Hill JC. Determination of menstrual prostaglandin levels in non-dysmenorrheic and dysmenorrheic subjects. Prostaglandins 1978;15:365-75.
11. Chan WY, Dawood MY, Fuchs F. Relief of dysmenorrhea with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor ibuprofen: effect on prostaglandin levels in menstrual fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:102-8.
12. Chan WY, Dawood MY. Prostaglandin levels in menstrual fluid of non-dysmenorrheic and of dysmenorrheic subjects with and without oral contraceptives or ibuprofen therapy. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res 1980;8:1443-7.
13. Chan WY, Dawood MY, Fuchs F. Prostaglandins in primary dysmenorrhea. Comparison of prophylactic and nonprophylactic treatment with ibuprofen and use of oral contraceptives. Am J Med 1981;70:535-41.
14. Chan WY, Fuchs F, Powell AM. Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins and primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:285-91.
15. Powell AM, Chan WY, Alvin P, Litt IF. Menstrual-PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and TXA2 in normal and dysmenorrheic women and their temporal relationship to dysmenorrhea. Prostaglandins 1985;29:273-90.
16. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations. Drugs 1981;22:42-56.
17. Chan WY. Prostaglandins and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in dysmenorrhea. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1983;23:131-49.
18. Dawood MY. Ibuprofen and dysmenorrhea. Am J Med 1984;77:87-94.
19. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med 1985;30:154-67.
20. Dawood MY. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1255-65.
21. Creatsas G, Deligeoroglou E, Zachari A, Loutradis D, Papadimitriou T, Miras K, et al. Prostaglandins: PGF2 alpha, PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 serum levels in dysmenorrheic adolescents before, during and after treatment with oral contraceptives. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990;36:292-8.
22. Wiqvist N, Lindblom B, Wilhelmsson L. The pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea. Res Clin Forums 1979;1:47-54.
23. Demers LM, Hahn DW, McGuire JL. Newer concepts in dysmenorrheal research: leukotrienes and calcium channel blockers. In: Dawood MY, McGuire JL, Demers LM, editors. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Baltimore (MD): Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1985. p. 205.
24. Carraher R, Hahn DW, Ritchie DM, McGuire JL. Involvement of lipoxygenase products in myometrial contractions. Prostaglandins 1983;26:23-32.
25. Rees MCP, DiMarzo V, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Turnbull AC. Leukotriene release by endometrium and myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. J Endocrinol 1987;113:291-5.
26. Bieglmayer C, Hofer G, Kainz C, Reinthaller A, Kopp B, Janisch H. Concentrations of various arachidonic acid metabolites in menstrual fluid are associated with menstrual pain and are influenced by hormonal contraceptives. Gynecol Endocrinol 1995;9:307-12.
27. Nigam S, Benedetto C, Zonca M, Leo-Rossberg I, Lubbert H, Hammerstein J. Increased concentrations of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor in menstrual blood from women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eicosanoids 1991;4:137-41.
28. Mitchell MD, Grzyboski CF. Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;28:303-12.
29. Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Forsling ML. Primary dysmenorrhea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86:484-7.
30. Valentin L, Sladkevicius P, Kindahl H, Broeders A, Marsal K, Melin P. Effects of a vasopressin antagonist in women with dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;50:170-7.
31. Akerlund M. Pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979;87 suppl:27-32.
32. Brouard R, Bossmar T, Fournie-Lloret D, Chassard D, Akerlund M. Effect of SR49059, an orally active V1a vasopressin receptor antagonist, in the prevention of dysmenorrhoea. BJOG 2000;107:614-9.
33. Ulmsten U, Anderssen KE. Mutichannel intrauterine pressure recording by means of microtransducers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979;58:115-20.
34. Andersson KE, Ulmsten U. Effects of nifedipine on myometrial activity and lower abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;85:142-8.
35. Lundstrom V, Green K, Wiqvist N. Prostaglandins, indomethacin and dysmenorrhea. Prostaglandins 1976;11:893-907.
36. Csapo AI, Pinto-Dantas CR. The cyclic activity of the nonpregnant human uterus: a new method for recording intrauterine pressure. Fertil Steril 1966;17:34-8.
37. Csapo AI, Pulkkinen MO, Henzl MR. The effect of naproxen sodium on the intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain of dysmenorrheic patients. Prostaglandins 1977;13:193-9.
38. Brotanek V, Kazda S, Roth L. A method for studying uterine blood flow in pregnant women. Physiol Bohemoslov 1962;11:358-63.
39. Brotanek V, Hendricks CH, Yoshida T. Changes in uterine blood flow during uterine contractions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;103:1108-16.
40. Akerlund M, Andersson KE, Ingemarsson I. Effects of terbutaline on myometrial activity, uterine blood flow, and lower abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976;83:673-8.
41. Ulmsten U. Uterine activity and blood flow in normal and dysmenorrheic women. In: Dawood MY, McGuire JL, Demers LM, editors. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Baltimore (MD): Urban and Schwarzenberg; 1985. p. 103-124.
42. Altunyurt S, Gol M, Altunyurt S, Sezer O, Demir N. Primary dysmenorrhea and uterine blood flow: a color Doppler study. J Reprod Med 2005;50:251-5.
43. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea. In: Max M, Portenoy R, Laska E, editors. The design of analgesic clinical trials. New York (NY): Raven Press; 1991. p. 429-43.
44. Marjoribanks J, Proctor ML, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for primary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003. Oxford: Update Software.
45. Milsom I, Minic M, Dawood MY, Akin MD, Spann J, Niland NF, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of nonprescription doses of naproxen and naproxen sodium with ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and placebo in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a pooled analysis of five studies. Clin Ther 2002;24:1384-400.
46. Akerlund M, Stromberg P. Comparison of ketoprofen and naproxen in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, with special regard to the time of onset of pain relief. Curr Med Res Opin 1989;11:485-90.
47. Dawood MY. Multi-center, randomized double-blind, crossover study comparing ketoprofen 12.5 mg and 25 mg, ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Miles Medical Research Report No. 1245, 1994.
48. Fulmer RI. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study comparing 12.5 mg and 25 mg, ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Miles Medical Report No. 1238, 1994.
49. Morrison BW, Daniels SE, Kotey P, Cantu N, Seidenberg B. Rofecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:504-8.
50. Daniels SE, Talwalker S, Torri S, Snabes MC, Recker DP, Verburg KM. Valdecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor, is effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:350-8.
51. Daniels SE, Torri S, Desjardins PJ. Valdecoxib for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, double-blind comparison with placebo and naproxen. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:62-7.
52. Bitner M, Kattenhorn J, Hatfield C, Gao J, Kellstein D. Efficacy and tolerability of lumiracoxib in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:340-5.
53. Allen C, Hopewell S, Prentice A. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2005. Oxford: Update Software.
54. Kauppila A, Ronnberg L. Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea secondary to endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:379-83.
55. Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. Prostaglandins and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1983;113:105-7.
56. Proctor ML, Roberts H, Farquhar CM. Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
57. Ekstrom P, Akerlund M, Forsling M, Kindahl H, Laudanski T, Mrugacz G. Stimulation of vasopressin release in women with primary dysmenorrhea and after oral contraceptive treatment: effect on uterine contractility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:680-4.
58. Milsom I, Sundell G, Andersch B. The influence of different combined oral contraceptives on the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea. Contraception 1990;42:497-506.
59. Davis AR, Westhoff C, O'Connell K, Gallagher N. Oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:97-104.
60. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, Nichols MD, Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005. Oxford: Update Software.
61. Morgan PJ, Kung R, Tarshis J. Nitroglycerin as a uterine relaxant: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002;24:403-9.
62. Transdermal nitroglycerine in the management of pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea: a multinational pilot study. The Transdermal Nitroglycerine/Dysmenorrhoea Study Group. J Int Med Res 1997;25:41-4.
63. Moya RA, Moisa CF, Morales F, Wynter H, Ali A, Narancio E. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;69:113-8.
64. Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Piccinini F, Volpe A. A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: an open, randomized, cross-over trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16:39-43.
65. Wilson ML, Murphy PA. Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
66. Benassi L, Barletta FP, Baroncini L, Bertani D, Filippini F, Beski L, et al. Effectiveness of magnesium pidolate in the prophylactic treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1992;19:176-9.
67. Seifert B, Wagler P, Dartsch S, Schmidt U, Nieder J. Magnesium-a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea. Zentralbl Gynakol 1989;111:755-60.
68. Sandahl B, Ulmsten U, Andersson KE. Trial of the calcium antagonist nifedipine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Arch Gynecol 1979;227:147-51.
69. Andersson KE, Ulmsten U. Effects of nifedipine on myometrial activity and lower abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978;85:142-8.
70. Ulmsten U. Calcium blockade as a rapid pharmacological test to evaluate primary dysmenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1985;20:78-83.
71. Butler EB, McKnight E. Vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Lancet 1955;268:844-7.
72. Ziaei S, Faghihzadeh S, Sohrabvand F, Lamyian M, Emamgholy T. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin E in treatment of primary dysmenorrheal. BJOG 2001;108:1181-3.
73. Ziaei S, Zakeri M, Kazemnejad A. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG 2005;112:466-9.
74. Wu D, Liu L, Meydani M, Meydani SN. Vitamin E increases production of vasodilator prostanoids in human aortic endothelial cells through opposing effects on cyclooxygenase-2 and phospholipase A2. J Nutr 2005;135:1847-53.
75. Beharka AA, Wu D, Serafini M, Meydani SN. Mechanism of vitamin E inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages from old mice: role of peroxynitrite. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:503-11.
76. Sakamoto W, Fujie K, Nishihira J, Mino M, Morita I, Minota S. Inhibition of PGE2 production in macrophages from vitamin E-treated rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991;44:89-92.
77. Pentland AP, Morrison AR, Jacobs SC, Hruza LL, Herbert JS, Packer L. Tocopherol analogs suppress arachidonic acid metabolism via phospholipase inhibition. J Biol Chem 1992;267:15578-84.
78. Ali M, Gudbranson CG, McDonald JW. Inhibition of human platelet cyclooxygenase by alpha-tocopherol. Prostaglandins Med 1980;4:79-85.
79. Tseng YF, Chen CH, Yang YH. Rose tea for relief of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005;50:e51-7.
80. Namavar JB, Tartifizadeh A, Khabnadideh S. Comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003;80:153-7.
81. Sampalis F, Bunea R, Pelland MF, Kowalski O, Duguet N, Dupuis S. Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. Altern Med Rev 2003;8:171-9.
82. Proctor ML, Smith CA, Farquhar CM, Stones RW. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002. Oxford: Update Software.
83. Dawood MY, Ramos J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized crossover comparison with placebo TENS and ibuprofen. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:656-60.
84. Lewers D, Clelland JA, Jackson JR, Varner RE, Bergman J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the relief of primary dysmenorrhea. Phys Ther 1989;69:3-9.
85. Lundeberg T, Bondesson L, Lundstrom V. Relief of primary dysmenorrhea by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985;64:491-7.
86. Mannheimer JS, Whalen EC. The efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dysmenorrhea. Clin J Pain 1985;1:75-83
87. Milsom I, Hedner N, Mannheimer C. A comparative study of the effect of high-intensity transcutaneous nerve stimulation and oral naproxen on intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:123-9.
88. Neighbours LE, Clelland J, Jackson JR, Bergman J, Orr J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea. Clin J Pain 1987;3:17-22.
89. Santiesteban AJ, Burnham TL, George KL, Kita PJ, Mehring EA. Primary spasmodic dysmenorrhea: the use of TENS on acupuncture points. Am J Acupunct 1985;13:35-42.
90. Walker JB, Katz RL. Peripheral nerve stimulation in the management of dysmenorrhea. Pain 1981;11:355-61.
91. Golding JF, Ashton H, Marsh R, Thompson JW. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation produces variable changes in somatosensory evoked potentials, sensory perception and pain threshold: clinical implications for pain relief. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:1397-406.
92. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965;150:971-9.
93. Helms JM. Acupuncture for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:51-6.
94. Habek D, Cerkez Habek J, Bobic-Vukovic M, Vujic B. Efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 2003;43:250-3.
95. Wang L, Cardini F, Zhao W, Regalia AL, Wade C, Forcella E, et al. Vitamin K acupuncture pint injection for severe primary dysmenorrhea: an international pilot study. MedGenMed 2004;6:45.
96. Pouresmail Z, Ibrahimzadeh R. Effects of acupressure and ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. J Tradit Chin Med 2002;22:205-10.
97. Chen HM, Chen CH. Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhoea. J Adv Nurs 2004;48:380-7.
98. Akin M, Price W, Rodriguez G Erasala G, Hurley G, Smith RP. Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med 2004;49:739-45.
99. Eccles NK. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of a static magnet to relieve dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:681-7.
100. Proctor M, Latthe P, Farquhar C, Khan K, Johnson N, Proctor M. Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2005. Oxford: Update Software.
101. Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA. Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software.
102. Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA. Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Oxford: Update Software.