Bimodal virological response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: An application using a mixture model with left censoring

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

Volumn 60, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 811-818

  Li, Xiuhong ^a   Chu, Haitao ^a   Gallant, Joel E ^b   Hoover, Donald R ^c   Mack, Wendy J ^d   Chmiel, Joan S ^e   Muñoz, Alvaro ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; VIRUS RNA;

DISEASE TREATMENT; HEALTH CARE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; RNA;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOSITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RNA, VIRAL; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 33748088512     PISSN: 0143005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.044644     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:734-9.
2. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998;338:853-60.
3. Detels R, Muñoz A, McFarlane G, et al. Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Investigators. JAMA 1998;280:1497-503.
4. Detels R, Tarwater P, Phair JP, et al. Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapies on the incidence of opportunistic infections before and after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS 2001;15:347-55.
5. Yamashita TE, Phair JP, Muñoz A, et al. Immunologic and virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. AIDS 2001;15:735-46.
6. Tarwater PM, Margolick JB, Jin J, et al. Increase and plateau of CD4 T-cell counts in the 3(1/2) years after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Detic Syndr 2001;27:168-75.
7. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Opravil M, et al. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV cohort study. Lancet 1999;353:863-8.
8. Abgrall S, Duval X, Joly V, et al. Clinical and immunologic outcome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, according to virologic efficacy in the year after virus undetectability, during antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1517-26.
9. Anastos K, Barron Y, Cohen MH, et al. The prognostic importance of changes in CD4+ cell count and HIV-1 RNA level in women after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:256-64.
10. Tarwater PM, Gallant JE, Mellors JW, et al. Prognostic value of plasma HIV RNA among highly active antiretroviral therapy users. AIDS 2004;18:2419-23.
11. Um TO, Bakri R, Morad Z, et al. Bimodality in blood glucose distribution: is it universal? Diabetes Care 2002;25:2212-17.
12. Dudley J, Jin S, Hoover D, et al. The multicenter AIDS cohort study: retention after 9 1/2 years. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:323-30.
13. Kaslow RA, Ostrow DG, Detels R, et al. The multicenter AIDS cohort study: rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:310-18.
14. Barkan SE, Melnick SL, Preston-Martin S, et al. The women's interagency HIV study. WIHS Collaborative Study Group. Epidemiology 1998;9:117-25.
15. Yen-Lieberman B, Brambilla D, Jackson B, et al. Evaluation of a quality assurance program for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group virology laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2695-701.
16. Nowicki MJ, Benning L, Bremer JW, et al. Longitudinal variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load measurements by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and NucliSens assays in a large multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3760-3.
17. National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents, http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ guidelines/
18. McLachlan GJ, Peel D. Finite mixture models. New York: Wiley, 2000.
19. McLachlan GJ. On bootstrapping the likelihood ratio test statistics for the number of components in a normal mixture. Applied Statistics 1987;36:318-24.
20. Chu H, Moulton LH, Mack WJ, et al. Correlating two continuous variables subject to detection limits in the context of mixture distributions. Applied Statistics 2005;54:831-45.
21. Silverberg MJ, Smith MW, Chmiel JS, et al. Fraction of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevented by the interactions of identified restriction gene variants. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:232-41.
22. Piketty C, Castiel P, Belec L, et al. Discrepant responses to triple combination antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV disease. AIDS 1998;12:745-50.
23. Deeks SG, Barbour JD, Martin JN, et al. Sustained CD4+ T cell response after virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2000;181:946-53.
24. d'Arminio Monforte A, Testa L, Adorni F, et al. Clinical outcome and predictive factors of failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy in antiretroviral-experienced patients in advanced stages of HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1998;12:1631-7.
25. Wit FW, van Leeuwen R, Weverling GJ, et al. Outcome and predictors of failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy: one-year follow-up of a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons. J Infect Dis 1999;179:790-8.
26. Paredes R, Mocroft A, Kirk O, et al. Predictors of virological success and ensuing failure in HIV-positive patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1123-32.
27. Grabar S, Pradier C, Le Corfec E, et al. Factors associated with clinical and virological failure in patients receiving a triple therapy including a protease inhibitor. AIDS 2000;14:141-9.
28. Dionisio D, Vivarelli A, Zazzi M, et al. Extent of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance as a predictor of virological failure after genotype-guided treatment switch. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:706-9.
29. Masuhr A, Mueller M, Simon V, et al. Predictors of treatment failure during highly active antiretroviral therapy (racing trial). Eur J Med Res 2002;7:341-6.