Women's access to health care: The legal framework

International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Volumn 94, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 216-225

  Cook, R J ^a   Ngwena, C G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Evidence based access; fairness; Human rights; Transparency; Women's health

Indexed keywords

LEVONORGESTREL; POSTCOITUS CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FERTILIZATION; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; IDEOLOGY; LAW; LAW SUIT; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MEDICINE; MORALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; SEXUAL HEALTH; SOCIOLOGY; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EID: 33748084013     PISSN: 00207292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.009     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. General Assembly, United Nations Millennium Declaration 18 September 2000, A/RES/55/2. http://www.unmillenniumproject.org, accessed Dec 27, 2005.
2. Women of the world: laws and policies affecting their reproductive lives - East and Southeast Asia, New York: Center for Reproductive Rights; 2005. http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_bo_wowsa.html, accessed Dec. 19, 2005.
3. CESCR General Comment 14, UN ESCOR, 2000, Doc. No E/C. 12/2000/4, para 12.
4. Cook R.J. Exploring fairness in health care reform. J Jurid Sci 29 (2005) 1-27
5. Syrett K. Revisiting the judicial role in the allocation of healthcare resources-on deference, democracy, dialogue and deliberation. Juridical Science 30 (2005) 1-29
6. Ngwena C. Access to antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV as a socio-economic right. SA Public Law 18 (2003) 83-102
7. Krzyzanowska-Mierzewska M. The European convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in matters of reproductive law: the case law of the European court of human rights (2004), ASTRA, Warsaw. http://www.astra.org.pl/astra_guide.htm http://www.astra.org.pl/astra_guide.htm, accessed: Dec, 20, 2005
8. Ngwena C., and Cook R. Rights concerning health. In: Brand D., and Heyns C. (Eds). Socio-economic rights in South Africa (2005), Pretoria University Law Press, Pretoria 107-152
9. Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity and Others v State of West Bengal and Another (1996) AIR SC 2426.
10. Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign 2002 (10) BCLR 1033 (Constitutional Court of South Africa).
11. Governments worldwide put emergency contraception into women's hands: a global review of law and policies. New York: Center for Reproductive Rights. http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/pub_bp_govtswwec.pdf, accessed Dec 20, 2005.
12. Erdman J.N., and Cook R.J. Protecting fairness in women's health: the case of emergency contraception. In: Flood C. (Ed). Just Medicare: what's in, what's out, how we decide (2006), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 137-166
13. Berger J. Resexualising the epidemic: desire, risk and HIV prevention. Dev Update 5 3 (2004). http://www.alp.org.za/modules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%20and%20name%3DNews%20and%20file%3Darticle%20and%20sid%3D236 (From disaster to development? HIV and AIDS in Southern Africa): 45-67 http://www.alp.org.za/modules.php?op=modload and name=News and file=article and sid=236, accessed Dec 20, 2005
14. Wood A.J.J., Drazen J.M., and Greene M.F.l. A sad day for science at the FDA. New Eng J Med 353 12 (2005) 1197-1199
15. Tummino v. von Eschenbach, 2005, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/crt_012105_fdacomplaint.pdf, accessed Dec. 20, 2005.
16. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation, World Health Organisation. "Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception." Lancet 1998; 352:9126, 428-433 at 431.
17. Grimes D. Switching emergency contraception to over-the-counter status. New Engl. J Med. 2002; 347: 846-849 at 846.
18. Secretaria de Salud, Resolución por la que se modifica la Norma Oficial Mexicana en NOM-005-SSA2 1993 de los Servicios de Planificación Familiar, [Modification to the Mexican Official Norm NOM-005-SSA2 1993 regarding family planning services] Section 5.3.1.1 available at http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/rm005ssa293.html, accessed: Dec. 20, 2005.
19. Regulations amending the food and drug regulations (1272 - Levonorgestrel), SOR/2005-105 April 19, 2005. Vol 139, online: http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partII/2005/20050504/html/sor105-e.html#REFa, accessed: Dec. 19, 2005.
20. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146 [High Court, Administrative, England].
21. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, paras 17 and 18.
22. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, paras 124-148.
23. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, para 95.
24. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, para 48.
25. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, para 46.
26. Smeaton v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, paras 278-288.
27. Portal de Belen - Asociación sin Fines de Lucro c/Ministerio de Salud y Accion Social de la Nacion s/amparo, 5 Mar. 2002, Recurso de Amparo, p. 709. XXXVI [Supreme Court of Argentina].
28. Melzi F. The Supreme Court of Argentina: ruling against women's equality. Journal of Law and Equality in press; 4(2).
29. Smeaton v Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 Family Law Reports 146, paras 209-225.
30. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The care of women requesting induced abortion, evidence-based guideline vol. 7 (2004), RCOG, London
31. World Health Organization. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (2003), World Health Organization, Geneva
32. Brazil, Ministry of Health. Prevention and treatment of harms resulting from sexual violence against women and adolescent girls (1999), Ministry of Health, Brazilia
33. Asesoramiento para una maternidad segura. Medidas de protección frente al aborto provocado en condiciones de riesgo [Counselling for a safe motherhood. Preventive measures to avoid unsafe abortion,], Iniciativas Sanitarias Contra el Aborto Provocado en Condiciones de Riesgo, Normativa de Atención Sanitaria y Guías de Práctica Clínica de la Ordenanza 369/04 M. S. P. Ministerio de Salud Pública de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Agosto 2004.
34. Karen Noelia Llantory Huamán v. Peru (2005) Comm. No. 1153/2003, UN Doc. CCPR/C/85/D/1153/2003 [Human Rights Committee].
35. R v. Bourne [1939] 1 K.B. 687 [Central Criminal Court, London, England].
36. Family Planning Association of Northern Ireland v Minister for Health Social Services and Public Safety, [2005] Northern Ireland Law Reports 188 (Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland).
37. http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/women_en.html, accessed Dec. 20, 2005.
38. Ngwena C. Access to legal abortion: developments in Africa from a reproductive and sexual health rights perspective. SA Public Law 19 (2004) 328-350
39. R (on the application of Pfizer Ltd) v Secretary of State for Health [2002] EWCA Civ 1566, 70 BMLR 219, (Court of Appeal, England).
40. "Diario Oficial" p.74, available at: www.gobernacion.gob.mx.dof/2005/julio/dof_11-07-2005.pdf, accessed: Dec. 20, 2005.
41. Azanca Alheli Meza Garcia v Ministry of Health, (Tribunal Constitutional) Accion de Amparo, Exp. N. 2945-2003-AA/TC April 20th 2004, Lima, Peru [Constitutional Court of Peru].
42. R v. Morgentaler (1988) 44 DLR (4th) 385 [Supreme Court of Canada].
43. Doe et al v. The Government of Manitoba, 2004 MBQB 285 [Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba].
44. CEDAW, General Recommendation 24, Women and Health (Article, 12), CEDAW/C/1999/I/W.G.II/WP.2/Rev.1, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#recom24, accessed: Dec. 20, 2005.
45. Dunn S., and Guilbert E. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) Clinical Practice Guidelines: emergency contraception. J Obstet Gynecol Can 131 (2003) 1-7
46. Kathleen Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Marina Hospital (1989) 208 Cal. App 3d 405 (Court of Appeal of California).
47. FIGO Professional and Ethical Responsibilities Concerning Sexual and Reproductive Rights. http://www.figo.org/default.asp?id=6137, accessed Dec. 19, 2005.
48. Cook RJ, Dickens BM, Fathalla MF. Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, 115-116, 177-178.
49. Boso v. Italy (2002) App. No. 50490/99 Eur. Comm'n H.R.
50. Engelbrecht MC, Ngwena CG, van Rensburg HCJ. Accessing Termination of Pregnancy by Minors in the Free State: Identifying Barriers and Possible Interventions. Bloemfontein: Centre for Health Systems Research, University of the Free State, Ipas/South Africa. 2005: 17-18.
51. Christian Lawyers' Association v. National Minister of Health and Others 2004 (1) SA 509 (South African High Court), summarized in K. Isaacs, Legal Grounds: Reproductive and Sexual Rights in African Commonwealth Courts. New York and Toronto: Center for Reproductive Rights, University of Toronto. 2005, 47-48, http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_bo_legalgrounds.html, accessed Dec. 19, 2005.
52. C v. Wren (1986), 35 Dominion Law Reports (4th) 419 [Court of Appeal of Alberta].
53. Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 [House of Lords, England].
54. Carey v. Population Services 431 U.S. 678 (1977) [US Supreme Court].
55. Naylor N., and O'Sullivan M. Conscientious objection and the implementation of the choice on termination of pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 in South Africa (2005), Women's Legal Centre and Ipas/South Africa, Cape Town
56. Dickens B.M., and Cook R.J. The scope and limits of conscientious objection. Int J Gynecol Obstet 71 (2000) 71-77
57. Article 16, sections bis 6 and 7 of the General Health Law of the Federal District: Ley de Salud para el Distrito Federal. .
58. Pichon and Sajous v. France (2001) App. No. 49853/99, Eur. Court of Human Rights.
59. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women"s Health, Ethical Guidelines and Conscientious Objection. Int J Gynecol Obstet 92 (2006) 333-334
60. Decisions denied: women's access to contraceptives and abortion in Argentina (2005), Human Rights Watch, New York. http://hrw.org/reports/2005/argentina0605/ http://hrw.org/reports/2005/argentina0605/, accessed Dec. 20, 2005
61. Claiming our rights: surviving pregnancy and childbirth in Mali (2003), Center for Reproductive Rights, New York. http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_bo_mali.html http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_bo_mali.html, accessed Dec. 20, 2005
62. Freedman L.P. Human rights, constructive accountability and maternal mortality in the Dominican Republic: a commentary. Int J Gynecol Obstet 82 (2003) 111-114
63. UN special rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (Paul Hunt), UN Commission on Human Rights, A/60/348, 12 Sept 05.