Crime, Italian style

Daedalus

Volumn 130, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 157-185

  Paoli, Letizia ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW   (Germany)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33748019394     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Home Office, Criminal Statistics, England and Wales 1997 (London: Home Office, 1998), 210-222.
2. Criminal Statistics, England and Wales 1997 Ibid., 221.
3. Much more so than mafia and corruption, both left- and right-wing terrorism made headlines in the 1970s and early 1980s and were long regarded as a serious threat to the stability of the whole country. Nonetheless, this topic is not analyzed here. Terrorism, and in particular left-wing terrorism, on which both public opinion and state institutions largely focused their attention from the mid-1970s onwards, is not peculiarly Italian, nor did it manifest itself in Italy in ways different from other Western European countries. See Donatella Della Porta, Il terrorismo di sinistra (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990);
4. Donatella Della Porta, ed., Terrorismi in Italia (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1984);
5. Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). It might be argued that a peculiarity of Italian right-wing terrorism is the extensive support it received from Italian and foreign secret services and segments of the army. Although ongoing investigations are showing promising results, these allegations cannot yet be judicially proved, and the circumstantial evidence that has been gathered so far is too fragmented and complicated to be presented here. Furthermore, in the Cold War era Italy was by no means the only country where Western European and U.S. secret services concluded shady deals and supported terrorist or counter-revolutionary groups. Indeed, the CIA's involvement was much deeper and further-reaching in countries such as Chile, Nicaragua, and Burma than it has ever been suspected to be in Italy. Finally, unlike the three phenomena discussed here, the reasons for the collusion between Italian right-wing groups and the secret services hardly lie in the long-term evolution of Italy's state and society (though the subversive strategy funded by the secret services was at least partially prompted by the electoral strength of the Italian Communist Party), but are primarily to be found in the logic of the Cold War.
6. Until the early 1980s, the predominant view among social scientists was to conceive of the mafia as a cultural attitude and a form of power, denying it a corporate dimension. See Henner Hess, Mafia and Mafiosi: The Structure of Power (Westmead: Saxon House, [1970] 1973);
7. Anton Blok, The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, 1860-1960: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs (New York and Oxford: Polity Press, [1974] 1988);
8. Pino Arlacchi, Mafia Business: The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1983] 1988).
9. As the historian Paolo Pezzino puts it, "if it is true that these sources have to be examined with great prudence, it is also true that the statements on the existence of well structured associations are so many, finding confirmation in several judicial proceedings, that it would be difficult to deny their reliability." See Paolo Pezzino, "Stato violenza società: Nascita e sviluppo del paradigma mafioso," in Maurice Aymard and Giuseppe Giarrizzo, eds., La Sicilia (Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1987), 905-984.
10. For a similar opinion, see also Salvatore Lupo, "Il tenebroso sodalizio': Un rapporto sulla mafia palermitana di fine Ottocento," Studi storici 29 (2) (1988): 463-489.
11. Letizia Paoli, Fratelli di mafia: Cosa Nostra e 'Ndrangheta (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000), 19-76.
12. M. G. Smith, Corporations and Society (London: Duckworth, 1974), 98.
13. Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: The Free Press, [1893, 1902, 1933] 1964), 176-177.
14. Donald Cressey, Theft of the Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).
15. Max Weber, Economy and Society, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, [1922] 1978), 672.
16. Max Weber, Economy and Society, [1922] 1978, 672. Ibid.
17. Marshall D. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (Chicago: Aldine Atherton, 1972), 193-200.
18. F. Lestingi, "L'associazione della Fratellanza nella provincia di Girgenti," Archivio di Psichiatria, Antropologia Criminale e Scienze Penali v (1884): 452-463.
19. Weber, Economy and Society, 672.
20. Letizia Paoli, "The Paradoxes of Organized Crime," Crime, Law and Social Change (forthcoming, 2001).
21. Leopoldo Franchetti, Condizioni politiche e amministrative della Sicilia (Rome: Donzelli, [1877] 1993), 100.
22. For a good reconstruction of these events, see Alexander Stille, Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995).
23. Ralph Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia: The FBI Assault on the Pizza Connection (New York: Times Books, 1988).
24. Ada Becchi and Margherita Turvani, Proibito? Il mercato mondiale della droga (Roma: Donzelli, 1993), 156; italics in the original.
25. Paoli, Fratelli di mafia, 290-294,
26. "The Future of Sicilian and Calabrian Organized Crime," in Stanley Einstein and Menachem Amir, eds., Organized Crime: Uncertainties and Dilemmas (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 155-186.
27. Roberto Scarpinato, "Mafia e politica," in Mafia: Anatomia di un regime (Rome: Librerie Associate, 1992), 94.
28. Paoli, Fratelli di mafia, 225-242.
29. See Transparency International, "The 1999 Corruption Perceptions Index" and the related "Framework Document" at .
30. Luca Ricolfi, L'ultimo Parlamento: Sulla fine della Prima Repubblica (Rome: NIS, 1994).
31. For a good reconstruction of the main corruption scandals, see Sergio Turone, Politica ladra: Storia della corruzione in Italia, 1861-1992 (Bari-Roma: Laterza, 1992);
32. Alessandro Silj, Malpaese: Criminalità, corruzione e politica nell'Italia della prima Repubblica 1943-1994 (Rome: Donzelli, 1994).
33. Vilfredo Pareto, Trattato di sociologia generale (Firenze: Giunti-Barbera, 1916), 631.
34. See Luigi Graziano, Clientelismo e sistema politico: Il caso dell'Italia (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1980).
35. Sidney Tarrow, Peasant Communism in Southern Italy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1967).
36. See also Pietro Fantozzi, Politica clientela e regolazione sociale: Il Mezzogiorno nella questione politica italiana (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 1993).
37. Mauro Magatri, Corruzione politica e società italiana (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996), 31-36.
38. The text here relies on the typology of corruption cases developed by Susan Rose-Ackerman. See Rose-Ackerman, Corruption: A Study in Political Economy (New York: Academic Press, 1978), 60-62.
39. For a lively catalog of bribe exchanges, see Franco Cazzola, L'Italia del pizzo: Fenomenologia della tangente quotidiana (Turin: Einaudi, 1992).
40. Corriere della Sera, 10 February 1996, 13,
41. Corriere della Sera, 29 September 1996, 6.
42. Carlo Guarnieri, "Magistratura e politica: il caso italiano," Rivista di scienza della politica 21 (1991): 3-32;
43. Giuseppe Di Lello, Giudici: Cinquantanni di processi di mafia (Palermo: Sellerio, 1994).
44. See, for example, the autobiographical account of a magistrate who coordinated many of these pioneering investigations and has been a member of the "Clean Hands" pool since 1992: Gherardo Colombo, Il vizio della memoria (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1997).
45. See M. Calabrò, "Il porto delle nebbie," Micromega 5 (1995): 89-97.
46. Magatti, Corruzione politica e società italiana, 53-57.
47. Tribunale di Milano, V Sezione Penale, La maxitangente Enimont (Milan: Kaos, 1997).
48. Bettino Craxi, "Il Caso C.," Critica Sociale, 2, supplement.
49. Corriere della Sera, 15 April 1995, 1,
50. Corriere della Sera, 8 November 1995, 15.
51. Alejandro Portes, Manuel Castells, and Lauren A. Benton, "Conclusions: The Policy Implications of Informality," in Portes, Castells, and Benton, eds., The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, [1989] 1991), 298-311.
52. Office Européen de Recherches de Formation et de Conseil en Relations Sociales (ORSEU), Measurement of the Shadow Economy: Study of Five European Countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy) by Jean Luc Bizeur, supervised by Jean-Pierre Yonnet (Brussels: ORSEU, 1995);
53. Deloitte and Touche, The Black Economy and Tax and Social Charges, commissioned by the Task Force "Statutory Contributions and Charges," D.G. XXI, Brussels, European Commission, 1997;
54. Friedrich Schneider, Further Empirical Results of the Size of the Shadow Economy in 17 OECD Countries Over Time (Linz: Department of Economics, 1997).
55. See also Luca Meldolesi, "L'economia sommersa nel Mezzogiorno," Stato e Mercato 53 (1998): 319-334.
56. A labor unit corresponds to a full-time position, whether or not it is carried out by more than one person. As already mentioned, many irregular positions are part-time or second jobs. In order to have a homogenous unity of measure, the ISTAT transforms the latter into labor units, each of which corresponds to the full-time commitment of a regular employee: two part-time jobs are, thus, counted as one. See ISTAT, Rapporto animale: La situazione nel Paese nel 1998 (Rome: ISTAT, 1999), 146-149.
57. Meldolesi, "L'economia sommersa nel Mezzogiorno," 330.
58. Enzo Mingione, "The History and Recent Sources of Irregular Forms of Employment," and, with a contribution from R. Pahl, "Old and New Forms of Travail au Noir," in Philippe Barthelemy et al., eds., Underground Economy and Irregular Forms of Employment: Final Synthesis Report (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1990), 1-12 and 13-20;
59. Emilio Reyneri, Occupati e disoccupati in Italia (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1997).
60. Ministero del Lavori Pubblici, "Dati sull'Abusivismo Edilizio," at .
61. Legambiente, Rapporto Ecomafia 1999 (Rome: Legambiente, 1999)
62. Rapporto Ecomafia 2001 (Rome: Legambiente, 2001). A synthesis of the latter report is available at .
63. Meldolesi, "L'economia sommersa nel Mezzogiorno," 328-329.
64. Corriere della Sera, 10 April 1997, 1 and 13, and 5 May 1999.
65. Pino Arlacchi, Schiavi: Il nuovo traffico degli esseri umani (Milan: Rizzoli, 1999), 100-115.
66. Isaia Sales, La camorra, le camorre (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1993);
67. Paola Monzini, Gruppi criminali a Napoli e a Marsiglia: La delinquenza organizzata nella storia di due città (1820-1990) (Catanzaro: Meridiana Libri, 1999).
68. Daniel Bell, "Crime as an American Way of Life," in Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, [1953] 1988), 127-150.
69. It is enough to say that one of Italy's major cocaine importers in the 1990s was a former bank manager from Naples, Pasquale Centore, who organized several 400-700-kilogram cocaine shipments. Though members of Southern Italian mafia groups were among his customers, Centore operated independently and indeed was long protected by his own apparent respectability. See Letizia Paoli, Pilot Project to Describe and Analyze Local Drug Markets - First Phase Final Report: Illegal Drug Markets in Frankfurt and Milan (Lisbon: EMCDDA, 2000) at .
70. More generally, see also Tom Naylor, "Loose Cannons: Cover Commerce and Underground Finance in the Modern Arms Black Market," Crime, Law and Social Change 22 (1995): 1-57,
71. "The Underworld of Gold," Crime, Law and Social Change 25 (1996): 191-241.
72. Ministero dell'Interno, Rapporto annuale sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata (Anno 1993) (Rome: Camera dei Deputati, 1994), doc. XXXVIII-bis, n. 1: 473-474.
73. Guido Rey, "Analisi economica ed evidenza empirica dell'attività illegale in Italia," paper presented to Convegno della Società Italiana degli Economisti, Rome, 20 December 1992.
74. Guido Rey, "Analisi economica ed evidenza empirica dell'attività illegale in Italia," Convegno della Società Italiana degli Economisti, 1992. Ibid.;
75. Ada Becchi and Guido Rey, L'economia criminale (Rome: Laterza, 1994), 25.
76. European Commission, Eurobarometer: Public Opinion in the European Union, Report Number 52, Brussels, April 2000, 12-13, at .
77. Charles Tilly, "Foreword," in Blok, The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, xxi.
78. Hess, Mafia and Mafiosi, 25.
79. Commissione Parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e sulle altre associazioni similari, Relazione sui rapporti tra mafia e politica, doc. XXIII, n. 2, XI legislatura (Rome: Camera dei Deputati, 1993).
80. Arnaldo Bagnasco, La costruzione sociale del mercato (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1988), 31-64.
81. Carlo Trigilia, "Capitale sociale e sviluppo locale," Stato e mercato 59 (1999): 419-419.
82. Michael Eve, "Comparing Italy: The Case of Corruption," in David Forgacs and Robert Lumley, eds., Italian Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 34-51.
83. Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento della Funzione Pubblica, Rapporto sulle condizioni delle pubbliche amministrazioni, Rome, 1993, 13.
84. The reform plan is well described at . This web site also includes reports and presentations made by Minister Franco Bassanini in various international conferences (some of the presentations are in English).
85. Jeremy Boissevain, Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974).
86. Alessandro Pizzorno, "La corruzione nel sistema politico," introduction to Donatella Della Porta, Lo scambio occulto: Casi di corruzione politica in Italia (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1992), 55; italics in the original.
87. Magatti, Corruzione politica e società italiana, 57-59.
88. Umberto Santino, Storia del movimento antimafia: Dalla lotta di classe all'impegno civile (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 2000).
89. Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider, "Mafia, Antimafia and the Question of Sicilian Culture," Politics and Society 22 (2) (1994): 237-258.
90. Tano Grasso, Contro il racket: Come opporsi al ricatto mafioso (Bari-Roma: Laterza, 1992).
91. Procura della Repubblica di Palermo, Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Memoria depositata dal pubblico ministero nel procedimento penale n. 3538/94, instaurato nei confronti di Andreotti Giulio (1995).
92. See also Pino Arlacchi, Il processo: Giulio Andreotti sotto accusa a Palermo (Milan: Rizzoli, 1995).
93. G. Colombo, "La via maestra della prescrizione," Micromega 1 (2000): 125-127.
94. Svimez, Associazione per lo sviluppo dell'industria nel Mezzogiorno, Rapporto 1995 sull'economia del Mezzogiorno (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1995),
95. Rapporto 1998 sull'economia del Mezzogiorno (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1998).
96. Rapporto 1998 sull'economia del Mezzogiorno 1998).Ibid.;
97. Piercamillo Davigo, "Il processo di Azzeccagarbugli," and Mario Almerighi, "Garantismo all'italiana," Micromega 1 (2000): 117-124 and 152-169.
98. Paul Ginsborg, "Explaining Italy's Crisis," in Gundle and Parker, eds., The New Italian Republic, 19-39.
99. The Economist (24 June 2000): 38;
100. L'Espresso (29 June 2000): 40-45.