Party-army relations in China: Retrospect and prospect

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 146, 1996, Pages 299-314

  Joffe, Ellis ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33747892397     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000045045     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. For a discussion of Party-army relations see Richard J. Latham, "China's Party-army relations after June 1989: a case for Miles' Law?" in Richard H. Yang (ed.), China's Military: The PLA in 1990/1991 (SCPS Yearbook, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, distributed by Westview Press), pp. 104-110.
2. David Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state in China: the political work system in the PLA," The China Quarterly, No. 127 (September 1991), pp. 527-568.
3. For an analysis based on the notion of symbiosis but which ends up leaning towards the notion of military praetorianism see Eberhard Sandschneider, "Military and politics in the PRC," in June Teufel Dreyer (ed.), Chinese Defense and Foreign Policies (New York: Paragon House, 1989), pp. 331-349. For a sophisticated and detailed discussion see Michael D. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession in China (Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, 1992). Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," also supports the symbiosis thesis but comes down on the side of the concept that political control is the key to Party-army relations.
4. For an analysis based on the notion of symbiosis but which ends up leaning towards the notion of military praetorianism see Eberhard Sandschneider, "Military and politics in the PRC," in June Teufel Dreyer (ed.), Chinese Defense and Foreign Policies (New York: Paragon House, 1989), pp. 331-349. For a sophisticated and detailed discussion see Michael D. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession in China (Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, 1992). Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," also supports the symbiosis thesis but comes down on the side of the concept that political control is the key to Party-army relations.
5. For an analysis based on the notion of symbiosis but which ends up leaning towards the notion of military praetorianism see Eberhard Sandschneider, "Military and politics in the PRC," in June Teufel Dreyer (ed.), Chinese Defense and Foreign Policies (New York: Paragon House, 1989), pp. 331-349. For a sophisticated and detailed discussion see Michael D. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession in China (Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, 1992). Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," also supports the symbiosis thesis but comes down on the side of the concept that political control is the key to Party-army relations.
6. John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967); Ellis Joffe, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967); Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Gerald Segal, "The military as a group in Chinese politics," in David S.G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1984), pp. 83-101; Paul H.B. Godwin, The Chinese Communist Armed Forces (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1988), pp. 11-21.
7. John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967); Ellis Joffe, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967); Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Gerald Segal, "The military as a group in Chinese politics," in David S.G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1984), pp. 83-101; Paul H.B. Godwin, The Chinese Communist Armed Forces (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1988), pp. 11-21.
8. John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967); Ellis Joffe, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967); Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Gerald Segal, "The military as a group in Chinese politics," in David S.G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1984), pp. 83-101; Paul H.B. Godwin, The Chinese Communist Armed Forces (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1988), pp. 11-21.
9. John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967); Ellis Joffe, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967); Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Gerald Segal, "The military as a group in Chinese politics," in David S.G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1984), pp. 83-101; Paul H.B. Godwin, The Chinese Communist Armed Forces (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1988), pp. 11-21.
10. John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967); Ellis Joffe, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1967); Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982); Gerald Segal, "The military as a group in Chinese politics," in David S.G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1984), pp. 83-101; Paul H.B. Godwin, The Chinese Communist Armed Forces (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1988), pp. 11-21.
11. See also Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, part II.
12. Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army under Lin Piao: prelude to intervention," in John M.H. Lindbeck (ed.), China: Management of a Revolutionary Society (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971), pp. 343-374.
13. On the critical role of the PLA see the memoirs of Marshal Nie Rongzhen, Inside the Red Star (Beijing: New World Press, 1988), pp. 751-52.
14. On the PLA in the Cultural Revolution see Ellis Joffe "The Chinese army in the Cultural Revolution: the politics of intervention," Current Scene (Hong Kong), Vol. VIII, No. 18 (7 December 1970), pp. 1-25; on its role in the Tiananmen crisis see Michael T. Byrnes, "The death of a people's army," in George Hicks (ed.), The Broken Mirror: China After Tiananmen (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1990), pp. 132-151.
15. On the PLA in the Cultural Revolution see Ellis Joffe "The Chinese army in the Cultural Revolution: the politics of intervention," Current Scene (Hong Kong), Vol. VIII, No. 18 (7 December 1970), pp. 1-25; on its role in the Tiananmen crisis see Michael T. Byrnes, "The death of a people's army," in George Hicks (ed.), The Broken Mirror: China After Tiananmen (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1990), pp. 132-151.
16. See, for example, two public statements on this issue, one by Defence Minister Zhang Aiping and one by the Chief-of-Staff Chi Haotian in, respectively, Renmin ribao, 24 July 1987, in FBIS, 27 July 1987, pp. K/4-9; and Qoushi, No. 3, 1 August 1988, in FBIS, 12 August 1988, p. K/32. It is safe to suppose that similar views were voiced by military leaders in inner circles.
17. See, for example, two public statements on this issue, one by Defence Minister Zhang Aiping and one by the Chief-of-Staff Chi Haotian in, respectively, Renmin ribao, 24 July 1987, in FBIS, 27 July 1987, pp. K/4-9; and Qoushi, No. 3, 1 August 1988, in FBIS, 12 August 1988, p. K/32. It is safe to suppose that similar views were voiced by military leaders in inner circles.
18. See, for example, two public statements on this issue, one by Defence Minister Zhang Aiping and one by the Chief-of-Staff Chi Haotian in, respectively, Renmin ribao, 24 July 1987, in FBIS, 27 July 1987, pp. K/4-9; and Qoushi, No. 3, 1 August 1988, in FBIS, 12 August 1988, p. K/32. It is safe to suppose that similar views were voiced by military leaders in inner circles.
19. See, for example, two public statements on this issue, one by Defence Minister Zhang Aiping and one by the Chief-of-Staff Chi Haotian in, respectively, Renmin ribao, 24 July 1987, in FBIS, 27 July 1987, pp. K/4-9; and Qoushi, No. 3, 1 August 1988, in FBIS, 12 August 1988, p. K/32. It is safe to suppose that similar views were voiced by military leaders in inner circles.
20. See n. 8.
21. For the latest confirmation of the personal nature of Lin Biao's actions see the recollections of Mao's physician, Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao (New York: Random House, 1994), pp. 528-543.
22. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, chs. 3,4,5.
23. On the first wave see Gittings, The Role; on the second see Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army After Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987) and Ngok Lee, China's Defense Modernization and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989).
24. On the first wave see Gittings, The Role; on the second see Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army After Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987) and Ngok Lee, China's Defense Modernization and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989).
25. On the first wave see Gittings, The Role; on the second see Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army After Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987) and Ngok Lee, China's Defense Modernization and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989).
26. See Joffe, "The Chinese army in the Cultural Revolution."
27. See Joffe, The Chinese Army After Mao, ch. 7.
28. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, ch. 7.
29. China News Analysis (Hong Kong), No. 1511 (1 June 1994).
30. See n. 4.
31. See Byrnes, "The death." See also Richard H. Yang (ed.), PLA and the Tiananmen Crisis (SCPS Papers, No. 1, Sun Yat-sen Center for Policy Studies, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 1989); and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 160-68.
32. See Byrnes, "The death." See also Richard H. Yang (ed.), PLA and the Tiananmen Crisis (SCPS Papers, No. 1, Sun Yat-sen Center for Policy Studies, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 1989); and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 160-68.
33. See Byrnes, "The death." See also Richard H. Yang (ed.), PLA and the Tiananmen Crisis (SCPS Papers, No. 1, Sun Yat-sen Center for Policy Studies, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 1989); and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 160-68.
34. Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army: coping with the consequences of Tiananmen," in William A. Joseph (ed.), China Briefing, 1991 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 37-55.
35. See Gittings, The Role, Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 134-38; see also Alastair I. Johnston, "Party rectification in the People's Liberation Army, 1983-1987," The China Quarterly, No. 112 (December 1987), pp. 591-630.
36. See Gittings, The Role, Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 134-38; see also Alastair I. Johnston, "Party rectification in the People's Liberation Army, 1983-1987," The China Quarterly, No. 112 (December 1987), pp. 591-630.
37. See Gittings, The Role, Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 134-38; see also Alastair I. Johnston, "Party rectification in the People's Liberation Army, 1983-1987," The China Quarterly, No. 112 (December 1987), pp. 591-630.
38. See Gittings, The Role, Shambaugh, "The soldier and the state," and Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, pp. 134-38; see also Alastair I. Johnston, "Party rectification in the People's Liberation Army, 1983-1987," The China Quarterly, No. 112 (December 1987), pp. 591-630.
39. See Joffe, The Chinese Army After Mao.
40. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, China After Deng Xiaoping (Hong Kong: Professional Consultants Ltd., 1995), pp. 211-16.
41. See Joffe, "Coping with the consequences."
42. Swaine, The Military and Political Succession, ch. 6.
43. See n. 19.
44. Richard H. Yang (ed.), Chinese Regionalism: The Security Dimension (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
45. Eric A. Nordlinger, Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1977) pp. 63-64.
46. See n. 15.
47. See n. 19.
48. See, for example, Larry M. Wortzl, "China pursues traditional great power status," Orbis, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 157-175.
49. Tai Ming Cheung, "Profits over professionalism: the PLA's economic activities and their impact on military unity," in Yang, Chinese Regionalism, pp. 85-110; Chong-Pin Lin, "Limits to professionalism: the extramilitary roles of the People's Liberation Army in modernization," Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Summer 1992), pp. 659-689; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese military and its business operations: the PLA as entrepreneur," Asian Survey; Vol. XXXIV, No. 5 (May 1994), pp. 460-474; Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army and the economy: the effect of involvement," Survival (Summer 1995), pp. 24-43.
50. Tai Ming Cheung, "Profits over professionalism: the PLA's economic activities and their impact on military unity," in Yang, Chinese Regionalism, pp. 85-110; Chong-Pin Lin, "Limits to professionalism: the extramilitary roles of the People's Liberation Army in modernization," Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Summer 1992), pp. 659-689; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese military and its business operations: the PLA as entrepreneur," Asian Survey; Vol. XXXIV, No. 5 (May 1994), pp. 460-474; Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army and the economy: the effect of involvement," Survival (Summer 1995), pp. 24-43.
51. Tai Ming Cheung, "Profits over professionalism: the PLA's economic activities and their impact on military unity," in Yang, Chinese Regionalism, pp. 85-110; Chong-Pin Lin, "Limits to professionalism: the extramilitary roles of the People's Liberation Army in modernization," Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Summer 1992), pp. 659-689; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese military and its business operations: the PLA as entrepreneur," Asian Survey; Vol. XXXIV, No. 5 (May 1994), pp. 460-474; Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army and the economy: the effect of involvement," Survival (Summer 1995), pp. 24-43.
52. Tai Ming Cheung, "Profits over professionalism: the PLA's economic activities and their impact on military unity," in Yang, Chinese Regionalism, pp. 85-110; Chong-Pin Lin, "Limits to professionalism: the extramilitary roles of the People's Liberation Army in modernization," Security Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Summer 1992), pp. 659-689; Thomas J. Bickford, "The Chinese military and its business operations: the PLA as entrepreneur," Asian Survey; Vol. XXXIV, No. 5 (May 1994), pp. 460-474; Ellis Joffe, "The Chinese army and the economy: the effect of involvement," Survival (Summer 1995), pp. 24-43.