Refraining disease: Changing perceptions of tuberculosis in England and Wales, 1938-70

Historical Research

Volumn 76, Issue 194, 2003, Pages 535-556

  Hardy, Anne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747887767     PISSN: 09503471     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2281.00189     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. C. O. Stallybrass, 'Tuberculosis at the crossroads', British Medical Jour. (1949), i. 207-13, at p. 207
2. On the creation of disease identities, see Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. C. E. Rosenberg and J. Golden (Brunswick, N.J., 1992)
3. Charles Rosenberg's introduction to this volume has become a classic in the historiography of disease. A disease does not exist until it has been framed. The concept of 'framing' describes the fashioning of explanatory and classificatory schemes of particular diseases. Rosenberg argues that once disease has been defined - 'crystallized' - in the form of specific disease entities, and is seen as existing in particular individuals, disease entities become actors in a complex network of social negotiations (Rosenberg and Golden, p. xviii)
4. As the case of tuberculosis in the 20th century demonstrates, disease entities and their victims are not static, but may change with time. When this occurs, the network of social negotiation also changes. See also C. E. Rosenberg, 'Framing disease', in C. E. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine (Cambridge, 1992)
5. See, among a large literature, R. Dubos and J. Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society (1953)
6. S. Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (1979)
7. P. Guillaume, Du désespoir au salut: les tuberculeaux aux 19è et 20è siècles (Paris, 1986)
8. F. B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis 1850-1950 (1988)
9. T. Dormandy, The White Death: a History of Tuberculosis (1999)
10. See, e.g., The Times, 9 Nov. 1956, pp. 4ff; 7 June 1958, p. 10c; 10 Jan. 1959, p. 10c
11. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis in war-time', Public Health, lvi (1943), 15
12. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis: war on two fronts', Public Health, liv (1943), 136
13. L. Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain: a Social History of Tuberculosis in 20th-century Britain (Oxford, 1988), p. 15
14. Bryder, Magic Mountain, pp. 257-62
15. W. H. Frost, 'How much control of tuberculosis?', American Jour. Public Health, xxvii (1937), 759-88, at p. 759
16. Frost, p. 765
17. Editorial, 'The control of tuberculosis', Public Health, li (1937), 34-7
18. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis in Wales', British Medical Jour. (1939), i. 577
19. R. M. F. Picken, 'Regional contrasts in the mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis', Public Health, lii (1938), 33
20. G. Dahlberg, 'Mortality from tuberculosis in some countries', British Jour. Social Medicine, iii (1949), 220-7
21. G. Cronjé, 'Tuberculosis and mortality decline in England and Wales, [851-1910', in Urban Disease and Mortality in 19th-Century England, ed. R. Woods and J. Woodward (1984), pp. 83-9
22. P. M. D'Arcy Hart and G. Payling Wright, Tuberculosis and Social Conditions in England, with Special Reference to Young Adults (National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1939), p. 2
23. Hart and Wright, pp. 1-2
24. Editorial, 'The control of tuberculosis', p. 35
25. J. Harley Williams, 'Post-war prospects in tuberculosis', Public Health, lix (1945), 16
26. W. Pointon Dick, 'Mass miniature radiography of factory groups in Middlesex', British Medical Jour. (1945), ii. 568-9
27. News and Reports, 'B.C.G. vaccination', Public Health, lxii (1949), 230
28. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis case-findings by mass surveys', British Medical Jour. (1940), ii. 389-90
29. A. Robinson Thomas, 'Mass radiography', Public Health, lii (1939), 347
30. S. H. Graham and M. Davies, 'Tuberculosis in recruits', British Medical Jour. (1941), i. 920-4
31. See also D. Galbraith, 'Pulmonary tuberculosis in recruits', British Medical Jour. (1941), i. 699-701
32. C. Clarke and others, The Mass Miniature Radiography of Civilians for the Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Medical Research Council Special Report ser., ccli, 1945)
33. Note, 'Ministry of Health circular', British Medical Jour. (1945), ii. 286
34. Chief Medical Officer's reports
35. Medical Notes in Parliament, 'Mass radiography', British Medical Jour. (1946), ii. 970
36. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis in older age groups', Medical Officer, xcv (1956), 183
37. L. Stein, 'A study in respiratory tuberculosis in relation to housing conditions in Edinburgh', British Jour. Serial Medicine, iv (1950), 143-69, at p. 145
38. Tuberculosis Notes, '"Hot music" and teen-age x-rays', Medical Officer, xciv (1955), 147
39. Tuberculosis Notes, 'Glasgow mass x-ray campaign's flying start', Medical Officer, xcvii (1957), 167
40. Tuberculosis Notes, 'End of Glasgow M.M.R. campaign', Medical Officer, xcvii (1957), 241
41. I. M. MacGregor, The Two-Year Mass Radiography Campaign in Scotland, 1957-8: a Study of Tuberculosis Case-finding by Community Action (Edinburgh, 1961), p. 61
42. Tuberculosis Notes, 'Success of Liverpool's mass x-ray campaign', Medical Officer, ci (1959), 206
43. Medical Officer of Health, Annual Report (Northampton, 1923), Table 23, p. 78
44. M. C. Brough, 'Administrative problems of mass radiography', Medical Officer, lxxvi (1946), 239-40
45. C. M. Smith, 'Northamptonshire - mass miniature radiography 1945-6', Medical Officer, lxxvii (1947), 109-14
46. Tuberculosis Notes, 'The value of mass radiography', Medical Officer, lxxxiii (1950), 101
47. Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, 'Tuberculosis in the boot and shoe trade', Medical Officer, cvi (1961), 134
48. M. Daniels and others, Tuberculosis in Young Adults: Report on the Prophit Tuberculosis Survey, 1935-44 (1948)
49. Medical Research Council (M.R.C.) National Tuberculin Survey 1949-50, Lancet (1952), i. 775-84
50. M.R.C. National Tuberculin Survey, pp. 783-4
51. L. Bryder, '"We shall not find salvation in inoculation": B.C.G. vaccination in Scandinavia, Britain and the U.S.A., 1921-60', Social Science and Medicine, xlix (1999), 1,157-67
52. L. Bryder, '"Not always one and the same thing": the registration of tuberculosis deaths in Britain, 1900-50', Social Hist. of Medicine, ix (1996), 253-65
53. Editorial, 'The notification of tuberculosis', Medical Officer, xc (1953), 81
54. J. Deeny, 'The spread of tuberculosis in an Irish town: a study of slow-motion contagion', Jour. Medical Association of Eire, xxi (1947), 82-94
55. Deeny, p. 94
56. Notes and Comments, 'Epidemiology of tuberculosis', Medical Officer, lxxix (1948), 216
57. B. Benjamin and F. A. Nash, 'The perpetuation of tuberculous infection in England and Wales: a speculative synthesis', Tubercule, xxxiii (1952), 73-7. The phrase 'free floating infection' is in inverted commas in the original
58. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis: a time for decision', Medical Officer, xci (1954), 13
59. Editorial, 'The tuberculosis primary complex', Medical Officer, lxxxix (1953), 61
60. F.J. W. Miller, 'The mortality of primary tuberculosis in childhood', Lancet (1949), ii. 274-6
61. Editorial, 'The gravest problem in prevention', Public Health, lxiii (1949-50), 19
62. See A. Moncrieff, 'Current problems in the tuberculosis of childhood: infection, diathesis, artificial pneumothorax, preventive inoculation', Archives of Disease in Childhood, i (1926), 114-21
63. J. A. Myers, Tuberculosis among Children (1930)
64. E. L. Opie, F. M. McPhedran and P, Putnam, 'Fate of persons in contact with tuberculosis: exogenous infection of children and adults', American Jour. Hygiene, xxii (1935), 644
65. W. Allen Daley and B. Benjamin, 'Tuberculosis in London in wartime', British Medical Jaur. (1942), ii. 417-20
66. W. Sheldon and others, 'Report on the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in childhood', Archives of Disease in Childhood, xviii (1943), 157-9
67. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis in childhood', British Medical Jour. (1943), ii. 270
68. M. Hall, 'Pulmonary tubercule in children: influence of evacuation on its incidence', Lancet (1943), ii. 35-7
69. Hall, pp. 35-7
70. A. Moncrieff, 'Tuberculosis in childhood', Lancet (1945), ii. 621-4, at p. 621
71. W. F. Gaisford, 'Primary tuberculosis in childhood', British Medical Jour. (1946), i. 84-6
72. F.J. W. Miller, pp. 274-6
73. 'The gravest problem', pp. 19-20
74. Gaisford, p. 84
75. E. M. Brieger, The Papworth Families: a 25 Years' Survey (Papworth, 1944)
76. In Moncrieff's view, Brieger's evidence was 'irrefutable' (Moncrieff, 'Tuberculosis in childhood', p. 621)
77. Moncrieff, 'Tuberculosis in childhood', p. 621
78. Annotations, 'Teachers with tuberculosis', Lancet (1944), ii. 827
79. 'Teachers with tuberculosis', p. 827
80. Myers, p. 187
81. F. R. G. Heaf, 'Tuberculosis in geriatrics', Jour. Royal Inst. of Public Health, xviii (1955), 324-41, at p. 324
82. The clinical manifestations of respiratory tuberculosis in children were also very different, and contributed to difficulties in diagnosis (Moncrieff, 'Tuberculosis in childhood', p. 621
83. J. V. Hurford, 'Primary tuberculosis in children causing long illness', Lancet (1945), ii. 625-6)
84. Heaf, 'Tuberculosis in geriatrics', p. 342
85. Myers, p. 198
86. A. L. Cochrane, J. G. Cox and T. F. Jarman, 'Pulmonary tuberculosis in the Rhondda Fach: an interim report of a survey of a mining community', British Medical Jour. (1952), ii. 845-53
87. Cochrane, Cox and Jarman, pp. 845-53
88. See also D. L. Pugh, 'Tuberculosis in the elderly', Medical Officer, cxiii (1965), 59-62
89. On the spectre of the workhouse in the 1950s, see also R. Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (1st edn., 1987; Hatmondsworth, 1988), p. xvi
90. E. G. Wilkins, 'Incidence and onset of pulmonary tuberculosis in old men', British Medical Jour. (1956), i. 883-6
91. V. H. Springett, 'An interpretation of statistical trends in tuberculosis', Lancet (1952), i. 521-5
92. M. Caplin, J. J. Griffiths and C. P. Silver, 'Respiratory tuberculosis in East London', Tubercule, xxxvii (1956), 233-42, at pp. 241-2
93. Editorial, 'An outstanding problem of tuberculosis control', Medical Officer, xcvi (1956), 223
94. Wilkins, 'Incidence and onset', p. 885
95. E. L. M. Miller, 'Problems of tuberculosis control in the United Kingdom', Public Health, lxxxiv (1969-70), 213
96. E. L. M. Miller, p. 251
97. Harley Williams, p. 15
98. Editorial, 'Changing incidence and mortality in tuberculosis', Public Health, lxi (1948), 54
99. 'Changing incidence and mortality in tuberculosis', p. 54
100. F. Heaf, 'The new epidemiology of tuberculosis', Medical Officer, cii (1959), 71-5, at p. 72
101. Heal, 'The new epidemiology of tuberculosis', p. 73
102. T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (1976)
103. Stallybrass, p. 213
104. V. H. Springen, 'An interpretation of Statistical trends in tuberculosis', Lancet (1952), i. 521-5, 575-9, at p. 579
105. S. Leff, 'Poverty, infant mortality and tuberculosis', Medical Officer, lxxxiii (1950), 45
106. Chief Medical Officer, Annual Report (1950), p. 80
107. Editorial, 'Tuberculosis', Medical Officer, lxxxv (1951), 255
108. 'Tuberculosis', p. 255
109. Chief Medical Officer, Annual Report (1953), pp. 96-7
110. Tuberculosis Notes, 'Follow-up of Oxford adult cases', Medical Officer, ciii (1960), 35
111. 'Tuberculosis today and yesterday', p. 37
112. 'The future service', p. 87
113. On the immigrant problem, see J. Welshman, 'Tuberculosis and ethnicity in England and Wales, 1950-70', Sociology of Health and Illness, vi (2000), 858-82
114. T. A. I. Rees, 'Tuberculosis in a village', Medical Officer, cxv (1966), 74-5