Patient selection for carotid stenting versus endarterectomy: A systematic review

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 661-672

  Narins, Craig R ^a   Illig, Karl A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; AORTA ARCH; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CRANIAL NERVE INJURY; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEART DISEASE; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STENT; STROKE; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON; CAROTID STENOSIS; COMORBIDITY; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; PATIENT SELECTION; RECURRENCE; REOPERATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; STENTS;

EID: 33747875162     PISSN: 07415214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.05.042     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Barnett H.J., Taylor D.W., Eliasziw M., Fox A.J., Ferguson G.G., Haynes R.B., et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1415-1425
2. Hobson II R.W., Weiss D.G., Fields W.S., Goldstone J., Moore W.S., Towne J.B., et al., The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 221-227
3. European Carotid Surgery Trial Investigators. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis. final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 351 (1998) 1379-1387
4. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 273 (1995) 1421-1428
5. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 445-453
6. Biller J., Feinberg W.M., Castaldo J.E., Whittemore A.D., Harbaugh R.E., Dempsey R.J., et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. a statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 97 (1998) 501-509
7. Gray W.A. A cardiologist in the carotids. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 1602-1605
8. Al-Mubarak N., Roubin G.S., and Vitek J.J. Systematic comparison of the early outcome of angioplasty and endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid artery disease. [letter]. Stroke 31 (2000) 3079
9. Grotta J. Elective stenting of extracranial carotid arteries. Circulation 95 (1997) 303-305
10. Naylor A.R., London N.J., and Bell P.R. Carotid endarterectomy versus carotid angioplasty. Lancet 349 (1997) 203-204
11. Roubin G.S., New G., Iyer S.S., Vitek J.J., Al-Mubarak N., Liu M.W., et al. Immediate and late clinical outcomes of carotid artery stenting in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. a 5-year prospective analysis. Circulation 103 (2001) 532-537
12. Bergeron P., Roux M., Khanoyan P., Douillez V., Bras J., and Gay J. Long-term results of carotid stenting are competitive with surgery. J Vasc Surg 41 (2005) 213-221 ; discussion 221-2
13. Shawl F., Kadro W., Domanski M.J., Lapetina F.L., Iqbal A.A., Dougherty K.G., et al. Safety and efficacy of elective carotid artery stenting in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1721-1728
14. Wholey M.H., Al-Mubarek N., and Wholey M.H. Updated review of the global carotid artery stent registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 60 (2003) 259-266
15. Yadav J.S., Roubin G.S., Iyer S., Vitek J., King P., Jordan W.D., et al. Elective stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Circulation 95 (1997) 376-381
16. Gray W., and ARCHeR Trial Investigators. Two-year composite endpoint results for the ARCHeR trials. ACCULINK for revascularization of carotids in high risk patients. Am Heart J 94 Suppl (2004) 62E
17. O'Riorden M. SECURITY: carotid artery stenting with a distal-protection device safe in high-risk patients. Available at: http://www.theheart.org/viewEntityDispatcherAction.do?legacyId=37977. 2003, accessed 7/14/06.
18. White C., Iyer S., Hopkins L., Katzen B., Russell M., and BEACH Trial Investigators. Carotid stenting with distal protection in high surgical risk patients. the BEACH trial 30 day results. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 67 (2006) 503-512
19. O'Riorden M. Two carotid stenting studies show solid 30-day MACE results in high-risk patients. Available at: http://www.theheart.org/viewArticle.do?primaryKey=214687&from=/searchLayout.do. 2004, accessed 7/14/06.
20. Yadav J.S., Snead D., Ouriel K., Fayad P., Katzen B., Wholey M., et al. Carotid stenting for the prevention of stroke. 3-year follow-up of the SAPPHIRE trial and US carotid feasibility demonstrates durability of the procedure. Am J Cardiol 96 Suppl (2005) 17H
21. Yadav J.S., Wholey M.H., Kuntz R.E., Fayad P., Katzen B.T., Mishkel G.J., et al. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 1493-1501
22. Hobson II R.W. Rationale and status of randomized controlled clinical trials in carotid artery stenting. Semin Vasc Surg 16 (2003) 311-316
23. AbuRahma A.F., and Choueiri M.A. Cranial and cervical nerve injuries after repeat carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 32 (2000) 649-654
24. AbuRahma A.F., Snodgrass K.R., Robinson P.A., Wood D.J., Meek R.B., and Patton D.J. Safety and durability of redo carotid endarterectomy for recurrent carotid artery stenosis. Am J Surg 168 (1994) 175-178
25. Bartlett F.F., Rapp J.H., Goldstone J., Ehrenfeld W.K., and Stoney R.J. Recurrent carotid stenosis. operative strategy and late results. J Vasc Surg 5 (1987) 452-456
26. Cho J.S., Pandurangi K., Conrad M.F., Shepard A.S., Carr J.A., Nypaver T.J., et al. Safety and durability of redo carotid operation. an 11-year experience. J Vasc Surg 39 (2004) 155-161
27. Coyle K.A., Smith III R.B., Gray B.C., Salam A.A., Dodson T.F., Chaikof E.L., et al. Treatment of recurrent cerebrovascular disease. Review of a 10-year experience. Ann Surg 221 (1995) 517-521 ; discussion 521-4
28. Das M.B., Hertzer N.R., Ratliff N.B., O'Hara P.J., and Beven E.G. Recurrent carotid stenosis. A five-year series of 65 reoperations. Ann Surg 202 (1985) 28-35
29. Domenig C., Hamdan A.D., Belfield A.K., Campbell D.R., Skillman J.J., LoGerfo F.W., et al. Recurrent stenosis and contralateral occlusion. high-risk situations in carotid endarterectomy?. Ann Vasc Surg 17 (2003) 622-628
30. Mansour M.A., Kang S.S., Baker W.H., Watson W.C., Littooy F.N., Labropoulos N., et al. Carotid endarterectomy for recurrent stenosis. J Vasc Surg 25 (1997) 877-883
31. Meyer F.B., Piepgras D.G., and Fode N.C. Surgical treatment of recurrent carotid artery stenosis. J Neurosurg 80 (1994) 781-787
32. O'Hara P.J., Hertzer N.R., Karafa M.T., Mascha E.J., Krajewski L.P., and Beven E.G. Reoperation for recurrent carotid stenosis. early results and late outcome in 199 patients. J Vasc Surg 34 (2001) 5-12
33. Piepgras D.G., Sundt Jr. T.M., Marsh W.R., Mussman L.A., and Fode N.C. Recurrent carotid stenosis. Results and complications of 57 operations. Ann Surg 203 (1986) 205-213
34. Rockman C.B., Riles T.S., Landis R., Lamparello P.J., Giangola G., Adelman M.A., et al. Redo carotid surgery. an analysis of materials and configurations used in carotid reoperations and their influence on perioperative stroke and subsequent recurrent stenosis. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 72-80 ; discussion 80-71
35. Stoner M.C., Cambria R.P., Brewster D.C., Juhola K.L., Watkins M.T., Kwolek C.J., et al. Safety and efficacy of reoperative carotid endarterectomy. a 14-year experience. J Vasc Surg 41 (2005) 942-949
36. Moore W.S., Kempczinski R.F., Nelson J.J., and Toole J.F. Recurrent carotid stenosis. results of the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. Stroke 29 (1998) 2018-2025
37. Bowser A.N., Bandyk D.F., Evans A., Novotney M., Leo F., Back M.R., et al. Outcome of carotid stent-assisted angioplasty versus open surgical repair of recurrent carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg 38 (2003) 432-438
38. McDonnell C.O., Legge D., Twomey E., Kavanagh E.G., Dundon S., O'Donohoe M.K., et al. Carotid artery angioplasty for restenosis following endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 27 (2004) 163-166
39. Lee D.S., Casserly I.P., Yen M.H., Chen M.S., Saw J., Exaire J.E., et al. Carotid artery stenting with embolic protection is associated with similar outcomes in post-carotid endarterectomy restenotic lesions versus de novo lesions. Circulation 45 (2004) III613
40. New G., Roubin G.S., Iyer S.S., Vitek J.J., Wholey M.H., Diethrich E.B., et al. Safety, efficacy, and durability of carotid artery stenting for restenosis following carotid endarterectomy. a multicenter study. J Endovasc Ther 7 (2000) 345-352
41. Rockman C.B., Bajakian D., Jacobowitz G.R., Maldonado T., Greenwald U., Nalbandian M.M., et al. Impact of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting on management of recurrent carotid artery stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg 18 (2004) 151-157
42. Yadav J.S., Roubin G.S., King P., Iyer S., and Vitek J. Angioplasty and stenting for restenosis after carotid endarterectomy. Initial experience. Stroke 27 (1996) 2075-2079
43. Friedell M.L., Joseph B.P., Cohen M.J., and Horowitz J.D. Surgery for carotid artery stenosis following neck irradiation. Ann Vasc Surg 15 (2001) 13-18
44. Kashyap V.S., Moore W.S., and Quinones-Baldrich W.J. Carotid artery repair for radiation-associated atherosclerosis is a safe and durable procedure. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 90-96
45. Mozes G., Sullivan T.M., Torres-Russotto D.R., Bower T.C., Hoskin T.L., Sampaio S.M., et al. Carotid endarterectomy in SAPPHIRE-eligible high-risk patients. implications for selecting patients for carotid angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg 39 (2004) 958-965
46. Harrod-Kim P., Kadkhodayan Y., Derdeyn C.P., Cross III D.T., and Moran C.J. Outcomes of carotid angioplasty and stenting for radiation-associated stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 1781-1788
47. Ting A.C., Cheng S.W., and Cheng P.W. Carotid stenting for irradiation-associated carotid stenosis 3 years after previous carotid endarterectomy. Hong Kong Med J 9 (2003) 51-53
48. Frim D.M., Padwa B., Buckley D., Crowell R.M., and Ogilvy C.S. Mandibular subluxation as an adjunct to exposure of the distal internal carotid artery in endarterectomy surgery. Technical note. J Neurosurg 83 (1995) 926-928
49. Gasparis A.P., Ricotta L., Cuadra S.A., Char D.J., Purtill W.A., Van Bemmelen P.S., et al. High-risk carotid endarterectomy. fact or fiction. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 40-46
50. Hans S.S., Shah S., and Hans B. Carotid endarterectomy for high plaques. Am J Surg 157 (1989) 431-434
51. Hobson II R.W., Goldstein J.E., Jamil Z., Lee B.C., Padberg Jr. F.T., Hanna A.K., et al. Carotid restenosis. operative and endovascular management. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 228-235
52. Simonian G.T., Pappas P.J., Padberg Jr. F.T., Samit A., Silva Jr. M.B., Jamil Z., et al. Mandibular subluxation for distal internal carotid exposure. technical considerations. J Vasc Surg 30 (1999) 1116-1120
53. Blaisdell W.F., Clauss R.H., Galbraith J.G., Imparato A.M., and Wylie E.J. Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. IV. A review of surgical considerations. JAMA 209 (1969) 1889-1895
54. Illig K.A., Sternbach Y., Zhang R., Burchfiel J., Shortell C.K., Rhodes J.M., et al. EEG changes during awake carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 16 (2002) 6-11
55. Sternbach Y., Illig K.A., Zhang R., Shortell C.K., Rhodes J.M., Davies M.G., et al. Hemodynamic benefits of regional anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 35 (2002) 333-339
56. Terada T., Tsuura M., Matsumoto H., Masuo O., Tsumoto T., Yamaga H., et al. Endovascular therapy for stenosis of the petrous or cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. percutaneous transluminal angioplasty compared with stent placement. J Neurosurg 98 (2003) 491-497
57. Chong P.L., Salhiyyah K., and Dodd P.D. The role of carotid endarterectomy in the endovascular era. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 29 (2005) 597-600
58. Al-Mubarak N., Roubin G.S., Iyer S.S., Vitek J.J., and New G. Techniques of carotid artery stenting. the state of the art. Semin Vasc Surg 13 (2000) 117-129
59. Hammer F.D., Lacroix V., Duprez T., Grandin C., Verhelst R., Peeters A., et al. Cerebral microembolization after protected carotid artery stenting in surgical high-risk patients. results of a 2-year prospective study. J Vasc Surg 42 (2005) 847-853 ; discussion 853
60. Melliere D., Becquemin J.P., Berrahal D., Desgranges P., and Cavillon A. Management of radiation-induced occlusive arterial disease. a reassessment. J Cardiovasc Surg 38 (1997) 261-269
61. Curran A.J., Smyth D., Sheehan S.J., Joyce W., Hayes D.B., and Walsh M.A. Recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. J R Coll Surg Edinb 42 (1997) 168-170
62. Weiss A., Isselhorst C., Gahlen J., Freudenberg S., Roth H., Hammerschmitt N., et al. Acute respiratory failure after deep cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy as a result of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49 (2005) 715-719
63. Ballotta E., Da Giau G., Saladini M., and Abbruzzese E. Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients aged 75 years or more. perioperative mortality and stroke risk rates. Ann Vasc Surg 13 (1999) 158-163
64. Coyle K.A., Smith III R.B., Salam A.A., Dodson T.F., Chaikof E.L., and Lumsden A.B. Carotid endarterectomy in the octogenarian. Ann Vasc Surg 8 (1994) 417-420
65. Favre J.P., Guy J.M., Frering V., Boissier C., and Barral X. Carotid surgery in the octogenarian. Ann Vasc Surg 8 (1994) 421-426
66. Hoballah J.J., Nazzal M.M., Jacobovicz C., Sharp W.J., Kresowik T.F., and Corson J.D. Entering the ninth decade is not a contraindication for carotid endarterectomy. Angiology 49 (1998) 275-278
67. Illig K.A., Zhang R., Tanski W., Benesch C., Sternbach Y., and Green R.M. Is the rationale for carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients excluded from NASCET/ACAS or eligible for ARCHeR justified?. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 575-581
68. Kerdiles Y., Lucas A., Podeur L., Ferte P., and Cardon A. Results of carotid surgery in elderly patients. J Cardiovasc Surg 38 (1997) 327-334
69. Maxwell J.G., Taylor A.J., Maxwell B.G., Brinker C.C., Covington D.L., and Tinsley Jr. E. Carotid endarterectomy in the community hospital in patients age 80 and older. Ann Surg 231 (2000) 781-788
70. Meyer F.B., Meissner I., Fode N.C., and Losasso T.J. Carotid endarterectomy in elderly patients. Mayo Clin Proc 66 (1991) 464-469
71. O'Hara P.J., Hertzer N.R., Mascha E.J., Beven E.G., Krajewski L.P., and Sullivan T.M. Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians. early results and late outcome. J Vasc Surg 27 (1998) 860-869
72. Ommer A., Pillny M., Grabitz K., and Sandmann W. Reconstructive surgery for carotid artery occlusive disease in the elderly-a high risk operation?. Cardiovasc Surg 9 (2001) 552-558
73. Ouriel K., Penn T.E., Ricotta J.J., May A.G., Green R.M., and DeWeese J.A. Carotid endarterectomy in the elderly patient. Surg Gynecol Obstet 162 (1986) 334-336
74. Perler B.A., and Williams G.M. Carotid endarterectomy in the very elderly. is it worthwhile?. Surgery 116 (1994) 479-483
75. Pinkerton Jr. J.A., and Gholkar V.R. Should patient age be a consideration in carotid endarterectomy?. J Vasc Surg 11 (1990) 650-658
76. Plecha F.R., Bertin V.J., Plecha E.J., Avellone J.C., Farrell C.J., Hertzer N.R., et al. The early results of vascular surgery in patients 75 years of age and older. an analysis of 3259 cases. J Vasc Surg 2 (1985) 769-774
77. Rockman C.B., Jacobowitz G.R., Adelman M.A., Lamparello P.J., Gagne P.J., Landis R., et al. The benefits of carotid endarterectomy in the octogenarian. a challenge to the results of carotid angioplasty and stenting. Ann Vasc Surg 17 (2003) 9-14
78. Rosenthal D., Rudderman R.H., Jones D.H., Clark M.D., Stanton Jr. P.E., Lamis P.A., et al. Carotid endarterectomy in the octogenarian. is it appropriate?. J Vasc Surg 3 (1986) 782-787
79. Schneider J.R., Droste J.S., Schindler N., and Golan J.F. Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians. comparison with patient characteristics and outcomes in younger patients. J Vasc Surg 31 (2000) 927-935
80. Schultz R.D., Sterpetti A.V., and Feldhaus R.J. Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians and nonagenarians. Surg Gynecol Obstet 166 (1988) 245-251
81. Ting A.C., Taylor D.C., Salvian A.J., Chen J.C., Strandberg S., and Hsiang Y.N. Carotid endarterectomy in octogenarians. Cardiovasc Surg 8 (2000) 441-445
82. Treiman R.L., Wagner W.H., Foran R.F., Cossman D.V., Levin P.M., Cohen J.L., et al. Carotid endarterectomy in the elderly. Ann Vasc Surg 6 (1992) 321-324
83. Van Damme H., Lacroix H., Desiron Q., Nevelsteen A., Limet R., and Suy R. Carotid surgery in octogenarians. is it worthwhile?. Acta Chir Belg 96 (1996) 71-77
84. Fisher E.S., Malenka D.J., Solomon N.A., Bubolz T.A., Whaley F.S., and Wennberg J.E. Risk of carotid endarterectomy in the elderly. Am J Public Health 79 (1989) 1617-1620
85. Chastain II H.D., Gomez C.R., Iyer S., Roubin G.S., Vitek J.J., Terry J.B., et al., UAB Neurovascular Angioplasty Team. Influence of age upon complications of carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Surg 6 (1999) 217-222
86. Hobson II R.W., Howard V.J., Roubin G.S., Brott T.G., Ferguson R.D., Popma J.J., et al. Carotid artery stenting is associated with increased complications in octogenarians. 30-day stroke and death rates in the CREST lead-in phase. J Vasc Surg 40 (2004) 1106-1111
87. Longo G.M., Kibbe M.R., and Eskandari M.K. Carotid artery stenting in octogenarians. is it too risky?. Ann Vasc Surg 19 (2005) 812-816
88. Stanziale S.F., Marone L.K., Boules T.N., Brimmeier J.A., Hill K., Makaroun M.S., et al. Carotid artery stenting in octogenarians is associated with increased adverse outcomes. J Vasc Surg 43 (2006) 297-304
89. Mlekusch W., Schillinger M., Sabeti S., Nachtmann T., Lang W., Ahmadi R., et al. Hypotension and bradycardia after elective carotid stenting. frequency and risk factors. J Endovasc Ther 10 (2003) 851-859 ; discussion 860-1
90. Alamowitch S., Eliasziw M., Algra A., Meldrum H., Barnett H.J., and North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Risk, causes, and prevention of ischaemic stroke in elderly patients with symptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. Lancet 357 (2001) 1154-1160
91. Ferguson G.G., Eliasziw M., Barr H.W., Clagett G.P., Barnes R.W., Wallace M.C., et al. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke 30 (1999) 1751-1758
92. Karmeli R., Lubezky N., Halak M., Loberman Z., Weller B., and Fajer S. Carotid endarterectomy in awake patients with contralateral carotid artery occlusion. Cardiovasc Surg 9 (2001) 334-338
93. Reed A.B., Gaccione P., Belkin M., Donaldson M.C., Mannick J.A., Whittemore A.D., et al. Preoperative risk factors for carotid endarterectomy. defining the patient at high risk. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 1191-1199
94. Rockman C.B., Su W., Lamparello P.J., Adelman M.A., Jacobowitz G.R., Gagne P.J., et al. A reassessment of carotid endarterectomy in the face of contralateral carotid occlusion. surgical results in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. J Vasc Surg 36 (2002) 668-673
95. Sabeti S., Schillinger M., Mlekusch W., Nachtmann T., Lang W., Ahmadi R., et al. Contralateral high-grade carotid artery stenosis or occlusion is not associated with increased risk for poor neurologic outcome after elective carotid stent placement. Radiology 230 (2004) 70-76
96. Mackey W.C., O'Donnell Jr. T.F., and Callow A.D. Carotid endarterectomy contralateral to an occluded carotid artery. perioperative risk and late results. J Vasc Surg 11 (1990) 778-783
97. Ouriel K., Hertzer N.R., Beven E.G., O'Hara P.J., Krajewski L.P., Clair D.G., et al. Preprocedural risk stratification. identifying an appropriate population for carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg 33 (2001) 728-732
98. Naylor A.R., Cuffe R.L., Rothwell P.M., and Bell P.R. A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 25 (2003) 380-389
99. Schwartz L.B., Bridgman A.H., Kieffer R.W., Wilcox R.A., McCann R.L., Tawil M.P., et al. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and stroke in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Vasc Surg 21 (1995) 146-153
100. Plestis K.A., Ke S., Jiang Z.D., and Howell J.F. Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. immediate and long-term results. Ann Vasc Surg 13 (1999) 84-92
101. Mishra Y., Wasir H., Kohli V., Meharwal Z.S., Malhotra R., Mehta Y., et al. Concomitant carotid endarterectomy and coronary bypass surgery. outcome of on-pump and off-pump techniques. Ann Thorac Surg 78 (2004) 2037-2042 ; discussion 2042-3
102. Beauford R.B., Saunders C.R., and Goldstein D.J. Off pump concomitant coronary revascularization and carotid endarterectomy. J Cardiovasc Surg 44 (2003) 407-415
103. Brown K.R. Treatment of concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease. Decision-making regarding surgical options. J Cardiovasc Surg 44 (2003) 395-399
104. Vitali E., Lanfranconi M., Bruschi G., Colombo T., and Russo C. Combined surgical approach to coexistent carotid and coronary artery disease. early and late results. Cardiovasc Surg 11 (2003) 113-119
105. Borger M.A., Fremes S.E., Weisel R.D., Cohen G., Rao V., Lindsay T.F., et al. Coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy: does a combined approach increase risk? A metaanalysis. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 14-20 ; discussion 21
106. Brown K.R., Kresowik T.F., Chin M.H., Kresowik R.A., Grund S.L., and Hendel M.E. Multistate population-based outcomes of combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. J Vasc Surg 37 (2003) 32-39
107. Waigand J., Gross C.M., Uhlich F., Kramer J., Tamaschke C., Vogel P., et al. Elective stenting of carotid artery stenosis in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 19 (1998) 1365-1370
108. Ziada K.M., Yadav J.S., Mukherjee D., Lauer M.S., Bhatt D.L., Kapadia S., et al. Comparison of results of carotid stenting followed by open heart surgery versus combined carotid endarterectomy and open heart surgery (coronary bypass with or without another procedure). Am J Cardiol 96 (2005) 519-523
109. Chu M.W., Wilson S.R., Novick R.J., Stitt L.W., and Quantz M.A. Does clopidogrel increase blood loss following coronary artery bypass surgery?. Ann Thorac Surg 78 (2004) 1536-1541
110. Kapetanakis E.I., Medlam D.A., Petro K.R., Haile E., Hill P.C., Dullum M.K., et al. Effect of clopidogrel premedication in off-pump cardiac surgery. are we forfeiting the benefits of reduced hemorrhagic sequelae?. Circulation 113 (2006) 1667-1674
111. Assadian A., Senekowitsch C., Assadian O., Ptakovsky H., and Hagmuller G.W. Perioperative morbidity and mortality of carotid artery surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia. Vasa 34 (2005) 41-45
112. Santamaria G., Britti R.D., Tescione M., Moschella A., and Bellinvia C. Comparison between local and general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. A retrospective analysis. Minerva Anestesiol 70 (2004) 771-778
113. Watts K., Lin P.H., Bush R.L., Awad S., McCoy S.A., Felkai D., et al. The impact of anesthetic modality on the outcome of carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 188 (2004) 741-747
114. Hamdan A.D., Pomposelli Jr. F.B., Gibbons G.W., Campbell D.R., and LoGerfo F.W. Renal insufficiency and altered postoperative risk in carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 1006-1011
115. Sternbergh III W.C., Garrard C.L., Gonze M.D., Manord J.D., Bowen J.C., and Money S.R. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with significant renal dysfunction. J Vasc Surg 29 (1999) 672-677
116. Ascher E., Marks N.A., Schutzer R.W., and Hingorani A.P. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. a recent series of 184 cases. J Vasc Surg 41 (2005) 24-29
117. Rockman C.B., Saltzberg S.S., Maldonado T.S., Adelman M.A., Cayne N.S., Lamparello P.J., et al. The safety of carotid endarterectomy in diabetic patients. clinical predictors of adverse outcome. J Vasc Surg 42 (2005) 878-883
118. Sarac T.P., Hertzer N.R., Mascha E.J., O'Hara P.J., Krajewski L.P., Clair D.G., et al. Gender as a primary predictor of outcome after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 35 (2002) 748-753
119. Saw J., Gurm H.S., Fathi R.B., Bhatt D.L., Abou-Chebl A., Bajzer C., et al. Effect of chronic kidney disease on outcomes after carotid artery stenting. Am J Cardiol 94 (2004) 1093-1096
120. Young B., Moore W.S., Robertson J.T., Toole J.F., Ernst C.B., Cohen S.N., et al., ACAS Investigators, Asymptomatic Carotid Arteriosclerosis Study. An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. Stroke 27 (1996) 2216-2224
121. Bond R., Rerkasem K., Shearman C.P., and Rothwell P.M. Time trends in the published risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 18 (2004) 37-46
122. Chaturvedi S., Aggarwal R., and Murugappan A. Results of carotid endarterectomy with prospective neurologist follow-up. Neurology 55 (2000) 769-772
123. Kong T.Q., Davidson C.J., Meyers S.N., Tauke J.T., Parker M.A., and Bonow R.O. Prognostic implication of creatine kinase elevation following elective coronary artery interventions. JAMA 277 (1997) 461-466
124. Landesberg G., Shatz V., Akopnik I., Wolf Y.G., Mayer M., Berlatzky Y., et al. Association of cardiac troponin, CK-MB, and postoperative myocardial ischemia with long-term survival after major vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 1547-1554
125. Feasby T.E., Quan H., and Ghali W.A. Hospital and surgeon determinants of carotid endarterectomy outcomes. Arch Neurol 59 (2002) 1877-1881
126. Teso D., Edwards R.E., Antezana J.N., Dudrick S.J., and Dardik A. Do vascular surgeons improve the outcome of carotid endarterectomy? An analysis of 12,618 elective cases in the state of Connecticut. Vascular 12 (2004) 155-165
127. Wennberg D.E., Lucas F.L., Birkmeyer J.D., Bredenberg C.E., and Fisher E.S. Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population. trial hospitals, volume, and patient characteristics. JAMA 279 (1998) 1278-1281
128. Reimers B., Schluter M., Castriota F., Tubler T., Corvaja N., Cernetti C., et al. Routine use of cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting. results of a multicenter registry of 753 patients. Am J Med 116 (2004) 217-222
129. Sprouse II L.R., Peeters P., and Bosiers M. The capture of visible debris by distal cerebral protection filters during carotid artery stenting. is it predictable?. J Vasc Surg 41 (2005) 950-955
130. Forssell C., Kitzing P., and Bergqvist D. Cranial nerve injuries after carotid artery surgery. A prospective study of 663 operations. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 10 (1995) 445-449
131. Ecker R.D., Brown Jr. R.D., Nichols D.A., McClelland R.L., Reinalda M.S., Piepgras D.G., et al. Cost of treating high-risk symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. stent insertion and angioplasty compared with endarterectomy. J Neurosurg 101 (2004) 904-907
132. Gray W.A., White Jr. H.J., Barrett D.M., Chandran G., Turner R., and Reisman M. Carotid stenting and endarterectomy. a clinical and cost comparison of revascularization strategies. Stroke 33 (2002) 1063-1070
133. Illig K.A., Shortell C.K., Zhang R., Sternbach Y., Rhodes J.M., Davies M.G., et al. Carotid endarterectomy then and now. outcome and cost-effectiveness of modern practice. Surgery 134 (2003) 705-711
134. Ballinger B.A., Money S.R., Chatman D.M., Bowen J.C., and Ochsner J.L. Sites of recurrence and long-term results of redo surgery. Ann Surg 225 (1997) 512-515 ; discussion 516-7