The attacks on 11 september 2001, and the immediate response of the European union and the United States

Legal Instruments in the Fight Against International Terrorism: A Transatlantic Dialogue

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 15-36

  Fijnaut, C ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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EID: 33747799508     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (48)

1. A. Schmid, Political Terrorism: A Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature, Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1983
2. X. Crettiez and J. Ferret (eds.), Le Silence des Armes? L' Europe a l'Epreuve des Separatismes Violents, Paris, La Documentation Franaise, 1999.
3. E. Muller, Terrorisme en Politieke Verantwoordelijkheid; Gijzelingen, Aanslagen en Ontvoeringen in Nederland, Arnhem, Gouda Quint, 1994.
4. Ch. Dobson and R. Payne, Terror! The West Fights Back: The Inside Story on the Elite Anti-terror Squads, London, Papermac, 1982
5. N. Cettina, Les Enjeux Organisationnels de la Lutte contre le Terrorisme, Paris, LGDJ, 1994
6. L. Donohue, Counterterrorist Law and Emergency Powers in the United Kingdom, I 922-2000, Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 2001
7. P. Klerks, Terreurbestrijding in Nederland, 1970-1988, Amsterdam, Uitgeverij Ravijn, 1989.
8. J. Van der Wel and W. Bruggeman, Europese Politiele Samenwerking; Internationale Gremia, Brussels, Politeia, 1993.
9. J. Benyon et al., Police Cooperation in Europe: An Investigation, Leicester, University of Leicester, Centre for the Study of Public Order, 1993.
10. Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst, Terrorisme aan het Begin van de 21e Eeuw; Dreigingsbeeld en Positionering BVD, Den Haag, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zak:en, 2001.
11. G. Watson, Report on the Role of the European Union in Combating Terrorism, European Parliament, 1999-2004, 12 July 2001, A5-0273/2001, PE 302.219, available at http://www.europarl.eu.int and at http://www.statewatch.org/news/200 l/sep/watson. pdf.
12. C. Fijnaut, 'Het Beleid van de Verenigde Staten tegen (lntemationaal) Terrorisme tot 11 September 2001 ', in B. Pattyn and J. Wouters (eds.), Schokgolven. Terrorisme, Fundamentalisme en 1I September, Leuven, Davidsfonds, 2002, pp. 79-98.
13. R. Reagan, National Security Decision Directive 138, addressed to the Congress of the United States, White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 26 Apr. 1984, available at http://fas.org/irp/off docs/nsdd/nsdd-13 8.htm.
14. J. Stem, The Ultimate Terrorists, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1999
15. A. Lake, 6 Nightmares: The Real Threats to American Security, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 2000
16. Company, 2000 and J. Miller et al., Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2001.
17. P. Bergen, Holy War Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, New York, The Free Press, 2001.
18. P. Pillar, Terrorism and US Foreign Policy, Washington, Brookings Institution Press, 2001.
19. Text available at http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cornmission.html.
20. The relevant documents can be found at http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism.
21. B. Hoffman, 'Is Europe Soft on Terrorism?', Foreign Policy, Summer 1999 (http://www.foreignpolicy.com).
22. This correspondence can be found using the search term 'Enfopol' in the documents of the Council of the European Union (http://register.consilium.eu.int).
23. The conclusions of this JHA Council are available at http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/justice:home/news/terrorism/documents/concl_council_20sep_en.pdf.
24. Conclusions available at http://ue.eu.int/en/Info/eurocouncil/index.htm.
25. See the conclusions of this informal European Council in Ghent, available at http://ue.eu.int/en/lnfo/eurocouncil/index.htm.
26. UN Doc. S/RES/1368, 12Sept. 2001, available at http://www.un.org/documents/scres.htm.
27. W. Reisman, J. Charney, T. Franck and D. Vogts in (2001) 95 AJIL 833-848.
28. R. Wedgwood, p. 553, and J. Wouters and F. Naert ('Shockwaves through International Law after 11 September'), pp. 425, 445-446 and 462-465.
29. UN Doc. S/RES/1373, 28 Sept. 2001, available at http://www.un.org/documents/scres. htm.
30. See generally the Counter-Terrorism Committee's pages, which are at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1373/and the contribution by E. Rosand, pp. 603-631.
31. These NATO decisions are available at http://www.nato.int.
32. Ch. Bennett, 'Aiding America', (Winter 2001) 49:4 NATO Review 6-7 (available at http://www.nato.int/docu/review/200110104-01.htm)
33. J. Wouters and F. Naert ('Shockwaves through International Law after 11 September'), pp. 446-450.
34. J. Wouters and F. Naert ('Police and Judicial Cooperation in the EU and Counterterrorism'), pp. 108-146.
35. Concerning this last example, see the to some extent conflicting reports in NRCHandelsblad on 16 Feb. 2002 and The New York Times on 22 Mar. 2002. For a more elaborate discussion on the latter issue, see the contribution by J. Wouters and F. Naert ('Police and Judicial Cooperation in the EU and Counterterrorism'), pp. 139-146.
36. See the action plan 'Terrorismebestrijding en Veiligheid' of 5 Oct. 2001 (available at http://www.justitie.nl/pers/persberichten/archief/2001/actieplan. pdt) and the second progress report dated 14 Dec. 2001, Tweede Kamer, II, 2001-2002, 27925, No. 21 et seq.
37. J. Hoge, Jr and G. Rose (eds.), How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War, New York, Public Affairs, 2001
38. S. Talbott and N. Chanda (eds.), The Age of Terror: America and the World After September 11, New York, Basic Books, 2001.
39. See the analysis of the "'new" US war' in The New York Times on 29 Dec. 2001.
40. For an (incomplete) summary of American policy, see the report on the White House website: 'The Global War on Terrorism', available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/12/lOOdayreport.html
41. the reports that the US submitted to the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council (available at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1373/1373reportsEng.htm).
42. The Act is fully titled 'Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism' and is referenced under the number H.R. 3162. It can be consulted at http://thomas.loc.gov.
43. See the reports in The New York Times on 25 and 29 Nov. 2001 and 21 Mar. 2002.
44. S. Emerson, American Jihad: the Terrorists Living Among Us, New York, The Free Press, 2002.
45. See 'Budget of the United States Government; Fiscal Year 2003', http://w3.access. gpo.gov/usbudget/fy2003/budget.html.
46. The New York Times, 28 Jan. 2002.
47. Terrorist Activity in the European Union: Situation and Trends, EU Council Doc. 5759/1102 REV 1 ENFOPOL 21, 20 Feb. 2002, available at http://register.consilium.eu.int.
48. See B. Schirra, 'Schiiten. Bereit fiir die Nacht der langen Messer' ['Shiites. Ready for the Night of the Long Knives'], Die Zeit, Dossier 12/2002, available at http://www.diezeit.de/archiv/2002/16/200216_irak.xml.