Response

Journal of American Ethnic History

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 102-119

  Foner, Nancy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747751138     PISSN: 02785927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note

References (64)

1. George Fredrickson, The Comparative Imagination: On the History of Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (Berkeley, Calif., 1997), p. 65.
2. Gary Gerstle and John Mollenkopf, "The Political Incorporation of Immigrants, Then and Now" in E Plurubus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation, ed. Gary Gerstle and John Mollenkopf (New York, 2001), p. 3.
3. Alejandro Portes, "Immigration Theory for a New Century: Some Problems and Opportunities," International Migration Review, 31 (Winter 1997): 803.
4. See chapter 3, From Ellis Island to JFK, which discusses the development of ethnic niches among immigrant groups in New York past and present and draws heavily on the writings of Roger Waldinger and Suzanne Model.
5. Alejandro Portes, "Children of Immigrants: Segmented Assimilation and Its Determinants," in The Economic Sociology of Immigration, ed. Alejandro Portes (New York, 1995).
6. Nancy Foner, "Introduction: New Immigrants in a New New York," in New Immigrants in New York (New York, 2001);
7. Ivan Light and Steven Gold, Ethnic Economies (San Diego, 2000).
8. Min Zhou, "Chinese Divergent Destinies in Immigrant New York," p. 167. In the sociological literature, there is a debate on whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks of working for co-ethnic employers.
9. See Light and Gold, Ethnic Economies, ch. 3;
10. Jimy Sanders and Victor Nee, "Limits of Ethnic Solidarity in the Ethnic Enclave Economy," American Sociological Review, 52 (1987): 745-767;
11. Greta Gilbertson, "Women's Labor and Enclave Employment: The Case of Dominican and Colombian Women," International Migration Review, 19 (1995): 657-670;
12. Alejandro Portes and Leif Jensen, "The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel," American Sociological Review, 54 (1989): 929-949;
13. Min Zhou and John Logan, "Returns on Human Capital in New York City's Chinatown," American Sociological Review, 34 (1989): 809-820.
14. Richard Wright and Mark Ellis, "Immigrants, the Native-Born, and the Changing Division of Labor in New York City, in New Immigrants in New York, ed. Nancy Foner (New York, 2001), pp. 84, 108.
15. George Borjas, Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy (Princeton, N.J., 1999), ch. 2.
16. For a summary of the debates on immigrants' relative rates of progress, see Roger Waldinger, "Strangers at the Gates," in Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America, ed. Roger Waldinger (Berkeley, Calif., 2001), pp. 12-14.
17. Mark Ellis, "A Tale of Five Cities? Trends in Immigrant and Native-Born Wages," in Strangers at the Gate, pp. 118, 151-153.
18. Victoria Hattam, "Whiteness: Theorizing Race, Eliding Ethnicity," International Labor and Working Class History, 60 (Fall 2001): 63.
19. See the special issue of International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001) which centers around Eric Amesen's dismissive critique of the scholarship on whiteness, "Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination," pp. 3-32.
20. See Eric Foner, "Response to Amesen," International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001): 57-60.
21. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color (Cambridge, 1998), p. 6.
22. Arnesen, "Whiteness," pp. 3-32;
23. David Brody, "Charismatic History: Pros and Cons," pp. 43-47;
24. and Foner, "Response," pp. 57-60, International Labor and Working Class History, 60 (Fall 2001).
25. Richard Alba, "Immigration and the American Realities of Assimilation and Multiculturalism," Sociological Forum, 14 (March 1999: 19);
26. Richard Alba, Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America (New Haven, 1990), pp. 312-333.
27. Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Men and Women (Thousand Oaks, Calif., 1997), p. 109.
28. A growing literature explores the impact of race on West Indian immigrants, including their racial identities and relations with African Americans. See, for example, the articles in Islands in the City West Indian Migration to New York, ed. Nancy Foner (Berkeley, Calif., 2001)
29. as well as Philip Kasinitz, Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992);
30. Milton Vickerman, Crosscurrents: West Indians and Race (New York, 1999)
31. and Mary Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
32. Milton Vickerman, "Tweaking a Monolith: The West Indian Encounter with 'Blackness,'" in Islands in the City. Vickerman mentions three other trends that also contribute to the contestation of monolithic conceptions of blackness: the growth of the black middle class, ideological diversity among people of African ancestry, and the rising number of mixed-race individuals.
33. Alba, "Immigration and the American Realities of Assimilation," p. 19.
34. Roger Waldinger has his own beef with the term "folks" as used by Karen Brodkin Sacks, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America (New Brunswick, N.J., 1999).
35. Roger Waldinger, "Perils of the Promised Land," Journal of American Ethnic History, 20 (Spring 2001): 138-143.
36. James R. Barrett, "Whiteness Studies: Anything Here for Historians of the Working Class?" International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), p. 35.
37. In light of the recent critiques of the whiteness literature, the time may be ripe for an argument for "anti-anti-whiteness," along the lines of Clifford Geertz's critique of the anti-relativist turn in anthropology. See Clifford Geertz, "Anti-Anti-Relativism," American Anthropologist, 86 (2): 263-278.
38. On racial forecasts for the future, see Richard Alba, "Immigration and the American Realities of Assimilation;"
39. Herbert Gans, "The Possibility of a New Racial Hierarchy in the Twenty-First Century United States," in The Cultural Territories of Race, ed. Michele Lamont (Chicago, 1999);
40. Joel Perlmann and Roger Waldinger, "Second Generation Decline? Children of Immigrants, Past and Present," International Migration Review, 31 (Winter 1997): 893-922;
41. and Roger Sanjek, "Intermarriage and the Future of Races," in Race, ed. Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjek (New Brunswick, N.J., 1994).
42. Segmented assimilation, a term developed and elaborated by Alejandro Portes and his colleagues, implies a diversity of outcomes among today's second generation, with some moving rapidly upward due to their parents' high human capital and favorable context of reception, others doing well because of their parents' dense networks and solidary ethnic communities, and still others, whose parents have fewer resources and are exposed to the life-styles and outlooks of inner-city schools and neighborhoods, experiencing downward assimilation. See Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut, "Conclusion - The Forging of a New America: Lessons for Theory and Policy," in Ethnicities, ed. Ruben Rumbaut and Alejandro Portes (Berkeley, Calif., 2001).
43. Min Zhou, "Progress, Decline, Stagnation? A New Second Generation Comes of Age," in Strangers at the Gate, p. 301.
44. Of course, cultural patterns are not immutable, and they are simultaneously influenced by and influence social reality. As Hans Vermuelen argues, the cultural dimension is important in the study of differential social mobility of immigrants and their offspring, although links need to be made wherever possible to the historical circumstances that preceded migration so that the prevailing cultural patterns can be understood in that light. Culture and Inequality: Immigrant Cultures and Social Mobility in Long-Term Perspective (Amsterdam, 2001), p. 44.
45. What Mollenkopf and his colleagues, in a recent paper on their research on second-generation New Yorkers, call a hothouse focus on education in the Chinese community and among Chinese immigrant parents. John Mollenkopf, Aviva Zeltzer-Zubida, Jennifer Holdaway, Philip Kasinitz, and Mary Waters, "Chutes and Ladders: Educational Attainment among Young Second Generation and Native New Yorkers," unpublished paper.
46. Portes and Rumbaut, "Conclusion," p. 313.
47. See also Min Zhou, "Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation, International Migration Review, 31 (Winter 1997): 975-1008.
48. Perlmann and Waldinger, "Second Generation Decline?" p. 915.
49. In the New York second-generation study, controlling for parents' education, gender and age, white groups and Chinese had the best educational outcomes, Latino groups the worst, and black groups in-between. Waters et al., "Becoming American/Becoming New Yorkers." See Portes and Rumbaut, "Conclusion," and Charles Hirschman, "The Educational Enrollment of Immigrant Youth: A Test of the Segmented-Assimilation Hypothesis," Demography, 38 (August 2001): 317-336.
50. Mary Waters, Philip Kasinitz, and John Mollenkopf, "Becoming American/ Becoming New Yorkers: The Experience of Assimilation in a Majority Minority City," Paper presented at conference on Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, May 2001.
51. Carola Suarez-Orozco and Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, Children of Immigrants (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), p. 158.
52. Waters, Kasinitz, and Mollenkopf, "Becoming American/Becoming New Yorkers."
53. Kathryn Neckerman, Prudence Carter, and Jennifer Lee, "Segmented Assimilation and Minority Cultures of Mobility," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22: 945-965;
54. Nancy Foner, "West Indian Migration to New York: An Overview"; Philip Kasinitz, "Invisible No More? West Indian Americans in the Social Scientific Imagination," in Islands in the City.
55. See also Zhou, "Progress, Decline, Stagnation?"
56. Hirschman, "The Educational Enrollment of Immigrant Youth," p. 317.
57. David Gerber, "Deja Vu All Over Again? Contemporary International Migrants in Comparative Historical Perspective," Reviews in American History, 29 (September 2001), p. 430.
58. Since the book was written, I have elaborated my arguments about second-generation transnationalism, see Nancy Foner, "Second Generation Transnationalism, Then and Now," in The Changing Face of Home, ed. Peggy Levitt and Mary Waters (New York, in press).
59. Also see, Dorothee Schneider, "Naturalization and United States Citizenship in Two Periods of Mass Migration, 1890-1930, 1965-2000," Journal of American Ethnic History, 21 (Fall 2001): 50-82.
60. For other comparisons, see the special issue of Journal of American Ethnic History, 18 (Spring 1999), ed. Pyong Gap Min, "The Classical and Contemporary Mass Migration Periods: Similarities and Differences."
61. See Foner, "Introduction: New Immigrants in a New York New York"; Caroline Brettell, "Bringing the City Back In: Cities as Contexts for Immigrant Incorporation," Paper delivered at Seminar on Anthropology and Contemporary Immigration (Santa Fe, N.M., 2001);
62. Roger Waldinger and Jennifer Lee, "New Immigrants in Urban America," in Strangers at the Gates.
63. Waldinger and Lee, "New Immigrants"; John Laslett, "Historical Perspectives: Immigration and the Rise of a Distinctive Urban Region, 1900-1970," in Ethnic Los Angeles, ed. Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr (New York, 1996). In 1920, only 17 percent of Los Angeles residents had been born abroad, compared to 35 percent in New York City.
64. In a recent paper, I have tried to integrate a comparison across space and time, by analyzing how the presence of a large African American population makes a difference in the West Indian migrant experience in New York and London, as well as among immigrants in New York today as compared to the city at the turn of the twentieth century. "Comparative Perspectives on Immigrants in New York - Across Time and Place," conference on Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants: Institutions, Markets, and Policies, Harvard University, 2001.