The role of the Mexican State in the development of Chicle extraction in Yucatán, and the continuing importance of Coyotaje

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 65-93

  Forero, Oscar A ^a   Redclift, Michael R ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENTREPRENEUR; EXPLOITATION; FOREST PRODUCT; STATE ROLE;

FEDERAL DISTRICT [MEXICO]; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; MEXICO CITY; NORTH AMERICA; YUCATAN PENINSULA;

MANILKARA ZAPOTA;

EID: 33747736147     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: 1469767X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X05000295     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. V. Chenaut, Migrantes y aventureros de la frontera sur (Mexico, 1989) p. 38.
2. M. Ramos Díaz, 'La bonanza del chicle en la frontera Caribe de México,' Revista Mexicana del Caribe, no. 4 (1999), pp. 172-93.
3. See G. M. Joseph, Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico and the United State, 1880-1924 (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 289-197.
4. Joseph, Revolution from Without, p. 291.
5. D. Bray et al., 'Mexico's Community Forest as a Global Model for Sustainable Landscapes', Conservation Biology, Vol. 17, no. 3 (2003), p. 672.
6. N. A. Reed, The Caste War of Yucatán (California, 2001), p. 56
7. D. E. Dumond, The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatán (Lincoln, NE, and London, 1997), pp. 407-408.
8. Dumond, The Machete and the Cross, p. 411.
9. Ramos Díaz, 'La bonanza del chicle,' pp. 177-93.
10. See M. E. Stanfield, Red Rubber, Bleeding Trees: Violence, Slavery and Empire in Northwest Amazonia, 1850-1933 (Alburquerque, 1998).
11. Chenaut, Migrantes y aventureros en la frontera sur, pp. 15-16
12. A. Palerm and E. Wolf, Agricultura y civilización en Mezoamérica (Mexico, 1972).
13. G. A. Macías Zapata, La península fracturada: Conformación marítima, social y forestal del Territorio de Quintana Roo, 1884-1902 (Mexico, 2002), pp. 153-154.
14. H. W. Konrad, 'Capitalism on the Tropical Forest Frontier,' in J. T. Brannon and G. M. Joseph (eds.), Land, Labor and Capital in the Modern Yucatán (Tuscaloosa and London, 1991), pp. 156-158.
15. J. M. Lapointe, Los mayas rebeldes de Yucatán (Mérida, 1997), pp. 148-240
16. Konrad, 'Capitalism on the Tropical Forest Frontier', p. 149.
17. Reed, The Caste War of Yucatán, p. 287.
18. A. Villa Rojas, Los elegidos de Dios: Etnografía de los mayas de Quintana Roo (Mexico, 1978) p. 120.
19. AGN Section 3a 906. Exp 33 No. foja 3. Ref. Contrabando y Explotación del Chicle, Sealed 8 April 1907, Ministry of Government. Signed by Delegate of the Sub Secretary of Government. Chetumal, Quintana Roo.
20. Ramos Díaz, 'La bonanza del chicle,' pp. 177-193.
21. A. Acereto, Evolución histórica de de las relaciones políticas entre México y Yucatán (México, 1904).
22. J. K. Turner, México Bárbaro (Mexico, 1965), pp. 126-8.
23. Villa Rojas, Los elegidos de Dios, p. 124.
24. Reed, The Caste War of Yucatán, p. 309.
25. M. Gates, In Default: Peasants, the Debt Crisis and the Agricultural Challenge in Mexico (Oxford, 1993), p. 110.
26. Leandro Poot quoted by E. H. Thompson, People of the Serpent: Life and Adventure among the Mayas (Boston, 1932), pp. 70-1.
27. Joseph, Revolution from Without, pp. 193-4.
28. Archivo General Amado Aguirre. Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas de UNAM. Folio 579. Ref. Concesión Ramoneda. Signed Juan de D. Rodriguez May 20th 1927, Payo Obispo, Addressed to the President. Chetumal, Quintana Roo.
29. H. W. Konrad, 'Capitalismo y trabajo en los bosques de las tierras bajas tropicales mexicanas: El caso de la industria del chicle', Historia Mexicana, vol. 36, no. 3 (1987). pp. 501-2.
30. Ibid., p. 502.
31. J. Meyer, El sinarquismo, el cardenismo y la Iglesia, 1937-1947 (Mexico, 2003), pp. 206-7.
32. J. González Durán, La rebelión de los mayas y el Quintana Roo chiclero (Mérida, Mexico, 1974), pp. 40-1.
33. M. F. Jaramillo Botero, La historia oral de los mayas de Quintana Roo (Mexico, 1988), pp. 76-7.
34. González Durán, La rebelión de los mayas, pp. 40-1.
35. R. Beteta, Tierra del chicle (Chetumal, 1999 (1929)), p. 49.
36. Meyer, El sinarquismo, el cardenismo y la Iglesia, pp. 207-213.
37. Joseph, Revolution from Without, p. 292.
38. L. Cárdenas, Ideario político (Mexico, 1972), p. 172.
39. W. Gabbert, Becoming Maya: Ethnicity and Social Inequality in Yucatán since 1500 (Tucson, 2004), pp. 99-101.
40. L. Rosado Vega, Un hombre y un pueblo (Chetumal, 1998 (1940)), pp. 248-9.
41. Ibid, p. 349.
42. Joseph, Revolution from Without, pp. 289-91.
43. Rosado Vega, Un pueblo y un hombre, pp. 377-8.
44. A. Villa Rojas, Los elegidos de Dios, p. 202.
45. G. A. Menéndez, Quintana Roo, Albúm monográfico (Chetumal, 1936);
46. L. Careaga Villesid, 'La etapa cardenista', in Loreana Careaga Villasid (ed.), Quintana Roo: Textos de su historia, Vol. 2 (Mexico, 1990), p. 215.
47. Villa Rojas, Los elegidos de Dios, pp. 128-35.
48. Goberino del Estado de Quintana Roo, Encyclopaedia of Quintana Roo, Vol. III (Mexico, 1998), p. 101.
49. Rosado Vega, Un pueblo y un hombre, pp. 351-352.
50. J. González Durán, La rebelión de los mayas y el Quintana Roo chiclero (Mérida, 1974), p. 53.
51. Ibid., pp. 54-6;
52. L. Careaga Villesid, 'Los años de Margarito Ramiréz,' in Loreana Careaga Villesid (ed.), Quintana Roo: Textos de su historia, Vol. 2, pp. 223-229.
53. Interview with Isidro Quiterio Escalante, November 2003, State Archives, Chetumal, Quintana Roo. Isidro is the curator of the archive of the Federation of Chicle Cooperatives.
54. Careaga Villesid, 'Los años de Margarito Ramírez,' pp. 227-8.
55. González Durán, La rebelión de los mayas, p. 56.
56. Interview with Isidro Quiterio Escalante, November 2003, State Archives, Chetumal, Quintana Roo.
57. Interview with Pablo Canché Balám, Tulúm, 16 December 2003. Pablo was born in Tulúm into a Cruzob family. He is the grandson of a legendary Mayan shaman and his father-in-law was the Cruzob chief of Tulúm during the 1970s. Pablo is now in his late seventies; in his twenties he was selected for the main role of the cult film 'Chac: The Rain God'. After the film he continued working with several foreign researchers interested in the magico-religious life of the Maya. For interviews with Pablo Canché see M. Peissel, El mundo perdido de los mayas: Exploraciones y aventuras en Quintana Roo (Barcelona, 1976);
58. M. Everton, Modern Maya: A Culture in Transition (Albuquerque, 1991).
59. Careaga Villesid, 'Los años de Margarito Ramírez,' p. 224;
60. González Durán, La rebelión de los mayas, pp. 58-60.
61. Interview with a former chiclero, José Domingo Castillo Pool, Tihosuco, Quintana Roo, December 2003.
62. The Cruzob maintained a talking cross in the archaeological site of Tulúm until 1935, when the Federal Army took the site and expelled them. See P. Sullivan, 'Tulúm: A Portal Between Two Worlds', Arqueología Mexicana, vol. 9, no. 54 (2002), pp. 98-100.
63. Interview with Pablo Canché Balám, Tulúm, 16 December 2003.
64. T. de Vries, 'Chicle Commercialization: Institutions, Sustainability and Green Markets,' unpubl. MA thesis, Florida International University, 2002, pp. 23-24.
65. Interview with Manuel Aldrete, Manager of PPC, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 13 November 2003.
66. Ibid.
67. Federación de Cooperativas de Q. Roo, File documents 1959. Document: Annex to doc No. 261. From Presidente de la Coop José B. Uc, to: Javier Arjona Palma, Gerente General, Federación de Cooperativas de Q.Roo. State Archives, Chetumal, Quintana Roo.
68. After a lengthy process the court has decided in favour of the union and ordered Mexitrade to pay the fees plus interests. Despite the order, no payment has taken place yet. Interview with Manuel Aldrete, Manager of PPC, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 13 May 2005.
69. Interview with Norma Azuara Salas, Secretary of PFSCA, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 13 November 2003.
70. Interview with Aldo Azuara Salas, SEMARNAT, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 13 November 2003.