메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 625-653

Physical purity feminism and state medicine in late nineteenth-century England

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; FEMINISM; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; UNITED KINGDOM; VIOLENCE; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

EID: 33747611773     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029900200220     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (101)
  • 1
    • 0342280492 scopus 로고
    • The Laws of Health: Women, medicine and sanitary reform, 1850-1890
    • Marina Benjamin Ed, Oxford: Basil Blackwell
    • Perry Williams (1991) The Laws of Health: women, medicine and sanitary reform, 1850-1890, in Marina Benjamin (Ed.) Science and Sensibility: gender and scientific enquiry, 1780-1845 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell)
    • (1991) Science and Sensibility: Gender and scientific enquiry, 1780-1845
    • Williams, P.1
  • 2
    • 0346494454 scopus 로고
    • Free from all uninvited touch of man': Women's campaigns around sexuality, 1880-1914
    • These campaigns have been extensively discussed. See Sheila Jeffreys (1982) 'Free from all uninvited touch of man': women's campaigns around sexuality, 1880-1914, Women's Studies International Forum, 5, pp. 629-645
    • (1982) Women's Studies International Forum , vol.5 , pp. 629-645
    • Jeffreys, S.1
  • 3
    • 84933488254 scopus 로고
    • Purifying' the Public World: Feminist vigilantes in late Victorian England
    • Lucy Bland (1992) 'Purifying' the Public World: feminist vigilantes in late Victorian England, Women's History Review, 1, pp. 397-412
    • (1992) Women's History Review , vol.1 , pp. 397-412
    • Bland, L.1
  • 6
    • 80054249802 scopus 로고
    • Changes are dangerous': Women and temperance in Victorian England
    • Gail Malmgreen Ed, London: Croom Helm
    • Lilian Lewis Shiman (1986) 'Changes are dangerous': women and temperance in Victorian England, in Gail Malmgreen (Ed.) Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760-1930, pp. 204-205 (London: Croom Helm)
    • (1986) Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760-1930 , pp. 204-205
    • Lewis Shiman, L.1
  • 10
    • 0003251250 scopus 로고
    • Women and Anti-vivisection in Victorian England, 1870-1900
    • Nicolaas A Rupke Ed, London: Croom Helm
    • see also Mary Ann Elston (1987) Women and Anti-vivisection in Victorian England, 1870-1900, in Nicolaas A Rupke (Ed.) Vivisection in Historical Perspective (London: Croom Helm)
    • (1987) Vivisection in Historical Perspective
    • Ann Elston, M.1
  • 13
    • 80054270218 scopus 로고
    • London
    • The discourse of purity is heavily emphasised in the work of many of the key female healers of this period. See Mary Nichols (1868) A Woman's Work in Water Cure and Sanitary Education (London), which was written by one of the foremost hydropathists of the mid-Victorian period
    • (1868) A Woman's Work in Water Cure and Sanitary Education
    • M. Nichols1
  • 15
    • 80054221070 scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Vaccination Tracts (1879) p. 23. Chandos Leigh Hunt was active in the anti-vaccination movement
    • (1879) Vaccination Tracts , pp. 23
  • 21
    • 0003481653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD thesis, University of Bradford
    • Most of the female purity activists accepted either the rationalistic conception of nature produced by the Darwinians or drew on mainstream Christian views of nature. A substantial minority of these activists, however, were spiritualists, theosophists, Swedenborgians, or members of other mystical sects. This group constructed a strongly gendered version of vitalism; see the discussion in Anne Scott (1996) Embodied Politics: emancipatory epistemologies and vitalistic ontologies within feminist alternative medicine (PhD thesis, University of Bradford
    • (1996) Embodied Politics: emancipatory epistemologies and vitalistic ontologies within feminist alternative medicine
    • A. Scott1
  • 22
    • 73649116498 scopus 로고
    • Gender and dichotomy
    • Nancy Jay has argued that dualistic thought has an inside-outside structure, with the secondary term constructed as the negation of the primary term. The need to maintain a hyper-separation between the two terms, and a focus on issues of purity and pollution, is thus intrinsic to its logic. Nancy Jay (1981) Gender and dichotomy, Feminist Studies, 7, pp. 38-56. Val Plumwood calls dualism the 'logic of colonisation' and has analysed the way specific dualistic divisions - such as 'public/private', 'mind/body' or 'civilised/ primitive' - can act to structure and justify historically particular social oppressions. During different historical periods, different dualistic divisions achieve prominence, acting to justify the specific social divisions which are central to that social context. Plumwood argues that all of these specific dualisms can be connected, by means of linking postulates, to an overarching division between reason and nature within Western thought. Val Plumwood (1993) Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge)
    • (1981) Feminist Studies , vol.7 , pp. 38-56
    • Jay, N.1
  • 24
    • 0004157512 scopus 로고
    • London: Pandora Press
    • Similar arguments have been made by Sheila Jeffreys; Sheila Jeffreys (1985) The Spinster and her Enemies (London: Pandora Press), and Jeffreys, Women's campaigns around sexuality'
    • (1985) The Spinster and her Enemies
    • Jeffreys, S.1    Jeffreys, S.2
  • 28
    • 0025493149 scopus 로고
    • The wilful communication of a loathsome disease, marital conflict and venereal disease in Victorian England
    • Although this was, by no means, true of all medical doctors, it seems that even those doctors who were concerned about the impact of venereal disease on the health and fertility of women and children were generally unwilling to argue that the sexual double standard, as enshrined in the 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act, should be legislatively lifted; Gail Savage (1990) The wilful communication of a loathsome disease': marital conflict and venereal disease in Victorian England, Victorian Studies, 33, pp. 35-54
    • (1990) Victorian Studies , vol.33 , pp. 35-54
    • Savage, G.1
  • 30
    • 55949107928 scopus 로고
    • (Manchester)
    • Mary C. Hume-Rothery (1871) Women and Doctors: or, medical despotism in England: an essay (Manchester). This point relates only to a minority of mid-Victorian sanitary legislation. The bulk of this legislation related to the creation of a safe water supply and to other environmental improvements. These laws were non-contentious with most of the public, although the cost of the improvements led to some debate at legislative and municipal level
    • (1871) Women and Doctors: or, medical despotism in England: an essay
    • M. C. Hume-Rothery1
  • 31
    • 80054213778 scopus 로고
    • The Old Wife, Pregnancy and Birth Control
    • Mike Saks Ed, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • see also Mary Chamberlain (1992) The Old Wife, Pregnancy and Birth Control, in Mike Saks (Ed.) Alternative Medicine in Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
    • (1992) Alternative Medicine in Britain
    • Chamberlain, M.1
  • 32
    • 21344448946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • literary Defenses and Medical Prosecutions: representing infanticide in nineteenth-century Britain
    • Winter
    • The requirement that infant death certificates be signed by medical doctors may have been an attempt to discourage the practice of infanticide. See Christine Krueger's discussion of infanticide discourses during the nineteenth century; Christine Krueger (1997) literary Defenses and Medical Prosecutions: representing infanticide in nineteenth-century Britain, Victorian Studies, Winter, pp. 271-294
    • (1997) Victorian Studies , pp. 271-294
    • Krueger, C.1
  • 35
    • 0029362558 scopus 로고
    • The 'smooth cool men of science': The feminist and socialist response to vivisection
    • For an account of a similar exposé conducted by two female, Swedish, anti-vivisectionists, see Hilda Kean (1995) The 'smooth cool men of science': the feminist and socialist response to vivisection, History Workshop Journal, 40, pp. 16-38
    • (1995) History Workshop Journal , vol.40 , pp. 16-38
    • Kean, H.1
  • 36
    • 84906650475 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession and Its Morality
    • Frances Power Cobbe (1881), The Medical Profession and Its Morality, The Modern Review, 2, p. 311
    • (1881) The Modern Review , vol.2 , pp. 311
    • Power Cobbe, F.1
  • 37
  • 38
    • 0040108009 scopus 로고
    • A husband is a beating animal': Frances Power Cobbe confronts the wife-abuse problem in Victorian England
    • For a discussion of Cobbe's opposition to male violence against women, see Carol Bauer & Lawrence Ritt (1983) 'A husband is a beating animal': Frances Power Cobbe confronts the wife-abuse problem in Victorian England, International Journal of Women 's Studies, 6, pp. 99-118
    • (1983) International Journal of Women 's Studies , vol.6 , pp. 99-118
    • Bauer, C.1    Ritt, L.2
  • 39
    • 0009106848 scopus 로고
    • Jack the Ripper
    • In a letter to The Times, Cobbe speculated that Jack the Ripper might actually be a physiologist; this letter is discussed by Judith Walkowitz (1982) Jack the Ripper, Feminist Studies, 7, pp. 543-574
    • (1982) Feminist Studies , vol.7 , pp. 543-574
    • Walkowitz, J.1
  • 41
    • 0022163906 scopus 로고
    • Gynaecology, Pornography and the Anti-vivisection Movement
    • For a discussion of the links women were drawing between medical and sexual violence, see Coral Lansbury (1985) Gynaecology, Pornography and the Anti-vivisection Movement, Victorian Studies, 28, pp. 413-438
    • (1985) Victorian Studies , vol.28 , pp. 413-438
    • Lansbury, C.1
  • 43
    • 80054277325 scopus 로고
    • The City of Blood; printed in Anna Kngsford
    • 3rd edn,London
    • Anna Kingsford (1877) The City of Blood; printed in Anna Kngsford (1908) Dreams and Dream Stories, 3rd edn, pp. 35-37 (London)
    • (1877) Dreams and Dream Stories , pp. 35-37
    • Kingsford, A.1
  • 45
    • 80054277333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These discourses had their origin within the sanitary reform movement of the 1840s, which was a movement of lay people, rather than doctors. Edwin Chadwick - one of the central figures within this movement - was an administrator rather than a medical practitioner; he was explicitly concerned with controlling and 'improving' the working classes. Williams, The Laws of Health'; p. 64
    • The Laws of Health' , pp. 64
    • Williams1
  • 47
    • 0004154850 scopus 로고
    • (London and Edinburgh)
    • Herbert Spencer (1884) The Man versus the State, p. 62 (London and Edinburgh). According to Christopher Hamlin, Chadwick misrepresented his respondents in the first public health surveys in order to place a surveillance and control agenda at the centre of the environmental health debates from the 1840s onward; Hamlin, 'Forging Sanitary Orthodoxy'. Similarly, Frank Mort argues that public health efforts often integrated the provision of environmental and health services with an increase in the state surveillance of women and working people
    • (1884) The Man versus the State , pp. 62
    • Spencer, H.1
  • 52
    • 0012383011 scopus 로고
    • Issues in the Anti-vaccination Movement in England
    • For a discussion of the vaccination debates within the medical profession, see Ann Beck (1960) Issues in the Anti-vaccination Movement in England, Medical History, 4, pp. 310-321
    • (1960) Medical History , vol.4 , pp. 310-321
    • Beck, A.1
  • 53
    • 0038135875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for a discussion of wider conflict between the medical sanitarians and their Pasteurian colleagues, see Lloyd Stevenson (1955) Science Down the Drain: on the hostility of certain sanitarians to animal experimentation, bacteriology and immunology, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 29, pp. 1-26
    • Bulletin of the History of Medicine , vol.29 , pp. 1-26
  • 54
    • 80054247103 scopus 로고
    • The Vaccination Tyranny
    • (10), 20 January
    • Emma Hardinge Britten (1888) The Vaccination Tyranny, The Two Worlds, 1(10), 20 January 1888, p. 151
    • (1888) The Two Worlds , vol.1 , pp. 151
    • Hardinge Britten, E.1
  • 56
    • 80054211310 scopus 로고
    • The Forcible Introspection of Women for the Army and Navy by the Oligarchy
    • title page (London and Glasgow)
    • An 1870 quote, printed in James John Garth Wilkinson (1870) The Forcible Introspection of Women for the Army and Navy by the Oligarchy, Considered Physically, title page (London and Glasgow)
    • (1870) Considered Physically
    • John, J.1    Wilkinson, G.2
  • 57
    • 34250177797 scopus 로고
    • Women's Health and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1840-1940
    • Charles Webster (Ed.), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • Brian Harrison (1981) Women's Health and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1840-1940, in Charles Webster (Ed.) Biology, Medicine and Society, 1840-1940, p. 45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • (1981) Biology, Medicine and Society, 1840-1940 , pp. 45
    • Harrison, B.1
  • 60
    • 80054266994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although most of the feminist purity activists, such as Frances Power Cobbe, were firm rationalists, a substantial number of these activists developed an interest in spiritualism and the occult. See Scott (1996) Embodied Politics
    • (1996) Embodied Politics
    • Scott1
  • 63
    • 80054266994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a more general discussion of the reason/ nature dualism, see Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. The connections between these two forms of dualism are analysed in Scott, Embodied Politics
    • Embodied Politics
    • Scott1
  • 64
    • 0004284437 scopus 로고
    • See Adrian Desmond & J. Moore (1991) Darwin, p. 449 (Harmondsworth: Penguin)
    • (1991) Darwin , pp. 449
    • A. Desmond1    J. Moore2
  • 67
    • 0022164818 scopus 로고
    • Providence and Putrefaction: Victorian sanitarians and the natural theology of health and disease
    • Blood and sewage were profoundly connected within the Victorian imagination. Anna Kingsford was, for example, able to use the matter of fact statement that 'blood is the vehicle of the sewage of the body' to develop a broader argument; see Anna Kingsford (1882) A Lecture on Food, in Anna Kingsford & Edward Maitland (1912) Addresses and Essays on Vegetarianism, p. 82 (London), For evidence of the emotional charge carried by waste matter during this period, see Hamlin's discussion of the excitement with which the Victorians addressed the management of sewage; Christopher Hamlin (1985) Providence and Putrefaction: Victorian sanitarians and the natural theology of health and disease, Victorian Studies, 28, pp. 381-412
    • (1985) Victorian Studies , vol.28 , pp. 381-412
    • Hamlin, C.1
  • 68
    • 0003931293 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • An obsession with impurities of the blood and with rotting 'filth' also found expression within miasmatic medical theories of disease causation and, thus, within medical sanitarian discourse; see Margaret Pelling (1978) Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-1865 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Mary Douglas has analysed the concept of 'pollution' in relation to substances and people which overstep social categories
    • (1978) Cholera, Fever and English Medicine, 1825-1865
    • M. Pelling1
  • 73
    • 80054277256 scopus 로고
    • (Edinburgh)
    • See the discussion of hysteria by T. S. Clouston (1882) Female Education from a Medical Point of View (Edinburgh). Mesmerism, spiritualism and 'mediomania' are discussed from a medical viewpoint by Frederick Marvin (1874) The Philosophy of Spiritualism and the Pathology and Treatment of Mediomania: two lectures (New York)
    • (1882) Female Education from a Medical Point of View
    • T. S. Clouston1
  • 75
    • 0012811220 scopus 로고
    • Sex in Mind and Education
    • Henry Maudsley (1874) Sex in Mind and Education, in Fortnightly Review, 15, pp. 466-483
    • (1874) Fortnightly Review , vol.15 , pp. 466-483
    • Maudsley, H.1
  • 78
    • 80054262681 scopus 로고
    • (London)
    • Elizabeth Blackwell (1902) Essays in Medical Sociology, vols. 1 & 2, pp. 228-229 (London). Blackwell belonged to the Social Purity Alliance, the LNA, the Moral Reform Union and the National Vigilance Association. She was vice-president of the National Society for Women's Suffrage. See Bland, Banishing the Beast, for more biographical details
    • (1902) Essays in Medical Sociology , vol.1-2 , pp. 228-229
    • Blackwell, E.1
  • 82
  • 83
    • 60950230134 scopus 로고
    • Technologies of Monstrosity: Bram Stoker's Dracula
    • See, for example, the description of Mr Hyde in Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, p. 23. Mr Hyde is drawn as the embodiment of a gothic monster. Judith Halberstam has noted a powerful similarity between gothic portrayals of vampires and monsters, and anti-Semitic portrayals of Jews. These were constructions of 'the other' - threats to the bourgeois Victorian womanhood which carried English national identity; see Judith Halberstam (1993) Technologies of Monstrosity: Bram Stoker's Dracula, Victorian Studies, 36, pp. 333-352
    • (1993) Victorian Studies , vol.36 , pp. 333-352
    • Halberstam, J.1
  • 84
    • 11844264562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarly, Sally Ledger discusses the inversion of sexual categories and sexual control by the blood-seeking vampires of Dracula. Sally Ledger, The New Woman, pp. 100-106
    • The New Woman , pp. 100-106
    • Ledger, S.1
  • 87
    • 0026410067 scopus 로고
    • Enemies of the race, biologism, environmentalism and public health
    • Social Darwinism (the use of evolutionary theory to justify social inequalities) was becoming more influential during this period; the term 'eugenics' was coined in 1883 by Francis Galton. As the nineteenth century drew to a close, eugenic discourses - arguing for policies which would deliberately increase the reproductive rate among evolutionary 'fit' individuals, while decreasing it among the 'unfit' - attracted increasing attention and began to gain in influence; see Dorothy Porter (1991) 'Enemies of the race': biologism, environmentalism and public health, Victorian Studies, 34, pp. 159-178. The term 'unfit' was often used as a shorthand for non-whites and for members of the dangerous classes; Peter Stalleybrass & Allon White discuss the cultural equation of 'filth' with the Irish, criminals, prostitutes and the poor in mid-Victorian England; see Peter Stalleybrass & Allon White (1986) The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London: Methuen)
    • (1991) Victorian Studies , vol.34 , pp. 159-178
    • Porter, D.1
  • 89
    • 80054270054 scopus 로고
    • Letter to James J. Garth Wilkinson, in James Garth Wilkinson
    • Josephine Butler (1870) Letter to James J. Garth Wilkinson, in James Garth Wilkinson, Forcible Introspection, p. 25
    • (1870) Forcible Introspection , pp. 25
    • Butler, J.1
  • 90
    • 80054269799 scopus 로고
    • This aspect of Butler's life and work is discussed by Deborah Valenze
    • (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
    • See, for example, Josephine Butler (1875) Catherine of Siena (London). This aspect of Butler's life and work is discussed by Deborah Valenze (1985) Prophetic Sons and Daughters: female preaching and popular religion in industrial England (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
    • (1985) Prophetic Sons and Daughters: female preaching and popular religion in industrial England
    • Butler, J.1
  • 91
    • 80054230532 scopus 로고
    • The action of man upon the spirit world and the action of the spirit world upon man
    • 2 November
    • Chandos Leigh Hunt (1877) The action of man upon the spirit world and the action of the spirit world upon man, The Medium and Daybreak, 2, 2 November 1877, pp. 689-692
    • (1877) The Medium and Daybreak , vol.2 , pp. 689-692
    • Leigh Hunt, C.1
  • 100
    • 0004142741 scopus 로고
    • (London: The Women's Press)
    • As Andrea Dworkin has noted, men of racially subordinate groups are often constructed as either rapists - violating 'our' women - or as the contaminators of 'our' blood. The effective use of images of sexual violence and blood contamination to attack Pasteurian medical doctors thus depended on an implicit, and deeply embedded, acquaintance with the logic of racism. Andrea Dworkin (1983) Right-wing Women: the politics of domesticated females (London: The Women's Press)
    • (1983) Right-wing Women: the politics of domesticated females
    • Dworkin, A.1
  • 101
    • 0002309481 scopus 로고
    • The De-eroticization of Women's Liberation: Social purity movements and the revolutionary feminism of Sheila Jeffreys
    • Margaret Hunt (1990) The De-eroticization of Women's Liberation: social purity movements and the revolutionary feminism of Sheila Jeffreys, Feminist Review, 34, pp. 23-46
    • (1990) Feminist Review , vol.34 , pp. 23-46
    • Hunt, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.