Demilitarising the 'war on terror'

Survival

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 37-54

  Stevenson, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33747593720     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: 14682699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00396330600765443     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Richard J. Norton, 'Feral Cities', Naval War College Review, vol. 56, no. 4, Autumn 2003, p. 98.
2. The vision of Los Angeles in Blade Runner is that of director Ridley Scott and author Philip K. Dick, on whose novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (New York: Signet, 1969) the film is based.
3. Norton, 'Feral Cities,' p. 98.
4. A former US Navy commander, Norton himself is doubtful about the efficacy of the conventional military instrument against non-state actors ensconced in urban areas. Ibid., p. 105.
5. For an extremely optimistic view of the potential of special-operations forces to tame the world, see Robert D. Kaplan, Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground (New York: Random House, 2005). See also Max Boot, 'The Struggle to Transform the Military', Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 2, March/April 2005, pp. 103-18.
6. US Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, 6 February 2006, http://www.defenselink.mil/qdr/report/Report20060203.pdf, pp. 9, 11.
7. Ibid., p. 23.
8. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 22; US Department of Defense, National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism, http://www.defenselink.mil/qdr/docs/2005-01-25-Strategic-Plan.pdf, p. 6.
9. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 23.
10. Ibid., p. 44.
11. 2005 Annual Report, United States Special Operations Command, p. 4.
12. Ibid., p. 16.
13. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 44.
14. US SOCOM, News Release No. 06- JAN-00, 8 February 2006; Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 5.
15. Quadrennial Defense Review, pp. 44-5.
16. 'Rumsfeld "Gives Group of 12" Permanent Role, New Name', InsideDefense.com, 20 March 2006, http://insidedefense.com/secure/ insider_display.asp?f=defense_2002.ask&docid=3202006_march20b.
17. National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/, pp. 11-12.
18. See, e.g., US Joint Staff, 'Joint Doctrine for Global Distribution', Joint Publication 4-09, 14 December 2001.
19. Quadrennial Defense Review, pp. 23-4, 35.
20. Barton Gellman, 'Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain', Washington Post, January 2005, p. A1; Seymour M. Hersh, 'The Coming Wars', The New Yorker, 24 and 31 January 2005; Thom Shanker and Scott Shane, 'Elite Troops Get Expanded Role on Intelligence', New York Times, 8 March 2006; Anne Scott Tyson, 'New Plans Foresee Fighting Terrorism Beyond War Zones', Washington Post, 23 April 2006, p. A1.
21. See Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Next Attack: The Failure of the War on Terror and a Strategy for Getting it Right (New York: Times Books, 2005), p. 186.
22. US National Intelligence Council, Mapping the Global Future (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, December 2004), pp. 83-91.
23. See, e.g., Farhad Khosrokhavar, Suicide Bombers: Allah's New Martyrs (London: Pluto Press, 2005); Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson, 'Her Majesty's Secret Service', The National Interest, no. 82, Winter 2005-06, pp. 49-50.
24. See Robert A. Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005).
25. Reuven Paz, 'Arab Volunteers Killed in Iraq: An Analysis', PRISM Series of Global Jihad, no. 1/3, March 2005, http://www.imra.org.il/story. php3?id=24396.
26. See Aparisim Ghosh, 'Inside the Mind of an Iraqi Suicide Bomber', Time, 4 July 2005.
27. There is evidence that Zarqawi himself is now beginning to think transnationally rather than concentrating on Iraq. See, e.g., Dexter Filkins, 'Iraq Qaeda Chief Seems to Pursue a Lower Profile', New York Times, 25 March 2006, p. A1.
28. See Ken Menkhaus, Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism, Adelphi Paper 364 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS), pp. 70-75.
29. 'Somalia and the "War" on Terrorism', IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 8, no. 1, January 2002.
30. See, e.g., Jonathan Stevenson, 'The Role of the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom in Securing the State Against Terrorism', Connections, vol. 4, no. 5, Fall 2005, pp. 121-33.
31. See, e.g., 'Fragile Stability and Resolve in Southeast Asia', Strategic Survey 2004/5 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS, 2004), pp. 351-2.
32. Although the Predator, an unmanned aerial vehicle often armed with Hellfire anti-tank weapons, was originally an exclusive US Air Force asset, since 11 September the CIA has increasingly controlled the drones.
33. See, e.g., Craig Whitlock, 'Europeans Investigate CIA Role in Abductions', Washington Post, 13 March 2005, p. A1.
34. Shanker and Scott, 'Elite Troops Get Expanded Role on Intelligence'.
35. Eric Schmitt and Carolyn Marshall, 'In Secret Unit's "Black Room," A Grim Portrait of U.S. Abuse', New York Times, 19 March 2006, p. 1.
36. See, e.g., Bradley Graham, 'Shortfalls of Special Operations Command are Cited', Washington Post, 17 November 2005, p. A2.
37. Quadrennial Defense Review, p. 22.
38. Ibid.
39. See Lawrence Freedman, 'The Third World War?', Survival, vol. 43, no. 4, Winter 2001, pp. 61-88.
40. Michael Howard, 'What's in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism', Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 1, January/February 2002, p. 9.
41. See Lawrence Freedman, The Transformation of Strategic Affairs, Adelphi Paper 379 (Abingdon: Routledge for the IISS, 2006), ch. 5.
42. SOCOM has lately stressed (kinetic) direct action missions over training and advising indigenous military and security forces and then accompanying them in counter-insurgency operations. This advisory role, aided by SOF's unparalleled intercultural communication skills and training expertise, produced superb results with the Kurds in northern Iraq, but so far not otherwise in Iraq. See Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr, 'How to Win in Iraq', Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5, September/October 2005, pp. 87-104.
43. Graham, 'Shortfalls of Special Operations Command are Cited'.
44. Thom Shanker, 'Study is Said to Find Overlap in U.S. Counterterror Effort', New York Times, 18 March 2006, p. A8.
45. Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, 'Washington Recasts Terror War as "Struggle", New York Times, 27 July 2005.
46. See generally 'The Quadrennial Defense Review: Unanswered Questions', Strategic Comments, vol. 12, no. 2, March 2006.
47. See, e.g., Fred Kaplan, 'The Doctrine Gap', Slate, 6 July 2005, www.slate.com/id/2122010/.
48. The document was leaked to The Times of London. See Robert Winnett and David Leppard, Leaked No. 10 Dossier Reveals Al-Qaeda's British Recruits', The Times, 10 July 2005, www.timesonlin.co.uk/print-Friendly/ 0,,1-523-1688261-523,00.html (includes links to PDF version of report).
49. Summary of Young Muslims and Extremism, p. 2, attached to letter to Sir Andrew Turnbull, Cabinet Secretary, Whitehall, from John Gieve, Permanent Secretary, Home Office, dated 10 May 2004.
50. See Daniel Benjamin, President Cheney, Slate, 7 November 2005, www.slate.com/id/2129686/.
51. See, e.g., 'Diplomatic Toast', The New Republic, 17 October 2005.
52. 'US Readying New Counterterror Plan', Reuters, 4 April 2006.
53. US Department of Defense, News Transcript, 18 November 2002, www.defenselink.mil/news/Nov2002/t11212002_t1118sd2.html.
54. See The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 2004), p. 403.
55. Christopher J. Lamb, 'Overcoming Interagency Problems', Prepared Statement Before the Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee on Implementing the Global War on Terror of the House Armed Services Committee, US House of Representatives, 15 March 2006, pp. 17-21.