Challenges to temperature regulation when working in hot environments

Industrial Health

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 331-344

  Taylor, Nigel A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

Author keywords

Clothing; Fire; Heat adaptation; Hyperthermia; Pre cooling; Thermoregulation

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION; HEAT EXCHANGE; HEAT STRESS; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIA; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THERMODYNAMICS; THERMOREGULATION; WORK ENVIRONMENT;

FEVER; HUMANS; NEW SOUTH WALES; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; RISK ASSESSMENT; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 33747412218     PISSN: 00198366     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.44.331     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Allan JR, Wilson CG (1971) Influence of acclimatization on sweat sodium concentration. J Appl Physiol 30, 708-12.
2. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand (1996) Heat and cold illness during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28, 139-48.
3. Armstrong KA, Senakham T, Fogarty AL, Taylor NAS (2002) Physiological and manikin-based assessment of firefighter helmets. UOW-HPL-Report-011. 1-46, NSW Fire Brigades, Sydney.
4. Armstrong LE, Hubbard RW, DeLuca JP, Christensen EL (1987) Heat acclimatization during summer running in the northern United States. Med Sci Sports Exerc 19, 131-6.
5. Armstrong LE, Pandolf KB (1988) Physical training, cardiorespiratory physical fitness and exercise-heat tolerance. In: Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes, Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzales RR (Eds.), 199-226, Benchmark Press, Indianapolis.
6. Azer NZ, Hsu S (1977) OSHA heat stress standards and the WBGT index. ASHRAE Trans 83, 30-40.
7. Bass DE, Kleeman DR, Quinn M, Henschel A, Hegnauer AH (1955) Mechanisms of acclimatization to heat in man. Medicine 34, 323-80.
8. Bean WB, Eichna LW (1943) Performance in relation to environmental temperature. Fed Proc 2, 144-58.
9. Belding HS, Hatch TF (1955) Index for evaluating heat stress in terms of resulting physiological strain. Heat Piping Air Cond 27, 129-36.
10. Belding HS (1970) The search for a universal heat stress index. In: Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (Eds.), 193-203, C.C. Thomas, Springfield.
11. Booth JD, Marino F, Ward JJ (1997) Improved running performance in hot humid conditions following whole body precooling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29, 943-9.
12. Booth JD, Wilsmore BR, MacDonald AD, Zeyl A, McGhee S, Calvert D, Marino FE, Storlien LH, Taylor NAS (2001) Whole-body pre-cooling does not alter human muscle metabolism during sub-maximal exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 84, 587-90.
13. Booth JD, Wilsmore BR, MacDonald AD, Zeyl A, Storlien LH, Taylor NAS (2004) Intramuscular temperatures during exercise in the heat following pre-cooling and pre-heating. J Thermal Biol 29, 709-15.
14. Cabanac M (1975) Temperature regulation. Ann Rev Physiol 37, 415-39.
15. Cabanac M (1981) Physiological signals for thermal comfort. In: Bioengineering, thermal physiology and comfort, Cena K, Clark JA (Eds.), 181-92, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
16. Cadarette BS, Sawka MN, Toner MM, Pandolf KB (1984) Aerobic fitness and hypohydration response to exercise-heat stress. Aviat Space Environ Med 55, 507-12.
17. Cheung SS, McLellan TM, Tenaglia S (2000) The thermophysiology of uncompensable heat stress: physiological manipulations and individual characteristics. Sports Med 29, 329-59.
18. Cotter JD, Patterson MJ, Taylor NAS (1997) Short-term heat acclimation and its impact upon sudomotor function. Eur J Appl Physiol 76, 181-6.
19. Edholm OG, Fox RH, Adam JM, Goldsmith R (1963) Comparison of artificial and natural acclimatization. Fed Proc 22, 709-15.
20. Fogarty AL, Armstrong KA, Gordon CJ, Groeller H, Woods BF, Stocks JM, Taylor NAS (2004) Cardiovascular and thermal consequences of protective clothing: a comparison of clothed and unclothed states. Ergonomics 47, 1073-86.
21. Fox RH, Goldsmith R, Kidd DJ, Lewis HE (1961) Acclimatization of the sweating mechanism in man. J Physiol 157, 56-7.
22. Fox RH, Goldsmith R, Kidd DJ, Lewis HE (1963) Blood flow and other thermoregulatory changes with acclimation to heat. J Physiol 166, 548-62.
23. Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen PA, Solbo JP (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7°C with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355, 375-6.
24. Gisolfi CV (1973) Work-heat tolerance derived from interval training. J Appl Physiol 35, 349-54.
25. Goldman RF (1994) Heat stress in industrial protective encapsulating garments. In: Protecting personnel at hazardous waste sites, Martin WF, Levine SP (Eds.) 258-315, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
26. Goldman RF (2001) Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. In: Medical aspects of harsh environments, Vol. 1, Pandolf KB, Burr RE, Wenger CB, Pozos RS (Eds.), 3-49, In: Textbook of Military Medicine, Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF (Eds.), Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, and Borden Institute, Washington, DC.
27. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Teller C, Andersen SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B (1999) Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 86, 1032-9.
28. Hales JRS, Hubbard RW, Gaffin SL (1996) Limitation of heat tolerance. In: Environmental physiology, Vol. 1, Handbook of Physiology, Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (Eds.), 285-355, Oxford University Press, New York.
29. Harrison MH (1985) Effects of thermal stress and exercise on blood volume in humans. Physiol Rev 65, 149-209.
30. Henane R (1980) Acclimatization to heat in man: giant or windmill, a critical appraisal. Twenty-eight International Congress on Physiological Sciences, 275-84.
31. Hensel H (1981) Thermoreception and temperature regulation. Monographs of the Physiological Society No. 38. Academic Press, London.
32. Hessemer V, Langusch D, Bruck K, Bodeker RH, Breidenbach T (1984) Effect of slightly lowered body temperatures on endurance performance in humans. J Appl Physiol 57, 1731-7.
33. Hessemer V, Zeh A, Bruck K (1986) Effects of passive heat adaptation and moderate sweatless conditioning on responses to cold and heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 55, 281-9.
34. Houghten FC, Yagloglou CP (1923) Determination of the comfort zone. J Am Soc Heat Vent Engin 29, 515-32.
35. Ilmarinen R (1978) Einflusse verschiedener Bekleidung auf einige physiologische Grossen des Menschen bei Korperarbeit in unterschiedlich erhohter Umgebungstemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit. Thesis, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Koln, West Germany (in German).
36. Inoue Y, Nakao M, Okudaira S, Ueda H, Araki T (1995) Seasonal variation in sweating responses of older and younger men. Eur J Appl Physiol 70, 6-12.
37. ISO 7243 (1982) Hot environments-estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO, Geneva.
38. Ivy AC (1944) What is normal or normality? Quart Bull Northwestern Uni Med Sch 18, 22-32.
39. Jessen C (1990) Thermal afferent in the control of body temperature. In: Thermoregulation: physiology and biochemistry, Schonbaum E, Lomax P (Eds.), 153-83, Pergamon Press, New York.
40. Kenney LW, Johnson JM (1992) Control of skin blood flow during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24, 303-12.
41. Libert JP, Candas V, Vogt JJ (1983) Modifications of sweating responses to thermal transients following heat acclimation. Eur J Appl Physiol 50, 235-46.
42. Lind AR (1963a) Tolerable limits for prolonged and intermittent exposures to heat. In: Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry, Hardy JD (Eds.), 337-45, Reinhold Publ. Corp, New York.
43. Lind AR (1963b) A physiological criterion for setting thermal environmental limits for everyday work. J Appl Physiol 18, 51-6.
44. Lind AR, Bass DE (1963) Optimal exposure time for development of acclimatization to heat. Fed Proc 22, 704-8.
45. Lloyd EL (1996) Accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 32, 111-24.
46. Lotens WA, van Middendorp H (1986) How well does WBGT predict heat strain? Estimates from a mathematical model. Report IZF 1986 C-12. TNO Institute for Perception, Soesterberg, Netherlands.
47. MacDonald AD, Armstrong KA, Fogarty AL, Groeller H, Booth JD, Hahn A, Taylor NAS (2006) Exercise and heat-induced cardiovascular changes following whole-body pre-cooling. Med Sci Sports Exerc (Submitted 2006).
48. Mitchell D, Senay LC, Wyndham CH, van Rensberg AJ, Rogers GG, Strydom NB (1976) Acclimatisation in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body temperature, and sweating. J Appl Physiol 40, 768-78.
49. Moran DS, Pandolf KB (1999) Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)-to what extent is GT essential? Aviat Space Environ Med 70, 480-4.
50. Moritz AR, Henriques FC (1947) Studies of thermal injury II: relative importance of time and surface temperature in the causation of cutaneous burns. Am J Pathol 23, 695-720.
51. Nadel ER, Pandolf KB, Roberts MF, Stolwijk JAJ (1974) Mechanisms of thermal acclimation to exercise and heat. J Appl Physiol 37, 515-20.
52. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1986) Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to hot environments. Revised criteria April 1986. U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, Public Health Service, USA.
53. Nunneley SA (1989) Heat stress in protective clothing: interactions among physical and physiological factors. Scand. J Work Environ Health 15, 52-7.
54. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1974) Recommendation for a standard for work in hot environments. Draft number 5. U.S. Department of Labor, USA.
55. Pandolf KB, Goldman RF (1978) Convergence of skin and rectal temperatures as a criterion for heat tolerance. Aviat Space Environ Med 49, 1095-101.
56. Patterson MJ, Stocks JM, Taylor NAS (2004a) Humid heat acclimation does not elicit a preferential sweat redistribution towards the limbs. Am J Physiol 286, R512-8.
57. Patterson MJ, Stocks JM, Taylor NAS (2004b) Sustained and generalised extracellular fluid expansion following heat acclimation. J Physiol 559, 327-34.
58. Pozos RS, Iaizzo PA, Danzl DF, Mills WT (1996) Limits of tolerance to hypothermia. In: Environmental physiology, Vol. 1, Handbook of Physiology, Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (Eds.), 557-75, Oxford University Press, New York.
59. Pugh LGCE, Corbett JL, Johnson RH (1967) Rectal temperatures, weight losses, and sweat rates in marathon running. J Appl Physiol 23, 347-52.
60. Ramanathan NL, Belding HS (1973) Physiological evaluation of the WBGT index for occupational heat stress. Am Indus Hyg Assoc J 34, 375-83.
61. Rastogi SK, Gupta BN, Husain T (1992) Wet-bulb globe temperature index: a predictor of physiological strain in hot environments. Occup Med 42, 93-7.
62. Regan JM, Macfarlane DJ, Taylor NAS (1996) The role of body core and skin temperatures during heat adaptation. Acta Physiol Scand 158, 365-75.
63. Robinson S (1963) Temperature regulation in exercise. Pediatrics 32,691-702.
64. Rowland NE (1996) Interplay of behavioral and physiological mechanisms in adaptation. In: Environmental physiology, Handbook of Physiology, Vol. 1, Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (Eds.), 35-9, Oxford University Press, New York.
65. Sato F, Owen M, Matthes R, Sato K, Gisolfi CV (1990) Functional and morphological changes in the eccrine sweat gland with heat acclimation. J Appl Physiol 69, 232-6.
66. Schmidt V, Bruck K (1981) Effect of a pre-cooling maneuver on body temperature and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol 50, 772-8.
67. Senay LC (1972) Changes in plasma volume and protein content during exposures of working men to various temperatures before and after acclimatization to heat: separation of the roles of cutaneous and skeletal muscle circulation. J Physiol 224, 61-81.
68. Shapiro Y, Hubbard RW, Kimbrough CM, Pandolf KB (1981) Physiological and hematologic responses to summer and winter dry-heat acclimation. J Appl Physiol 50, 792-8.
69. Shvartz E, Saar E, Meyerstein N, Benor D (1973) A comparison of three methods of acclimatisation to dry heat. J Appl Physiol 34, 214-9.
70. Taylor NAS (2000) Principles and practices of heat adaptation. J Human-Environ System 4, 11-22.
71. Taylor NAS (2006) Ethnic differences in thermoregulation: genotypic versus phenotypic heat adaptation. J Thermal Biol 31, 90-104.
72. Taylor NAS, Cotter JD (2006) Heat adaptation: guidelines for the optimisation of human performance. Int Sport Med J 7, 35-57.
73. Taylor NAS, Fogarty AL, Armstrong KA (2001) Metabolic heat storage in thermal protective clothing: a comparison of firefighter personal protective ensembles. UOW-HPL-Report-002. File reference: CHO/05203. 1-95, NSW Fire Brigades, Sydney.
74. Veghte JH, Webb P (1961) Body cooling and response to heat. J Appl Physiol 16, 235-8.
75. Wenzel H (1978) Heat stress upon undressed man due to different combinations of elevated environmental temperature, air humidity, and metabolic heat production: a critical comparison of heat stress indices. J Human Ergol 7, 185-206.
76. Wenzel H, Mehnert C, Schwarzenau P (1989) Evaluation of tolerance limits for humans under heat stress and the problems involved. Scand J Work Environ Health 15(suppl), 7-14.
77. Winslow CEA, Herrington LP, Gagge AP (1937) Physiological reactions of the human body to varying environmental temperatures. Am J Physiol 120, 1-22.
78. World Health Organisation (1969) Health factors involved in working conditions of heat stress. WHO Technical Report. Series Number 412, WHO, Geneva.
79. Wyndham CH (1973) The physiology of exercise under heat stress. Ann Rev Physiol 35, 193-220.
80. Wyndham CH, Benade AJA, Williams CG, Strydom NB, Goldin A, Heynes AJA (1968) Changes in central circulation and body fluid spaces during acclimatization to heat. J Appl Physiol 25, 586-93.
81. Wyndham CH, Heyns AJ (1973) The probability of heat stroke developing at different levels of heat stress. Arch Sci Physiol 27, A545-62.
82. Yagloglou CP, Minard D (1957) Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Arch Ind Health 16, 302-16.