From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood: A path mediated by immature defense mechanisms and self-esteem

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 194, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 616-621

  Finzi Dottan, Ricky ^a,b   Karu, Toby ^b  

^a GEHA MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (Israel)

^b BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Defense mechanisms; Emotional abuse; Perception of parental attitudes; Psychopathological symptomatology; Self esteem

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRIEF SYMPTOM INVENTORY; CHILD ABUSE; CHILDHOOD TRAUMA QUESTIONNAIRE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DEFENSE STYLE QUESTIONNAIRE; FEMALE; HUMAN; ISRAEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PARENTAL BONDING INSTRUMENT; PERSONALITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; ROSENBERG SELF-ESTEEM SCALE; SELF CONCEPT; SELF ESTEEM; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; HUMANS; ISRAEL; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 33747363526     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000230654.49933.23     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Armelius K, Granberg A (2000) Self-image and perception of mother and father in psychotic and borderline patients. Psychother Res. 10:147-158.
2. Bachar E, Canetti L, Galilee-Weisstub E, Kaplan-De-Nour A, Shalev AY (1998) Childhood vs. adolescence transitional object attachment and relation to mental health and parental bonding. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 28:149-167.
3. Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L (1997) Validity of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:340-348.
4. Bernstein DP, Fink L (1998) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self-Report. San Antonio (TX): Harcourt Brace and Co.
5. Bifulco A, Moran PM, Baines R, Bunn A, Stanford K (2002) Exploring psychological abuse in childhood, II: Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bull Menninger Clin. 66:241-258.
6. Bond MP (1986) Defense Style Questionnaire. In GE Vaillant (Ed), Empirical Studies of Ego Mechanisms of Defense (pp 146-152). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
7. Bond MP, Gardner S, Christian J, Sigal JJ (1983) Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 40:333-338.
8. Bond M, Paris J, Zweig-Frank H (1994) The Defense Style Questionnaire in borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 8:28-31.
9. Bond MP, Perry JC, Gautier M (1989) Validating the self report defenses styles. J Pers Disord. 52:289-301.
10. Bond MP, Vaillant JS (1986) An empirical study of the relationship between diagnosis and defense style. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:285-288.
11. Burland JA (1994) Splitting as a consequence of severe abuse in childhood. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 17:731-742.
12. Canetti L, Shalev AY, Kaplan De-Nour A (1994) Israeli adolescents' norms of the brief symptom inventory. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 3:8-13.
13. Canetti L, Bachar E, Bonne O, Agid O, Lerer B, Kaplan De-Nour A, Shalev AY (2000) The impact of parental death versus separation from parents on the mental health of Israeli adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 41:360-368.
14. Corcoran KJ, Fischer J (1987) Measures for Clinical Practice. New York: Free Press.
15. Cramer P, Block J (1998) Preschool antecedents of defenses mechanism use in young adults: A longitudinal study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 74:159-169.
16. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N (1983) The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychol Med. 13:595-605.
17. Derogatis LR, Spencer PM (1982) The Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, Scoring and Procedures, Manual I. Chevy Chase (MD): Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
18. Doyle C (2001) Surviving and coping with emotional abuse in childhood. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 6:387-402.
19. Ferguson KS, Dacey CM (1997) Anxiety, depression and dissociation in women health care providers reporting a history of childhood psychological abuse. Child Abuse Neglect. 21:941-952.
20. Fink LA, Bernstein D, Handelsman L, Foote J (1995) Initial reliability and validity of the Childhood Trauma Interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1329-1335.
21. Frankel J (2002) Exploring Ferenczi's concept of identification with the aggressor: Its role in trauma, everyday life and the therapeutic relationship. Psychoanal Dialogues. 12:101-139.
22. Garbarino J, Guttman E, Seeley JW (1987) The Psychologically Battered Child. California: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
23. Gibb BE, Wheeler R, Alloy LB, Abramson LY (2001) Emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment in childhood vs. adolescent and personality dysfunction in young adulthood. J Pers Disord. 15:505-511.
24. Gracia E (1995) Visible but unreported: A case for the "not serious enough" cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse Neglect. 19:1083-1093.
25. Grilo CM, Masheb RM (2002) Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 106:183-188.
26. Gross AB, Keller HR (1992) Long-term consequences of childhood physical and psychological maltreatment. Aggress Behav. 18:171-185.
27. Hamarman S, Bernet W (2000) Evaluating and reporting emotional abuse in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 39:928-930.
28. Hart SN, Brassard MR, Karlson H (1996) Psychological maltreatment. In J Briere, L Berliner, JA Bulkley, C Jenny, T Reid (Eds), The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. (pp 72-89). Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.
29. Hauser ST, Safyer AW (1995) The contribution of ego psychology to developmental psychopathology. In D Cicchetti, DJ Cohen (Eds), Developmental Psychopathology (pp 555-580). New York: John Wiley.
30. Hersoug AG, Sexton HC, Hoglend P (2002) Contribution of defensive functioning to the quality of working alliance and psychotherapy outcome. Am J Psychother. 56:539-554.
31. Iwaniec D (1996) The Emotionally Abused and Neglected Child. New York: John Wiley.
32. Loos ME, Alexander PC (1997) Differential effects associated with self report histories of abuse and neglect in a college sample. J Interpers Violence. 12:340-360.
33. Mazzeo SE, Espelage DL (2002) Association between childhood physical and emotional abuse and disordered eating behaviors in female undergraduates: An investigation of the mediating role of alexithymia and depression. J Couns Psychol. 49:86-100.
34. McCarthy JB (1990) Abusive families and character formation. Am J Psychoanal. 50:181-186.
35. Muris P, Merckelbach H (1996) The short version of the defense style questionnaire: factor structure and psychopathological symptoms. Pers Individ Diff. 20:123-126.
36. Kernberg OF (1976) Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.
37. Mrazek PJ, Mrazek DA (1987) Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse Neglect. 11:357-366.
38. Palmer SE, Brown RA, Rae-Grant NI, Loughlin MJ (2001) Survivors of childhood abuse: Their reported experiences with professional help. Social Work. 46:136-145.
39. Paris J (1997) Childhood trauma as an etiological factor in personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 11:34-49.
40. Paris J, Zweig-Frnk H, Bond M, Guzder J (1996) Defense styles, hostility and psychological risk factors in male patients with personality disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis. 184:153-158.
41. Parker G (1989) The Parental Bonding Instrument: Psychometric properties reviewed. Psychiatr Dev. 4:317-335.
42. Parker G (1990) The Parental Bonding Instrument: A decade of research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 25:281-282.
43. Parker G (1993) Parental rearing style: Examining for links with personality factor for depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 28:97-100.
44. Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB (1979) A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol. 52:1-10.
45. Pearce JW, Pezzot-Pearce T (1997) Psychotherapy of Abused and Neglected Children. New York: Guilford.
46. Portwood SG (1999) Coming to terms with a consensual definition of child maltreatment. Child Maltreat. 4:56-68.
47. Rich DJ, Gingerich KJ, Rosen LA (1997) Childhood emotional abuse and associated psychopathology in students. J College Stud Psychother. 11:13-28.
48. Rosenberg M (1979) Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
49. Scher CD, Stein MB, Asmundson GJG, McCreary DR, Forde DR (2001) The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. J Trauma Stress. 14:843-857.
50. Simeon D, Guralnik O, Schmeidler J, Sirof B, Knutelska M (2001) The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 158:1027-1033.
51. Spertus IL, Yehuda R, Wong CM, Halligan S, Seremetis S (2003) Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse Neglect. 27:1247-1258.
52. Thompson AE, Kaplan CA (1996) Childhood emotional abuse. Br J Psychiatry. 168:143-148.
53. Vaillant GE (1992) Ego Mechanisms of Defense: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
54. Varia R, Abidin RR (1999) The minimizing style: Perceptions of psychological abuse and quality of past and current relationships. Child Abuse Neglect. 23:1041-1055.
55. Varia R, Abidin RR, Dass P (1996) Perceptions of abuse: Effects on adult psychological and social adjustment. Child Abuse Neglect. 20:511-526.
56. Watson DC (2002) Predicting psychiatric symptomatology with the Defense Style Questionnaire-40. Int J Stress Manag. 9:275-287.
57. Wilhelm K, Parker G (1990) Reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument and Intimate Bond Measure scales. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 24:199-202.
58. Zanarini M, Williams AA, Lewis RE, Reich BR, Vera SC, Marino MF, Levin A, Young L, Frankenburg FR (1997) Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 154:1101-1106.
59. Zweig-Frank H, Paris J (1991) Parents' emotional neglect and overprotection according to recollections of patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 148:648-651.