In vitro metabolism of ginsenosides by the ginseng root pathogen Pythium irregulare

Phytochemistry

Volumn 67, Issue 16, 2006, Pages 1740-1749

  Yousef, Lina F ^a   Bernards, Mark A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Araliaceae; Extracellular glycosidase; Ginseng; Ginsenosides; Panax quinqufolius; Pythium irregulare; Trichoderma hamatum

Indexed keywords

ERGOSTEROL; GINSENOSIDE; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSIDASE;

ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; CULTURE MEDIUM; ENZYMOLOGY; FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT MASS SPECTROMETRY; GINSENG; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PARASITOLOGY; PLANT ROOT; PYTHIUM;

CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; CULTURE MEDIA; ERGOSTEROL; GINSENOSIDES; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PANAX; PLANT ROOTS; PYTHIUM; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT;

FUNGI; PANAX GINSENG; PYTHIUM; PYTHIUM IRREGULARE; TRICHODERMA; TRICHODERMA HAMATUM;

EID: 33747330308     PISSN: 00319422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.030     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Armah C.N., Mackie A.R., Roy C., Price K., Osbourn A.E., Bowyer P., and Ladha S. The membrane-permeabilizing effect of avenacin A-1 involves the reorganization of bilayer cholesterol. Biophys. J. 76 (1999) 281-290
2. Bradford M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72 (1976) 248-254
3. Brunner F., Wirtz W., Rose J.K.C., Darvill A.G., Govers F., Scheel D., and Nürnberger T. A β-glucosidase/xylosidase from the phytopathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora infestans. Phytochemistry 59 (2002) 689-696
4. Carter J.P., Spink J., Cannon P.F., Daniels M.J., and Osbourn A.E. Isolation, characterization, and avenacin sensitivity of a diverse collection of cereal-root-colonizing fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 3364-3372
5. Ford J.E., McChance D.J., and Drysdale R.B. The detoxification of α-tomatine by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phytochemistry 16 (1977) 544-546
6. Fuzzati N., Gabetta B., Jayakar K., Pace R., and Peterlongo F. Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots. J. Chrom. A 854 (1999) 69-79
7. Haijiang Z., Yongjiang W., and Yiyu C. Analysis of 'SHENMAI' injection by HPLC/MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 31 (2003) 175-183
8. Hostettmann K., Hostettmann M., and Manston A. In: Dey P.M., and Harborne J.B. (Eds). Methods in Plant Biochemistry vol. 7 (1991), Academic Press, London 435-471
9. Howard, R.J., Garland, J.A., Seaman, W.L., 1994. Diseases and pests of vegetable crops in Canada. Canadian Phytopathological Society and Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 11-15.
10. 2 in the digestive tract of rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39 9 (1991) 2357-2361
11. Keukens E.A.J., Vrije T.D., Fabrie C.H.J.P., Demel R.A., Jongen W.M.F., and Kruijff B.D. Dual specificity of sterol-mediated glycoalkaloid induced membrane disruption. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1110 (1992) 127-136
12. Lairini K., and Ruiz-Rubio M. Detoxification of α-tomatine by Fusarium solani. Mycol. Res. 102 11 (1998) 1375-1380
13. Lascombe M.-B., Milat M.-L., Blein J.P., Panabières F., Ponchet M., and Prangé T. Crystalization and preliminary X-ray studies of oligandrin, a sterol-carrier elicitor from Pythium oligandrum. Acta Chrystallograph. D 56 (2000) 1498-1500
14. 1 and crude sanchi saponins by human intestinal microflora. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 48 (2001) 113-120
15. Mordekhai L., Zehavi U., Naim M., and Polacheck I. An improved procedure for the isolation of medicagenic acid 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside from alfalfa roots and its antifungal activity on plant pathogens. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34 (1986) 960-963
16. Morrissey J.P., and Osbourn A.E. Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Microb. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63 (1999) 708-724
17. Nes D.W. Biosynthesis and requirement for sterols in the growth and reproduction of Oomycetes. In: Fuller G., and Nes W.D. (Eds). Ecology and Metabolism of Plant Lipids (1987), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 304-328
18. Nes W.D., and Stafford A.E. Evidence for metabolic and functional discrimination of sterols by Phytophthora cactorum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80 (1983) 3227-3231
19. Nes W.D., Saunders G.A., and Heftmann E. A reassessment of the role of steroidal alkaloids in the physiology of Phytophthora. Phytochemistry 22 (1983) 75-78
20. Nicol R.W., Traquair J.A., and Bernards M.A. Ginsenosides as host resistance factors in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Can. J. Bot. 80 (2002) 557-562
21. Nicol R.W., Yousef L., Traquair J.A., and Bernards M.A. Ginsenosides stimulate the growth of soilborne pathogens of American ginseng. Phytochemistry 64 (2003) 257-264
22. Olsen R.A. Triterpeneglycosides as inhibitors of fungal growth and metabolism. 5. Role of sterol contents of some fungi. Physiol. Plant. 28 (1973) 507-515
23. Olsen R.A. Triterpeneglycosides as inhibitors of fungal growth and metabolism. 6. The effect of aescin on fungi with reduced sterol contents. Physiol. Plant. 29 (1973) 145-149
24. Osbourn A.E. Antimicrobial phytoprotectants and fungal pathogens: A commentary. Fungal Genet. Biol. 26 (1999) 163-168
25. Osbourn A.E., Bowyer P., Lunness P., Clarke B., and Daniels M. Fungal pathogens of oat roots and tomato leaves employ closely related enzymes to detoxify different host plant saponins. MPMI 8 6 (1995) 971-978
26. Osman H., Vauthrin S., Mikes V., Milat M.L., Panabières F., Marais A., Brunie S., Maume B., Ponchet M., and Blein J.P. Mediation of elicitin activity on tobacco is assumed by elicitin-sterol complexes. Mol. Biol. Cell 12 (2001) 2825-2834
27. Papadopoulou K., Melton R.E., Leggett M., Daniels M.J., and Osbourn A.E. Compromised disease resistance in saponin-deficient plants. PNAS 96 (1999) 12923-12928
28. Pegg G.F., and Woodward S. Synthesis and metabolism of α-tomatine in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum isolines in relation to resistance to Verticillium albo-atrum. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 28 (1986) 187-202
29. Ponchet M., Panabières F., Milat M.-L., Mikes V., Montillet J.-L., Suty L., Triantaphylides C., Tirilly Y., and Blein J.-P. Are elicitins cryptograms in plant-Oomycete communications?. CMLS 56 (1999) 1020-1047
30. Punja Z.K. Fungal pathogens of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in British Columbia. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19 (1997) 301-306
31. Quidde T., Osbourn A.E., and Tudzynski P. Detoxification of α-tomatine by Botrytis cinerea. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 52 3 (1998) 151-165
32. Reeleder R.D., and Brammall R.A. Pathogenicity of Pythium species, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Rhizoctonia solani to ginseng seedlings in Ontario. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 16 (1994) 311-316
33. Roldàn-Arjona T., Pérez-Espinosa A., and Ruiz-Rubio M. Tomatinase from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici defines a new class of saponinases. MPMI 12 10 (1999) 852-861
34. 13C NMR data for nine protopanaxatriol glycosides. Magn. Reson. Chem. 40 (2002) 483-488
35. Young J.C. Microwave-assisted extraction of the fungal metabolite ergosterol and total fatty acids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 (1995) 2904-2910