The mental health professions: Workforce supply and demand, issues, and challenges

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 600-625

  Robiner, William N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Demand; Employment; Mental health professions; Psychology workforce; Supply

Indexed keywords

ACCREDITATION; COUNSELING; EDUCATION; FAMILY THERAPY; GENETICS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MANAGED CARE; MARITAL THERAPY; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSCIENCE; PARAMEDICAL PROFESSION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PSYCHIATRIC NURSING; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SOCIAL WORK; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TRAINING;

CAREER CHOICE; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; PATIENT CARE TEAM; SPECIALISM; SPECIALIZATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33747328217     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Albee G.W. Mental health manpower trends (1959), Basic Books, New York
2. Albee G.W., and Dickey M. Manpower trends in the mental health professions. American Psychologist 12 (1957) 57-70
3. American Medical Association. Health professions education directory, 1999-2000. 27th Ed. (1999), Author, Chicago
4. American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Code of medical ethics: Current opinions with annotations (1996), American Medical Association, Chicago, IL
5. American Medical Association, Department of Data Survey and Planning, Division of Survey and Data Resources. Physician characteristics and distribution in the United States (1996), Author, Chicago
6. American Medical Association, Department of Physician Practice and Communication Information, Division of Survey and Data Resources. Physician characteristics and distribution in the United States (2002) Chicago
7. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines (1996), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
8. American Psychological Association, Board of Educational Affairs Task Force on Workforce Analysis. APA Task Force on Workforce Analysis final report (2004), Author, Washington, DC
9. Andrews G. Health services research and the future of Australian Psychiatry. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24 (1990) 371-376
10. Annand V.S. Therapeutic recreation in psychiatry. In: Compton D.M., and Iso-Ahola S.E. (Eds). Leisure and mental health (1994), Family Development Resources, Park City, UT 147-159
11. Applebaum P.S. Starving in the midst of plenty: The mental health care crisis in America. Psychiatric Services 53 (2002) 1247-1248
12. Arnhoff F.N. Reassessment of the trilogy: Need, supply, and demand. American Psychologist 23 (1968) 312-316
13. Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards. Report on Master's credentialing in psychology (1999), Author, Montgomery, AL
14. Belar C.D. Graduate education in clinical psychology: "We're not in Kansas anymore". American Psychologist 53 (1998) 456-464
15. Berlin L.E., Stennett J., and Bednash G.D. 2001-2002 enrollment and graduations in baccalaureate and graduate programs in nursing (2002), American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Washington, DC
16. Berlin L.E., Stennett J., and Bednash G.D. 2002-2003 enrollment and graduations in baccalaureate and graduate programs in nursing (2003), American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Washington, DC
17. Beutler L.E. Have all won and must all have prizes? Revisiting Luborsky et al.'s verdict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59 (1991) 226-232
18. Bloche M.G. Fidelity and deceit at the bedside. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000) 1881-1884
19. Bloom J., Hu T., Wallace N., Cuffel B., Hausman J., and Schaffer R. Mental health costs and outcomes under alternative capitation in systems in Colorado: Early results. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 1 (1998) 3-13
20. Bologna N.C., Barlow D.H., Hollon S.D., Mitchell J.E., and Huppert J.D. Behavioral health treatment redesign in managed care settings. Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice 5 (1998) 94-114
21. Califano J. America's health care revolution (1986), Random House, New York
22. Callicott J.H., and Weinberger D.R. Functional brain imaging: Future prospects for clinical practice. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 119-138
23. Carrol S.L., and Gaston R.J. Occupational licensing and the quality of service: An overview. Law and Human Behavior 7 2/3 (1983) 139-146
24. Carter M.J., Van Andel G.E., and Robb G.M. Therapeutic recreation: A practical approach (1995), Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL
25. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Projections show national health spending to grow more slowly than projected last year: National health spending will still double by 2008 (2005). http://www.cms.hhs.gov/media/press/release.asp%3F Retrieved October 15, 2005, from http://www.cms.hhs.gov/media/press/release.asp?Counter=135
26. Chamberlin J. Where are all these students coming from?. APA Monitor 31 2 (2000) 32-34
27. Cohen J.J. AAMC Media briefing on the impact of the BBA on U.S. teaching hospitals (1999, April 28), Association of American Medical Colleges, Chicago
28. Cohen L.J. The role of neuropsychiatric pharmacists. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60 (1999) 54-57
29. Council on Graduate Medical Education. Improving access to health care through physician workforce reform: Directions for the 21st century (1992), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
30. Council on Graduate Medical Education. Patient care physician supply and requirements: Testing COGME recommendations (1996), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
31. Coyle J.T. The neuroscience revolution and psychiatry. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 7-23
32. Cross-National Collaborative Group. The changing rate of major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992) 3098-3105
33. Datamonitor. Commerical insight: Antidepressants-sliding SSRI revenues inevitable. Pharmaceutical Business Review Online (2004, February 6). http://www.pharmaceutical%1Ebusiness%1Ereview.com/research.asp%3Fguid%3D DMHC1 Retrieved October 15, 2005, from http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/research.asp?guid=DMHC1
34. De Titter M., Robinowitz C.B., and More W.W. The future of psychiatry: Psychiatrists of the future. American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (1991) 853-858
35. Department of Health and Human Services. Health personnel in the United States, eighth report to Congress, 1991 (DHHS Publication No. HRS-P-OD-92-1) (1992), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
36. Depression Guidelines Panel. (1993a). Depression in primary care: Volume 1. Detection and diagnosis. Clinical practice guideline, Number 5. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Publication No. 93-0550.
37. Depression Guidelines Panel. (1993b). Depression in primary care: Volume 2. Treatment of major depression. Clinical practice guideline, Number 5. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Publication No. 93-0550.
38. DeRubeis R.J., and Crits-Christoph P. Empirically supported treatments: Implications for training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 151-162
39. Dial T.H., Bergsten C., Haviland M.G., and Pincus H.A. Psychiatrist and mental health provider staffing levels in health maintenance organizations. American Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1998) 405-408
40. Dial T.H., Bergsten C., Kantor A., Buck J.A., and Chalk M.E. Behavioral healthcare in HMOs. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Sonnenschein M.A. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 1996 (1996), Center for Mental Health Services, Washington DC 45-58 DHHS Pub. No. (SMA)96-098. Government Printing Office
41. Doherty W.J., and Simmons D.S. Clinical practice patterns of marriage and family therapists: A national survey of therapists and their clients. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 22 (1996) 9-25
42. Duffy F.F., West J.C., Wilk J., Narrow W.E., Hales D., Thompson J., et al. Mental health practitioners and trainees. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Henderson M.J. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 2002 (2004), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD DHHS Pub No. (SMA) 3938
43. Dyer J.G., Hammill K., Regan-Kubinski M.J., Yurick A., and Kobert S. The psychiatric-primary care nurse practitioner: A futuristic model for advanced practice psychiatric-mental health nursing. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing XI (1997) 2-12
44. Edwards W.S., and Berlin M. National Medical Expenditure Survey: Questionnaires and data collection methods for the Household Survey and Survey of American Indians and Alaska Natives (1989), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC DHHS Publication PHS-89-3450
45. El-Guebaly N., Beausejour P., Woodside B., Smith D., and Kapkin I. The optimal psychiatrist-to-population ratio: A Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36 (1991) 9-15
46. Elkin I., Shea T.M., Watkins J.T., Imber S.D., Sotsky S.M., Collins J.F., et al. National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (1989) 971-982
47. Faulkner L.R., Scully Jr. J.H., and Shore J.H. A strategic approach to the psychiatric workforce dilemma. Psychiatric Services 49 (1998) 493-497
48. Feil E.C., Welch H.G., and Fisher E.S. Why estimates of physician supply and requirements disagree. Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (1993) 2659-2663
49. Frank R.G., McDaniel S.H., Bray J.H., and Heldring M. Primary care psychology (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
50. Frank R.G., and McGuire T.G. Estimating costs of mental health and substance abuse coverage. Health Affairs 14 (1995) 102-115
51. Friedman R., Katz-Leavy J., Manderscheid R., and Sondheimer D. Prevalence of serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Sonnenschein M.A. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 1996 (1996), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 77-91
52. Gabbard G.O. The psychiatrist as psychotherapist. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 163-178
53. Gibelman M., and Schervish P. Practice areas and settings of social workers in mental health. Psychiatric Services 46 (1995) 1237
54. Ginsburg P.B., and Pickreign J.D. Tracking health care costs. Health Affairs 15 (1996) 140-149
55. Goldman W., McCulloch J., and Sturm R. Costs and use of mental health services before and after managed care. Health Affairs 17 (1998) 40-52
56. Goodman D.C., Fisher E.S., Bubols T.A., Mohr J.E., Poage J.F., and Wennberg J.E. Benchmarking the US physician workforce. Journal of the American Medical Association 276 (1996) 1811-1817
57. Gottesman I.I., and Moldin S.O. Schizophrenia genetic risks (1998), National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Arlington, VA
58. Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee. Summary report to the Secretary. Department of Health and Human Services Vol. I (1980) DHHS Publication HRA 81-651. Washington, DC
59. Group Health Association of America, Inc. HMO industry profile. 3rd Ed. (1993), Author, Washington, DC 184
60. Hart L.G., Wagner E., Pirzada S., Nelson A.F., and Rosenblatt R.A. Physician staffing ratios in staff-model HMOs: A cautionary tale. Health Affairs 16 (1997) 55-70
61. Hirschfeld R.M., Keller M.B., Panico S., Arons B.S., Barlow D., Davidoff F., et al. The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 277 (1997) 333-340
62. Hollis J.W. Counselor preparation, 1996-98: Program, faculty, trends. 9th ed. (1997), Accelerated Development, Inc, Philadelphia
63. Hyman S.E. Looking to the future: The role of genetics and molecular biology in research on mental illness. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 97-117
64. Iglehart J.K. Health policy report: Managed care and mental health. New England Journal of Medicine 334 (1996) 131-135
65. Ivey S.L., Scheffler R., and Zazzali J.L. Supply dynamics of the mental health workforce: Implications for health policy. The Milbank Quarterly 76 (1998) 25-58
66. Jones W.J., Johnson J.A., Beasley L.w., and Johnson J.P. Allied health workforce shortages: The systemic barriers to response. Journal of Allied Health 25 (1996) 219-232
67. Kamerow D.B. Anxiety and depression in the medical setting: An overview. Medical Clinics of North America 72 (1987) 745-751
68. Kamerow D.B., and Burns B.J. The effectiveness of mental health consultation and referral in ambulatory primary care: A research lacuna. General Hospital Psychiatry 9 (1987) 111-117
69. Kamerow D.B., Pincus H.A., and MacDonald D.I. Alcohol abuse, other drug abuse, and mental disorders in medical practice: Prevalence, costs, recognition, and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association 255 (1986) 2054-2057
70. Katon W., and Gonzales J. A review of randomized trials of psychiatric consultation-liaison studies in primary care. Psychosomatics 35 (1994) 268-278
71. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994) 8-19
72. Knesper D.J., and Pagnucco D.J. Estimated distribution of effort by providers of mental health services to U.S. adults in 1982 and 1983. American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1987) 883-888
73. Knesper D.J., Wheeler J.R., and Pagnucco D.J. Mental health services providers' distribution across counties in the United States. American Psychologist 39 (1984) 1424-1434
74. Lahav R. Using analytic philosophy in counselling. Journal of Applied Philosophy 10 (1993) 243-253
75. Lavigne J.V., Gibbons R.D., Christoffel K.K., Arend R., Rosenbaum D., Binns H., et al. Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1996) 204-214
76. Lazarus J.A. Ethical conduct of the psychiatrist. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 249-268
77. Leaf P.J., Algegria M., Cohen P., Goodman S.H., Horwitz S.M., Hoven C.W., et al. Mental health service use in the community and schools: Results from the four-community MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1996) 889-897
78. Lennon, T. (2001). Statistics on social work education in the United States: 1999. Alexandria, VA: Council on the United States: 1999. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education.
79. Levit K.R., Lazenby H.C., and Sivarajan L. Health care spending in 1994, slowest in decades. Health Affairs 15 (1996) 130-144
80. Levit K.R., Lazenby H.C., Sivarajan L., Stewart M.W., Braden B.R., Cowan C.A., et al. National health expenditures, 1994. Health Care Financing Review 17 (1996) 205-242
81. Ma C.A., and McGuire T.G. Costs and incentives in a behavioral health carve-out. Health Affairs 17 (1998) 53-69
82. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Henderson M.J. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 1998 (1998), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
83. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Sonnenschein M.A. (Eds). Mental Health, United States (1996), Center for Mental Health Services, Washington DC DHHS Pub. No. (SMA)96-098. Print. Off
84. Mark T., McKusick D., King E., Harwood H., and Genuardi J. National expenditures for mental health, alcohol, and other drug abuse treatment (1996), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD
85. Marwit S.J. In support of university-affiliated schools of professional psychology. Professional Psychology 13 (1982) 181-190
86. McCabe S., and Grover S. Psychiatric nurse practitioner versus clinical nurse specialist: Moving from debate to action on the future of advanced psychiatric nursing. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing XIII 3 (1999) 111-116
87. McIntyre J.S., Zarin D.A., and Pincus H.A. Practice guidelines in psychiatry and a psychiatric practice research network. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 143-162
88. Mechanic D.S. General physicians' limited role in mental health. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43 (1992) 429
89. Mechanic D.S. Key policy considerations for mental health in the managed care era. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Sonnenschein M.A. (Eds). Mental Health, United States (1996), Center for Mental Health Services, Washington DC 1-16 DHHS Pub. No. (SMA)96-098. Government Printing Office
90. Mechanic D. Approaches for coordinating primary and specialty care for persons with mental illness. General Hospital Psychiatry 19 (1997) 395-402
91. Mechanic D., Schlesinger M., and McAlpine D.D. Management of mental health and substance abuse services: State of the art and early results. Milbank Quarterly 73 (1995) 19-55
92. Merriam-Webster. Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language unabridged (1986), Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA
93. Merwin E., Hinton I., Dembling B., and Stern S. Shortages of rural mental health professionals. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing XVII (2003) 42-51
94. Meyer R.E. The economics of survival for academic psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry 17 (1993) 149-160
95. Mills M. U.S. has 114 behavioral health professionals per 100,000 population: Oversupply greatest issue in coastal states. OPEN MINDS (1997, September) 12
96. Mirin S.M. Predictions about the financing and delivery of care. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 321-339
97. In: Murray C.J., and Lopez A.D. (Eds). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 (1996), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
98. Murstein B.I., and Fontaine P.A. The public's knowledge about psychologists and other mental health professionals. American Psychologist 48 (1993) 839-845
99. Narrow W.E., Regier D.A., Rae D.S., Manderscheid R.W., and Locke B.Z. Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders: Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (1993) 95-107
100. National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists. White paper on the Nursing Practice Doctorate (2005, April). http://www.nacns.org/nacns_dnpwhitepaper2.pdf http://www.nacns.org/nacns_dnpwhitepaper2.pdf (accessed March 28, 2006)
101. National Institute of Mental Health. Genetics and mental disorders: Report of the National Institute of Mental Health's Genetics Workgroup (1998), Author, Rockville, MD
102. Newhouse J.P., and the Insurance Experiment Group. Free for all? Lessons from the Rand health insurance experiment (1993), Harvard University Press, Cambridge
103. Northey Jr. W.F. Characteristics and clinical practices of marriage and family therapists: A national survey. Journal of Martial and Family Therapy 28 (2002) 487-494
104. Olfson M., and Pincus H.A. Outpatient mental health care in nonhospital settings: Distributions of patients across provider groups. American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (1996) 1353-1356
105. OPEN MINDS. Over 72% of insured Americans are enrolled in MBHOs: Magellan Behavioral Health continues to dominate the market. OPEN MINDS Behavioral Health and Social Service Industry Analyst 11 (1999) 9
106. OPEN MINDS. Accountability is the future of managed behavioral health: The evolution of public sector managed care and its implications for providers. OPEN MINDS Behavioral Health and Social Service Industry Analyst 9 (1999)
107. Pardes H., and Pincus H.A. Report of the Graduate Medical Education National Committee and Health Manpower Development: Implications for psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 4 (1983) 97-102
108. In: Pederson S.L., DePiano F., Kaslow N., Klepac R.K., Hargrove D.S., and Vasquez M. (Eds). Proceedings from the national working conference on supply and demand: Training and employment opportunities in professional psychology (1998), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
109. Peterson B.D., West J., Pincus H.A., Kohout J., Pion G.M., Wicherski M.W., et al. An update on human resources in mental health. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Sonnenschein M.A. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 1996 (1996), Center for Mental Health Services, Washington DC 168-204 DHHS Pub. No. (SMA)96-098. Government Printing Office
110. Peterson B.D., West J., Tanielian T.L., Pincus H.A., Kohout J., Pion G.M., et al. Mental health practitioners and trainees. In: Manderscheid R.W., and Henderson M.J. (Eds). Mental Health, United States, 1998 (1998), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 214-246
111. Pew Health Professions Commission. Critical challenges: Revitalizing the health professions for the twenty-first century (1995), UCSF Center for the Health Professions, San Francisco, CA
112. Pincus H.A., Tanielian T.L., Marcus S.C., Olfson M., Zarin D.A., Thompson J., et al. Prescribing trends in psychotropic medications: Primary care, psychiatry, and other medical specialties. Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (1998) 526-531
113. Pincus H.A., Zarin D.A., and West J.C. Peering into the black box: Measuring outcomes of managed care. Archives of General Psychiatry 53 (1996) 870-877
114. Pingitore D., Scheffler R., Sentell T., Haley M., and Schwalm D. Psychologist supply, managed care, and the effects on income: Fault lines beneath California psychologists. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 32 (2001) 597-606
115. Pion G.M. A national human resources agenda for psychology: The need for a broader perspective. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 22 (1991) 449-455
116. Popkin M.K., and Callies A.L. Psychiatric consultation to inpatients with "early-onset" type I diabetes mellitus in a university hospital. Archives of General Psychiatry 44 (1987) 169-171
117. Public Health Service Health Resources Administration Bureau of Health Manpower, Manpower Analysis Branch. A report to the President and Congress on the status of health professions personnel in the United States (1978), U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Hyattsville, MD DHEW Publication No. HRA 78-93
118. Regier D.A., Narrow W.E., Rae D.S., Manderscheid R.W., Locke B.Z., and Goodwin F.K. The de factor US mental and addictive disorders service system: Epidemiologic Catchment Area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (1993) 85-94
119. Reich, J. (1999, March). Back to the future: Preparing the next generation. Paper presented at the Second APPIC Membership Meeting and Conference, Orlando, FL.
120. Rice D.P., and Miller L.S. The economic burden of schizophrenia: Conceptual and methodological issues, and cost estimates. In: Moscarelli M., Rupp A., and Sartorious N. (Eds). Handbook of mental health economics and health policy. Schizophrenia vol. 1 (1996), John Wiley and Sons, New York 321-324
121. Robiner W.N. Dialogue on a human resource agenda for psychology: A welcome and a response. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 22 (1991) 461-463
122. Robiner W.N. How many psychologists are needed? A call for a national psychology human resource agenda. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 22 (1991) 427-440
123. Robiner W.N. Psychology training programs need support. Minnesota Medicine 82 (1999) 59-60
124. Robiner W.N., Arbisi P., and Edwall G.E. The basis of the doctorate for psychology licensure. Clinical Psychology Review 14 (1994) 227-254
125. Robiner W.N., Bearman D.L., Berman M., Grove W.M., Colón E., Armstrong J., et al. Prescriptive authority for psychologists: A looming health hazard?. Clinical Psychology. Science and Practice 9 (2002) 231-248
126. Robiner W.N., and Crew D.P. Rightsizing the workforce of psychologists in healthcare: Trends from licensing boards, training programs, and managed care. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 31 (2000) 245-263
127. Robiner W.N., and Crew D.P. Periodic tallies by regulatory boards: A vital tool for tracking supply in the psychology workforce. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 28 (2001) 459-474
128. Robinowitz C.B. Psychiatric education for the new millennium. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 301-315
129. Rodolfa E.R., Kaslow N.J., Stewart A.E., Keilin W.G., and Baker J. Internship training: Do models really matter?. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 36 (2005) 25-31
130. Sanford F.H. Notes on the future of psychology as a profession. American Psychologist 6 (1951) 74-76
131. Scheffler R.M., Ivey S.L., and Garrett A.B. Changing supply and earning patterns of the mental health workforce. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 26 (1998) 85-99
132. Scheffler R.M., and Kirby P.B. The occupational transformation of the mental health system. Health Affairs 22 (2003) 177-188
133. Schofield W. The role of psychology in the delivery of health services. American Psychologist 24 (1969) 565-584
134. Schofield W. The psychologist as a health professional. Professional Psychology 7 (1976) 5-8
135. Schofield W. Pragmatics of psychotherapy (1988), Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ
136. Schurman R.A., Kramer P.D., and Mitchell J.B. The hidden mental health network: Treatment of mental illness by nonpsychiatric physicians. Archives of General Psychiatry 42 (1985) 89-94
137. Scully Jr. J.H. The psychiatric workforce. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1999), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 273-283
138. Shaffer D., Fisher P., Dulcan M.K., Davies M., Piacentini J., Schwab-Stone M.E., et al. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 (DISC 2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates and performance in the MECA study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1996) 865-877
139. Sharfstein S.S. Less is more: Financing mental health care for the new century. In: Weissman S., Sabshin M., and Eist H. (Eds). Psychiatry in the new millennium (1998), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 237-248
140. Small G.W., Fong K., and Beck J.C. Training in geriatric psychiatry: Will the supply meet the demand?. American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988) 476-478
141. Spratley, E., Johnson, A., Sochalski, J., Fritz, M., & Spencer, W. (March, 2002). National sample survey of registered nurses: March 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions, Division of Nursing.
142. Spruill J., Kohout J., and Gehlmann S. Final report of the American Psychological Association Working Group on the implications of changes in the health care delivery system for the education, training, and continuing professional education of psychologists. Discussion of knowledge and skills and selected readings (1997), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
143. Tarlov A.R. Estimating physician workforce requirements: The devil in the assumptions. Journal of the American Medical Association 274 (1995) 1558-1560
144. Tori C.D. Quality assurance standards in the education of psychologists: Reliability and validity of objective comprehensive examinations developed at a freestanding professional school. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 20 (1989) 203-208
145. Trickey B.A., and Kennedy D.B. Use of occupational therapists in mental health settings in South Carolina. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 49 (1995) 452-455
146. Trott J.C., and Botts S.R. Compliance and the treatment alliance in serious mental illness: The pharmacist's role. In: Blackwell B. (Ed). Treatment compliance and the therapeutic alliance. Chronic mental illness Vol. 5 (1997), Harwood Academic Publishers, Singapore 201-210
147. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General (1999) Rockville, MD
148. VandenBos G.R., DeLeon P.H., and Belar C.D. How many psychologists are needed? It's too early to know!. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice 22 (1991) 441-448
149. Verhulst J., and Tucker G. How many psychiatrists do we need?. Academic Psychiatry 19 (1995) 219-223
150. Washington Consulting Group. Survey of certified nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists: December 1992/final report (1994), Author
151. Wedding D. Does Missouri have too many psychologists? Examining the state's behavioral health workforce. Missouri Psychologist 2 (1999) 7-10
152. Weiner J.P. Forecasting the effects of health reform on US physician workforce requirement: Evidence from HMO staffing patterns. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (1994) 222-230
153. Weissman S. Recruitment and workforce issues in late 20th century American psychiatry. Psychiatric Quarterly 67 (1996) 125-137
154. Wells K.B., Strum R., Sherbourne C.D., and Meredith L.S. Caring for depression: A Rand study (1996), Harvard University Press, Cambridge
155. Wicherski M., Woerheide K., and Kohout J. Salaries in psychology 1995: Report of the 1995 APA Salary Survey (1996), American Psychological Association Research Office, Washington, DC
156. Williams S., Kohout J.L., and Wicherski M. Changes in salaries of independent practitioners of psychology. Psychiatric Services 49 (1998) 1020
157. Williams Jr. J.W., Rost K., Dietrich A.J., Ciotti M.C., Zyzanski S., and Cornell J. Primary care physicians' approach to depressive disorders: Effects of physician specialty and practice structure. Archives of Family Medicine 8 (1999) 58-67
158. Wynia M.K., Cummins D.S., VanGeest J.B., and Wilson I.B. Physician manipulation of reimbursement rules for patients: Between a rock and a hard place. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000) 1858-1865
159. Yager J., Burt V., and Mohl P.C. Downsizing psychiatric residency programs: A pilot study. Academic Psychiatry 22 2 (1998) 127-134