Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Congestive Heart Failure, and Coronary Flow Reserve Abnormalities in Hypertension

Hypertension

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 250-280

  Diamond, Joseph A ^a,b   Phillips, Robert A ^c,d  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LONG ISLAND JEWISH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d LENOX HILL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747142952     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0258-5.50114-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (390)

1. Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage D, et al. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: Prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1988, 108:7-13.
2. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Milner M, et al. Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med 1986, 105:173-178.
3. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1561-1566.
4. Bikkina M, Larson MG, Levy D Asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and mortality risk in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:1111-1116.
5. Cooper RS, Simmons BE, Castaner A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with worse survival independent of ventricular function and number of coronary arteries severely narrowed. Am J Cardiol 1990, 65:441-445.
6. Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B, et al. The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:831-836.
7. Deschepper CF, Boutin-Ganache I, Zahabi A, et al. In search of cardiovascular candidate genes: Interactions between phenotypes and genotypes. Hypertension 2002, 39:332-336.
8. Himmelmann A, Svensson A, Hansson L Blood pressure and left ventricular mass in children with different maternal histories of hypertension: The Hypertension in Pregnancy Offspring Study. J Hypertens 1993, 11:263-268.
9. van Hooft IMS, Grobbee DE, Waal-Manning HJ, et al. Hemodynamic characteristics of the early phase of primary hypertension: The Dutch Hypertension and Offspring study. Circulation 1993, 87:1100-1106.
10. Post WS, Larson MG, Myers RH, et al. Heritability of left ventricular mass: The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1997, 30:1025-1028.
11. Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Fisher AG, et al. Heritability of cardiac size: An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Circulation 1985, 71:39-44.
12. Beaglehole R, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC, et al. An epidemiological study of left ventricular hypertrophy in the biracial population of Evans County, Georgia. J Chronic Dis 1974, 28:549-559.
13. Dunn FG, Oigman W, Sungard-Rise K, et al. Racial differences in cardiac adaptation to essential hypertension determined by echocardiographic indexes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983, 5:1348-1351.
14. Hammond IW, Alderman MH, Devereux RB, et al. Contrast in cardiac anatomy and function between black and white patients with hypertension. J Natl Med Assoc 1984, 76:247-255.
15. Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, et al. Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the treatment of mild hypertension study (TOMHS). Circulation 1993, 87:476-486.
16. Mayet J, Shahi M, Foale RA, et al. Racial differences in cardiac structure and function in essential hypertension. BMJ 1994, 308:1011-1014.
17. Hinderliter AL, Light KC, Willis PW Racial differences in left ventricular structure in healthy young adults. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:1196-1199.
18. Harshfield GA, Alpert BS, Willey ES, et al. Race and gender influence ambulatory blood pressure patterns of adolescents. Hypertension 1989, 14:598-603.
19. Schunkert H, Hense H-W, Holmer SR, et al. Association between a deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1634-1638.
20. Lindpaintner K, Lee M, Larson MG, et al. Absence of association or genetic linkage between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene and left ventricular mass [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1023-1028.
21. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Cosco CP, et al. Deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in southern Italian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:365-369.
22. Gharavi AG, Lipkowitz MS, Diamond JA, et al. Deletion Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is independently associated with left ventricular mass and geometric remodeling in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:1315-1319.
23. Kupari M, Hautanen A, Lankinen L, et al. Associations between human aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene polymorphisms and left ventricular size, mass, and function. Circulation 1998, 97(6):569-575.
24. Stella P, Bigatti G, Tizzoni L, et al. Association between aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) polymorphism and left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:265-270.
25. Lifton RP, Gharavi AG, Geller DS Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell 2001, 104:545-556.
26. Glueck SB, Dzau VJ Physiological genomics: Implications in hypertension research. Hypertension 2002, 39:310-315.
27. Kimura B, Mohuczy D, Tang X, Phillips MI Attenuation of hypertension and heart hypertrophy by adeno-associated virus delivering angiotensinogen antisense. Hypertension 2001, 37:376-380.
28. Nakayama T, Soma M, Takahashi Y, et al. Functional deletion mutation of the 5'-flanking region of type A human natriuretic peptide receptor gene and its association with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in the Japanese. Circ Res 2000, 86:841-845.
29. Poch E, Gonzalez D, Gomez-Angelats E, et al. G- Protein beta(3) subunit gene variant and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000, 35(1 Pt 2):214-218.
30. Sedlacek K, Fischer M, Erdmann JS, et al. Relation of the G protein beta3-subunit polymorphism with left ventricle structure and function. Hypertension 2002, 40:162-167.
31. Arnett DK, Devereux RB, Kitzman D, et al. Linkage of left ventricular contractility to chromosome 11 in humans: The HyperGEN Study. Hypertension 2001, 38:767-772.
32. Akhter SA, Milano CA, Shotwell KF, et al. Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of alpha1B-adrenergic receptors. In vivo alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of beta-adrenergic signaling. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:21253-21259.
33. Choi DJ, Koch WJ, Hunter JJ, et al. Mechanism of beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization in cardiac hypertrophy is increased beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 1997, 272(27):17223-17229.
34. Chanutin A, Barksdale EE Experimental renal insufficiency produced by partial nephrectomy. II. Relationship of left ventricular hypertrophy, the width of the cardiac muscle fiber and hypertension in the rat. Arch Intern Med 1933, 52:739-744.
35. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest 1975, 56:56-64.
36. Badeer HS Biological significance of cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1964, 14:133-137.
37. Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Levy D Influence of contemporary versus 30-year blood pressure levels on left ventricular mass and geometry: The Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 18:1287-1294.
38. Rowlands DB, Glover DR, Ireland MA, et al. Assessment of left-ventricular mass and its response to antihypertensive treatment. Lancet 1982, 1:467-470.
39. Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Harshfield GA Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: Importance of blood pressure response to regular recurring stress. Circulation 1983, 68:470-476.
40. Phillips RA, Goldman ME, Ardeljan M, et al. Determinants of abnormal left ventricular filling in early hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 14:979-985.
41. Guerrier M, Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, et al. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 1990, 81:528-536.
42. Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, et al. Combined estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. JAMA 1995, 274:137-142.
43. Cavallini MC, Roman MJ, Pickering TG, et al. Is white coat hypertension associated with arterial disease or left ventricular hypertrophy?. Hypertension 1995, 26:413-419.
44. Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressures. JAMA 1983, 249:2792-2798.
45. Hoegholm A, Kristensen KS, Bang LE, et al. Left ventricular mass and geometry in patients with established hypertension and white coat hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1993, 6:282-286.
46. White WB, Schulman P, McCabe EJ, et al. Average daily blood pressure, not office blood pressure determines cardiac function in patients with hypertension. JAMA 1989, 261:873-877.
47. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Pickering TG, et al. Relation of left ventricular hemodynamic load and contractile performance to left ventricular mass in hypertension. Circulation 1990, 81:25-36.
48. Saba PS, Roman MJ, Pini R, et al. Relation of carotid pressure waveform to left ventricular anatomy in normotensive subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:1873-1880.
49. Morgan HE, Baker KM Cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanical, neural and endocrine dependence. Circulation 1991, 83:13-25.
50. Schunkert H, Jahn L, Izumo S, et al. Localization and regulation of c-fos and c-jun protooncogene induction by systolic wall stress in normal and hypertrophied rat hearts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:11480-11484.
51. Molkentin JD, Lu JR, Antos CL, et al. A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway for cardiac hypertrophy. Cell 1998, 93:215-228.
52. Hsueh WA, Law RE, Do YS Integrins, adhesion, and cardiac remodeling. Hypertension 1998, 31(1 Pt 2):176-180.
53. Sussman MA, Lim HW, Gude N, et al. Prevention of cardiac hypertrophy in mice by calcineurin inhibition. Science 1998, 281:1690-1693.
54. Nagata K, Somura F, Obata K, et al. AT1 receptor blockade reduces cardiac calcineurin activity in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2002, 40:168-174.
55. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure [see comments]. JAMA 1996, 275:1557-1562.
56. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: A study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation 1998, 98:2282-2289.
57. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1997, 278:212-216.
58. Moser M, Hebert PR Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertension treatment trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:1214-1218.
59. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, et al. Gender differences in left ventricular growth. Hypertension 1995, 26(6 Pt 1):979-983.
60. Savage DD, Drayer JIM, Henry WL, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in hypertensive patients. Circulation 1979, 59:623-632.
61. Gerstenblith G, Frederiksen J, Yin FCP, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. Circulation 1977, 56:273-278.
62. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, et al. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1989, 110:101-107.
63. Shub C, Klein AL, Zachariah PK, et al. Determination of left ventricular mass by echocardiography in a normal population: Effect of age and sex in addition to body size. Mayo Clin Proc 1994, 69:205-211.
64. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Gender differences in left ventricular anatomy, blood viscosity and volume regulatory hormones in normal adults. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:1704-1708.
65. Hinderliter AL, Light KC, Park WW Gender differences in left ventricular structure and function in young adults with normal or marginally elevated blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1992, 5:33-36.
66. Eison H, Phillips RA, Ardeljan M, et al. Differences in ambulatory blood pressure between men and women with mild hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1990, 4:400-404.
67. Diamond JA, Krakoff LR, Martin K, et al. Comparison of ambulatory blood pressure and amounts of left ventricular hypertrophy in men versus women with similar levels of hypertensive clinic blood pressures. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:505-508.
68. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure: An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994, 24:793-801.
69. Devereux RB, Lutas EM, Casale PN, et al. Standardization of M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular anatomic measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4:1222-1230.
70. Marcus R, Krause L, Weder AB, et al. Sex- specific determinants of increased left ventricular mass in the Tecumseh blood pressure study. Circulation 1994, 90:928-936.
71. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Relation of obesity and gender to left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Hypertension 1994, 23:600-606.
72. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Mensah GA, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy has a greater impact on survival in women than in men. Circulation 1995, 92:805-810.
73. Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Levy D Separate and joint influences of obesity and mild hypertension on left ventricular mass and geometry: The Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:130-134.
74. MacMahon SW, Wilcken DEL, MacDonald GJ The effect of weight reduction on left ventricular mass. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:334-339.
75. Marban E, Koretsune Y Cell calcium, oncogenes, and hypertrophy. Hypertension 1990, 15:652-658.
76. Dubus I Origin and mechanisms of heart failure in hypertensive patients: Left ventricular remodelling in hypertensives heart disease. Eur Heart J 1993, 14(Suppl J):76-81.
77. Sen S, Tarazi RC, Khairallah PA, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1974, 35:775-781.
78. Bauwens FR, Duprez DA, De Buyzere ML, et al. Influence of the arterial blood pressure and nonhemodynamic factors on left ventricular hypertrophy in moderate essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:925-929.
79. Devereux RB, Pickering TG, Cody RJ, et al. Relation of rennin-angiotensin system activity to left ventricular hypertrophy and function in experimental and human hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 1987, 3:87-103.
80. Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS, et al. Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 1993, 75:977-984.
81. Harada K, Komuro I, Shiojima I, et al. Pressure overload induces cardiac hypertrophy in angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice [see comments]. Circulation 1998, 97:1952-1959.
82. Weber KT, Brilla CG Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991, 83:1849-1865.
83. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, et al. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:1098-1104.
84. Laks MM, Morady F, Swan HJC Myocardial hypertrophy produced by chronic infusion of subhypertensive doses of norepinephrine in the dog. Chest 1973, 64:75-78.
85. Trimarco B, Ricciardelli B, De Luca N, et al. Participation of endogenous catecholamines in the regulation of left ventricular mass in progeny of hypertensive parents. Circulation 1985, 72:38-46.
86. Simpson P Role of proto-oncogenes in myocardial hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1988, 62:13G-19G.
87. Rizzoni D, Lorenza M, Porteri E, et al. Relations between cardiac and vascular structure in patients with primary and secondary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:985-992.
88. Shub C, Cueto-Garcia L, Sheps S, et al. Echocardiographic findings in pheochromocytoma. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:971-975.
89. Lim MJ, Barkan AL, Buda AJ Rapid reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy in acromegaly after suppression of growth hormone hypersecretion. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:719-726.
90. Andronico G, Mangano M-T, Nardi E, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and sodium-lithium countertransport in essential hypertension and in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 1993, 11:1097-1101.
91. Geffner ME, Golde DW Selective insulin action on skin, ovary and heart in insulin-resistant states. Diabetes Care 1988, 11:500-505.
92. Phillips RA, Krakoff LR, Ardeljan M, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass to insulin resistance and blood pressure in non-obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:48A. [Abstract].
93. Phillips RA, Krakoff LR, Dunaif A, et al. Relation among left ventricular mass, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in nonobese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:4284-4288.
94. Prakash TR, MacKenzie SJ, Ram JL, et al. Insulin stimulates gene transcription and activity of Na+K+ATPase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1992, 20:443. [Abstract].
95. Resnick LM Ionic basis of hypertension, insulin resistance, vascular disease, and related disorders: The mechanism of "syndrome X". Am J Hypertens 1993, 6:123S-134S.
96. Ciulla M, Paliotti R, Hess DB, et al. Echocardiographic patterns of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients: Endomyocardial biopsy versus ultrasonic tissue characterization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997, 10:657-664.
97. Schwartzkopff B, Motz W, Frenzel H, et al. Structural and functional alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial hypertension. Circulation 1993, 88:993-1003.
98. Cottone S, Vadala A, Vella MC, et al. Changes of plasma endothelin and growth factor levels, and of left ventricular mass, after chronic AT1-receptor blockade in human hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998, 11:548-553.
99. Moye LA, Pfeffer MA, Wun CC, et al. Uniformity of captopril benefit in the SAVE Study: Subgroup analysis. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Study. Eur Heart J 1994, 15(Suppl B):2-8.
100. Dahlof B, Devereux R, de-Faire U, et al. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) in Hypertension study: Rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am -J-Hypertens 1997, 10:705-713.
101. Gomez AM, Valdivia HH, Cheng H, et al. Defective excitation-contraction coupling in experimental cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure [see comments]. Science 1997, 276:800-806.
102. Devereux RB, Reichek N Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977, 55:613-618.
103. Feigenbaum H The echocardiographic examination. Echocardiography, 4e 1986, 50-187. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. H. Feigenbaum (Ed.).
104. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: Comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:450-458.
105. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, et al. The Committee on M-mode Standardization of Echocardiography: Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: Results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation 1978, 58:1073-1078.
106. Liao Y, Cooper RS, Durazo-Arvizu R, et al. Prediction of mortality risk by different methods of indexation for left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 29:641-647.
107. De Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, et al. Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: Assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1251-1260.
108. Lauer MS, Anderson KM, Larson M, et al. A new method for indexing left ventricular mass for differences in body size. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:487-491.
109. Devereux RB. Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography. Anatomic validation, standardization, and comparison to other methods. Hypertension 9(Suppl II):II19-II26.
110. Gottdiener JS, Livengood SV, Meyer PS, et al. Should echocardiography be performed to assess effects of antihypertensive therapy? Test-retest reliability of echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular mass and function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:424-430.
111. Grandits GA, Liebson PR, Dianzumba S, et al. Echocardiography in multicenter clinical trials: Experience from the Treatment of the Mild Hypertension Study. Control Clinic Trials 1995, 15:395-410.
112. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: Overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990, 335:827-838.
113. Cook RJ, Sackett DL The number needed to treat: A clinically useful measure of treatment effect [published erratum appears in BMJ 1995 310:1056] [see comments]. BMJ 1995, 310:452-454.
114. Alderman MH Blood pressure management: Individualized treatment based on absolute risk and the potential for benefit [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:329-335.
115. Moore CR, Krakoff LR, Phillips RA Confirmation or exclusion of stage I hypertension by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 1997, 29:1109-1113.
116. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two- dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989, 2:358-367.
117. Collins HW, Kronenberg MW, Byrd BF Reproducibility of left ventricular mass measurements by two- dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 14:672-676.
118. Myerson SG, Bellenger NG, Pennell DJ Assessment of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Hypertension 2002, 39:750-755.
119. Keller AM, Peschock RM, Malloy CR, et al. In vivo measurement of myocardial mass using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:113-117.
120. Riley-Hagan M, Peshock RM, Stray-Gundersen J, et al. Left ventricular dimensions and mass using magnetic resonance imaging in female endurance athletes. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:1067-1074.
121. Bottini PB, Carr AA, Prisant LM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging compared to echocardiography to assess left ventricular mass in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens 1995, 8:221-228.
122. Yamaoka O, Yabe T, Okada M, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular mass: Comparison of ultrafast computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast left ventriculography. Am Heart J 1993, 126:1372-1379.
123. Wolfe CL, O'Connell JW, Sievers RE, et al. Assessment of perfused left ventricular mass in normal, ischemic, and reperfused myocardium by means of single-photon emission computed tomography of technetium-99m isonitrile. Am Heart J 1993, 126:1275-1286.
124. Williams KA, Lang RM, Reba RC, et al. Comparison of tech-netium-99m sestamibi-gated tomographic perfusion imaging with echocardiography and electrocardiography for determination of left ventricular mass. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:750-755.
125. Faber TL, Folks RD, Cooke JP, et al. Left ventricular mass from ungated perfusion images: Comparison to MRI. J Nucl Med 1997, 38:20P. [Abstract].
126. Gopal AS, Keller AM, Shen Z, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography: In vitro and in vivo validation of left ventricular mass and comparison with conventional echocardio-graphic methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:504-513.
127. Gopal AS, Shen Z, Sapin PM, et al. Assessment of cardiac function by three-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods. Circulation 1995, 92:842-853.
128. Jiang L, Vazquez de Prada A, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography: In vivo validation for right ventricular free wall mass as an index of hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1715-1722.
129. Keller AM, Gopal AS, Sapin PM, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography: An advance in quantitative assessment of the left ventricle. Coron Artery Dis 1995, 6:42-48.
130. Rodevand O, Bjornerheim R, Kolbjornsen O, et al. Left ventricular mass assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography using rotational acquisition. Clin Cardiol 1997, 20:957-962.
131. Kaul S New developments in ultrasound systems for contrast echocardiography. Clin Cardiol 1997, 20(10 Suppl 1):I27-I30.
132. Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klingbeil A Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies [see comments]. JAMA 1996, 275:1507-1513.
133. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, et al. Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 1995, 13:1091-1095.
134. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998, 97:48-54.
135. Koren MJ, Ulin RJ, Koren AT, et al. Left ventricular mass change during treatment and outcome in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002, 15:1021-1028.
136. Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Prineas RJ, et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study: Final results. JAMA 1993, 270:713-724.
137. Schussheim AE, Diamond JA, Phillips RA Left ventricular midwall function improves with antihypertensive therapy and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with asymptomatic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2001, 87:61-65.
138. Wachtell K, Palmieri V, Olsen MH, et al. Change in systolic left ventricular performance after 3 years of antihypertensive treatment: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint (LIFE) Study. Circulation 2002, 106:227-232.
139. Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens 1992, 5:95-110.
140. Linz W, Schaper J, Wiemer G, et al. Ramipril prevents left ventricular hypertrophy with myocardial fibrosis without blood pressure reduction: A one year study in rats. Br J Pharmacol 1992, 107:970-975.
141. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, et al. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: Comparison of six antihypertensive agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents [see comments]. Circulation 1997, 95:2007-2014.
142. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol: The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Circulation 2003, 108:684-690.
143. Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Liu JE, et al. Progressive hypertrophy regression with sustained pressure reduction in hypertension: The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction study. J Hypertens 2002, 20:1445-1450.
144. Pitt B, Reichek N, Willenbrock R, et al. Effects of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The 4E-left ventricular hypertrophy study. Circulation 2003, 108:1831-1838.
145. Indolfi C, Di Lorenzo E, Perrino C, et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor simvastatin prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and inhibits p21ras activation. Circulation 2002, 106:2118-2124.
146. Shioi T, McMullen JR, Tarnavski O, et al. Rapamycin attenuates load-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Circulation 2003, 107:1664-1670.
147. Fouad FM, Slominiski JM, Tarazi RC Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension: Relation to left ventricular mass and systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 3:1500-1506.
148. Smith VE, Schulman P, Karimeddini M, et al. Rapid ventricular filling in left ventricular hypertrophy II. Pathological hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 5:869-874.
149. Inouye I, Massie B, Loge D, et al. Abnormal left ventricular filling: An early finding in mild to moderate systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1984, 53:120-126.
150. Bonow RO, Udelson JE Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of congestive heart failure: Mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:502-510.
151. Topol EJ, Traill GV, Fortuin NJ Hypertensive cardiomyopathy of the elderly. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:277-282.
152. Soufer R, Wohlgelernter D, Vita N, et al. Intact systolic left ventricular function in clinical congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1985, 55:1032-1036.
153. Cuocolo A, Sax FL, Brush JE, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired diastolic filling in essential hypertension. Diastolic mechanisms for systolic dysfunction during exercise. Circulation 1990, 81:978-986.
154. Setaro JF, Soufer R, Remetz MS, et al. Long- term outcome in patients with congestive heart failure and intact systolic left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:1212-1216.
155. Carroll JD, Lang RM, Neumann AL, et al. The differential effects of positive inotropic and vasodilator therapy on diastolic properties in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1986, 74:815-825.
156. Graettinger WF, Neutel JM, Smith DHG, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling alterations in normotensive young adults with a family history of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:51-56.
157. Tang W, Arnett DK, Devereux RB, et al. Linkage of left ventricular early diastolic peak filling velocity to chromosome 5 in hypertensive African Americans: The HyperGEN echocardiography study. Am J Hypertens 2002, 15:621-627.
158. Snider AR, Gidding SS, Rocchini AP, et al. Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic filling in children with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1985, 56:921-926.
159. Phillips RA, Coplan NL, Krakoff LR, et al. Doppler echocar-diographic analysis of left ventricular filling in treated hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 9:317-322.
160. Dianzumba SB, DiPette DJ, Cornman C, et al. Left ventricular filling characteristics in mild untreated hypertension. Hypertension 1986, 8(Suppl I):I156-I160.
161. Shapiro LM, McKenna WJ Left ventricular hypertrophy: Relationship of structure to diastolic function in hypertension. Br Heart J 1984, 51:637-642.
162. Hartford M, Wikstrand J, Wallentin I, et al. Diastolic function of the heart in untreated primary hypertension. Hypertension 1984, 6:329-338.
163. Fouad FM, Slominski JM, Tarazi RC Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension: Relation to left ventricular mass and systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 3:1500-1506.
164. Smith VE, White WB, Meeran MK, et al. Improved left ventricular filling accompanies reduced left ventricular mass during therapy of essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1454, 8:1449-1454.
165. White WB, Schulman P, Karimeddini MK, et al. Regression of left ventricular mass is accompanied by improvement in rapid left ventricular filling following antihypertensive therapy with metoprolol. Am Heart J 1989, 117:145-150.
166. Trimarco B, DeLuca N, Rosiello G Improvement of diastolic function after reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy induced long-term antihypertensive treatment with tertatolol. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:745-751.
167. Schulman SP, Weiss JL, Becher LC, et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on left ventricular mass in elderly patients. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1350-1356.
168. Gonzalez-Fernandez RB, Altieri PI, Diaz LM, et al. Effects of enalapril on heart failure in hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction. Am J Hypertens 1992, 5:480-483.
169. Phillips RA, Ardeljan M, Shimabukuro S, et al. Normalization of left ventricular mass and associated changes in neurohormones and atrial natriuretic peptide after one year of sustained nifedipine therapy for severe hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:1595-1602.
170. Shahi M, Thorn S, Poulter N, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Lancet 1990, 336:458-461.
171. Palatini P, Visentin P, Mormino P, et al. Structural abnormalities and not diastolic dysfunction are the earliest left ventricular changes in hypertension. HARVEST Study Group. Am J Hypertens 1998, 11:147-154.
172. Douglas PS, Berko B, Lesh M, et al. Alterations in diastolic function in response to progressive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 13:461-467.
173. Douglas PS, Tallant B Hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in early canine experimental hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:530-536.
174. Brilla CG, Janicki JS, Weber KT Cardioreparative effects of lisinopril in rats with genetic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1991, 83:1771-1779.
175. Villari B, Campbell SE, Hess OM, et al. Influence of collagen network on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:1477-1484.
176. Lorell BH, Grice WN, Apstein CS Influence of hypertension with minimal hypertrophy on diastolic function during demand ischemia. Hypertension 1989, 13:361-370.
177. Wexler LF, Lorell BH, Momomura S, et al. Enhanced sensitivity to hypoxia-induced diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy in the rat: Role of high-energy phosphate depletion. Circ Res 1988, 62:766-775.
178. Osbakken M, Douglas PS, Ivanics T, et al. Creatinine kinase kinetics studied by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance in a canine model of
179. Ito Y, Suko J, Chidsey CA Intracalcium and myocardial contractility. V. Calcium uptake of sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions in hypertrophied and failing rabbit hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1974, 6:237-247.
180. Harding DP, Poole-Wilson PA Calcium exchange in rabbit myocardium during and after hypoxia: Effect of temperature and substrate. Cardiovasc Res 1980, 14:435-445.
181. Gwathmey JK, Morgan JP Altered calcium handling in experimental pressure-overload hypertrophy in the ferret. Circ Res 1985, 57:836-843.
182. Brutsaert DL, Rademakers FE, Sys SU, et al. Analysis of relaxation in the evaluation of ventricular function of the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985, 28:143-163.
183. White WB, Schulman P, Dey HM, et al. Effects of age and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure on rapid left ventricular filling. Am J Cardiol 1989, 63:13347-13431.
184. Franchi F, Fabbri G, Monopoli A, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling improvement obtained by intravenous verapamil in mild to moderate essential hypertension: A complex effect. Cardiology 1989, 76:32-41.
185. Betocchi S, Cuocolo A, Pace L, et al. Effect of intravenous verapamil administration on left ventricular diastolic function in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59:624-629.
186. Kawaguchi M, Hay I, Fetics B, et al. Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: Implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation 2003, 107:714-720.
187. Burkhoff D, Maurer MS, Packer M Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: Is it really a disorder of diastolic function?. Circulation 2003, 107:656-658.
188. Gandhi SK, Powers JC, Nomeir AM, et al. The pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema associated with hypertension. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:17-22.
189. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Koren MJ, et al. Midwall left ventricular mechanics. An independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Circulation 1996, 93:259-265.
190. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Assessment of left ventricular function by the midwall fractional shortening/end-systolic stress relation in human hypertension [published erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol 24:844, 1994]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1444-1451.
191. Schussheim AE, Diamond JA, Jhang JS, et al. Midwall fractional shortening is an independent predictor of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82:1056-1059.
192. Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Shemanski L, et al. Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: The cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37:1042-1048.
193. Harrison TR, Dixon K, Russell RO, et al. The relation of age to the duration of contraction, ejection, and relaxation of the normal human heart. Am Heart J 1964, 67:189-199.
194. Miyatake K, Okamoto M, Kinoshita N, et al. Augmentation of atrial contribution to left ventricular inflow with aging as assessed by intracardiac Doppler flowmetry. Am J Cardiol 1984, 64:315-323.
195. Phillips RA, Krakoff LR, Coplin NL, et al. Normal aging produces left ventricular diastolic abnormalities detectable by Doppler echocardiography. Clin Res 1986, 34:336A. [Abstract].
196. Van Dam I, Fast T, DeBoo J, et al. Normal diastolic filling patterns of the left ventricle. Eur Heart J 1988, 9:165-171.
197. Spirito P, Maron BJ Influence of aging on Doppler echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic function. Br Heart J 1988, 59:672-679.
198. Arora RR, Machac J, Goldman ME, et al. Atrial kinetics and left ventricular diastolic filling in the healthy elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 9:1255-1260.
199. Benjamin EJ, Plehn JF, D'Agostino RB, et al. Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. N Engl J Med 1992, 327:374-379.
200. Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Kuller LH, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension and subclinical cardiovascular disease in the elderly: Initial findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1992, 268:1287-1291.
201. Sagie A, Benjamin EJ, Galderisi M, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular structure and diastolic filling in elderly subjects with borderline isolated systolic hypertension (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1993, 72:662-665.
202. Nicolino A, Ferrara N, Longobardi G, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling in elderly hypertensive patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993, 41:217-222.
203. Levy WC, Cerqueira MD, Abrass IB, et al. Endurance exercise training augments diastolic filling at rest and during exercise in healthy young and older men. Circulation 1993, 88:116-126.
204. Fleg JL, Shapiro EP, O'Connor F, et al. Left ventricular diastolic filling performance in older male athletes. JAMA 1995, 273(17):1371-1375.
205. Voutilainen S, Kupari M, Hippelainen M, et al. Factors influencing Doppler indexes of left ventricular filling in healthy persons. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:653-659.
206. Nixdorff U, de Mey C, Belz GG, et al. Beta- adrenergic stimulation enhances left ventricular diastolic performance in normal subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997, 29:476-484.
207. Tanaka M, Hashimoto Y, Numano F Decreased left ventricular contractility reserve in patients with never-treated essential hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000, 27:871-875.
208. Grandi AM, Imperiale D, Santillo R, et al. Aldosterone antagonist improves diastolic function in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2002, 40:647-652.
209. Weiss JL, Frederiksen JW, Weisfeldt ML Hemodynamic determinants of the time-course of fall in canine left ventricular pressure. J Clin Invest 1976, 58:751-760.
210. Grossman W, McLaurin LP Diastolic properties of the left ventricle. Ann Intern Med 1976, 84:316-326.
211. Hess OM, Ritter M, Schneider J, et al. Diastolic stiffness and myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before and after valve replacement. Circulation 1984, 69:855-865.
212. Spirito P, Maron BJ, Bonow RO Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function: Comparative analysis of Doppler echocardiographic and radionuclide angiographic techniques. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 7:518-526.
213. Shapiro LM, Mackinnon J, Beevers DG Echocardiographic features of malignant hypertension. Br Heart J 1981, 46:374-379.
214. Kitabatake A, Inoue M, Asao M, et al. Transmitral blood flow reflecting diastolic behavior of the left ventricle in health and disease: A study by pulsed Doppler technique. Jpn Circ J 1982, 46:92-102.
215. Chenzbraun A, Pinto FJ, Popylisen S, et al. Filling patterns in left ventricular hypertrophy: A combined acoustic quantification and Doppler study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1179-1185.
216. Hanrath P, Mathey DG, Siegert R, Bleifeld W Left ventricular relaxation and filling pattern in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy: An echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1980, 45:15-23.
217. Nakashima Y, Nii T, Ikeda M, et al. Role of left ventricular regional nonuniformity in hypertensive diastolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:790-795.
218. Spirito P, Maron BJ Doppler echocardiography for assessing left ventricular diastolic function. Ann Intern Med 1988, 109:122-126.
219. Bella JN, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, et al. Mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation 2002, 105(16):1928-1933.
220. Schillaci G, Pasqualini L, Verdecchia P, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:2005-2011.
221. Choong CY, Abascal VM, Thomas JD, et al. Combined influence of ventricular loading and relaxation on the transmitral flow velocity profile in dogs measured by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 1988, 78:672-683.
222. Himura Y, Kumada T, Kambayashi M, et al. Importance of left ventricular systolic function in the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function with Doppler transmitral flow velocity recording. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 18:753-760.
223. Appleton CP Left ventricular diastolic function. Mayo Clinic Cardiology Review 1997, 43-56. Futura, Armonk, NY. J.G. Murphy (Ed.).
224. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Anderson KM, et al. Determinants of Doppler indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in normal subjects (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:508-515.
225. Laufer E, Jennings GL, Dewar E Prevalence of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in untreated primary hypertension. Hypertension 1989, 13:151-162.
226. Ishida Y, Meisner JS, Tsujioka K, et al. Left ventricular filling dynamics: Influence of left ventricular relaxation and left atrial pressure. Circulation 1986, 74:187-196.
227. Appleton CP, Carucci MJ, Henry CP, et al. Influence of incremental changes in heart rate on mitral flow velocity: Assessment in lightly sedated, conscious dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 17:227-236.
228. Nishimura RA, Schwartz RS, Holmes DR, et al. Failure of calcium channel blockers to improve ventricular relaxation in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:182-188.
229. Raine AEG, Erne P, Burgisser E, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1986, 315:533-537.
230. Eison HB, Rosen MJ, Phillips RA, Krakoff LR Determinants of atrial natriuretic factor in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 1988, 95:1040-1045.
231. Rodeheffer RJ, Tanaka I, Imada T, et al. Atrial pressure and secretion of atrial natriuretic factor into the human central circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:18-26.
232. Matsuda Y, Toma Y, Matsuzaki M, et al. Change of left atrial systolic pressure waveform in relation to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Circulation 1990, 82:1659-1667.
233. Rossvoll O, Hatle LK Pulmonary venous flow velocities recorded by transthoracic Doppler ultrasound: Relation to left ventricular diastolic pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:1687-1696.
234. Appleton CP, Galloway JM, Gonzales MS, et al. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using two- dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease. Additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:1972-1982.
235. Pai RG, Suzuki M, Heywood JT, et al. Mitral A wave velocity transit time to the outflow tract as a measure of left ventricular diastolic stiffness: Hemodynamic correlations in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1994, 89:553-557.
236. Pai RG, Shakudo M, Yoganathan AP, et al. Clinical correlates of the rate of transmission of transmitral "A" wave to the left ventricular outflow tract in left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to systemic hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1994, 73:831-834.
237. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:865-875.
238. Derumeaux G, Ovize M, Loufoua J, et al. Doppler tissue imaging quantitates regional wall motion during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 1998, 97(19):1970-1977.
239. Galiuto L, Ignone G, DeMaria AN Contraction and relaxation velocities of the normal left ventricle using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:609-614.
240. Oki T, Tabata T, Yamada H, et al. Clinical application of pulsed Doppler tissue imaging for assessing abnormal left ventricular relaxation. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:921-928.
241. Maceira AM, Barba J, Beloqui O, et al. Ultrasonic backscatter and diastolic function in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2002, 40:239-243.
242. Temporelli PL, Corra U, Imparato A, et al. Reversible restrictive left ventricular diastolic filling with optimized oral therapy predicts a more favorable prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1591-1597.
243. Aronow WS, Kronzon I Effect of enalapril on congestive heart failure treated with diuretics in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 1993, 71:602-604.
244. Brilla CG, Funck RC, Rupp H Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease [see comments]. Circulation 2000, 102:1388-1393.
245. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: The CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003, 362:777-781.
246. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, et al. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol 1990, 66:981-986.
247. Given BD, Lee TH, Stone PH, et al. Nifedipine in severely hypertensive patients with congestive heart failure and preserved ventricular systolic function. Arch Intern Med 1985, 145:281-285.
248. Andersson B, Caidahl K, di Lenarda A, et al. Changes in early and late diastolic filling patterns induced by long-term adrenergic beta-blockade in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1996, 94:673-682.
249. Nodari S, Metra M, Dei CL Beta-blocker treatment of patients with diastolic heart failure and arterial hypertension. A prospective, randomized, comparison of the long- term effects of atenolol vs. nebivolol. Eur J Heart Fail 2003, 5:621-627.
250. Gaasch WH Diagnosis and treatment of heart failure based on left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction [see comments]. JAMA 1994, 271(16):1276-1280.
251. Packer M Abnormalities of diastolic function as a potential cause of exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure. Circulation 1990, 81(2 Suppl):III78-III86.
252. The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC V). Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:154-183.
253. Lorell BH, Isoyama S, Grice WN, et al. Effects of ouabain and isoproterenol on left ventricular diastolic function during low-flow ischemia in isolated, blood- perfused rabbit hearts. Circ Res 1988, 63:457-467.
254. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure The Digitalis Investigation Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:525-533.
255. Brutsaert DL, Sys SU, Gillebert TC Diastolic failure: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications [published erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol 22:1272, 1993]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:318-325.
256. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560-2571.
257. Clements IP, Bailey KR, Zachariah PK Effects of exercise and therapy on ventricular emptying and filling in mildly hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 1994, 7:695-702.
258. Zusman RM, Christensen DM, Higgins J, et al. Nifedipine improves left ventricular function in patients with hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991, 18:843-848.
259. Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Wang CH, et al. Effects of verapamil in normal elderly individuals with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Echocardiography 2001, 18:123-129.
260. Szlachcic J, Tubau JF, Vollmer C, et al. Effects of diltiazem on left ventricular mass and diastolic filling in mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1989, 63:198-201.
261. Topol EJ, Traill TA, Fortuin NJ Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the elderly. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:277-283.
262. Zusman RM, Christensen DM, Federman EB, et al. Nifedipine, but not propranolol, improves left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1989, 64:51F-61F.
263. Fouad FM, Slominski MJ, Tarazi RC, et al. Alterations in left ventricular filling with beta-adrenergic blockade. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:161-164.
264. Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tang SS, et al. Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1913-1920.
265. Esper RJ, Burrieza OH, Cacharrón JL, et al. Left ventricular mass regression and diastolic function improvement in mild and moderate hypertensive patients treated with lisinopril. Cardiology 1993, 83:76-81.
266. Grandi AM, Venco A, Barzizza F, et al. Effect of enalapril on left ventricular mass and performance in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1989, 63:1093-1097.
267. Strauer BE The concept of coronary flow reserve. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19 Suppl 1992, 5:S67-S80.
268. Bache RJ Effects of hypertrophy on the coronary circulation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1988, 31:403-440.
269. Anversa P, Sonnenblick EH Ischemic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiologic mechanisms. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1990, 32:1-22.
270. Greene AS, Tonellato PJ, Lui J, et al. Microvascular rarefaction and tissue vascular resistance in hypertension. Am J Physiol 1989, 256:H126-H131.
271. Rakusan K Microcirculation in the stressed heart. The Stressed Heart 1987, 107-123. Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston/Norwell, MA. M.J. Legato (Ed.).
272. Marcus ML, Harrison DG, Chilian WM, et al. Alterations in the coronary circulation in hypertrophied ventricles. Circulation 1987, 75(Suppl I):I19-I25.
273. Breisch EA, White FC, Nimmo LE, et al. Cardiac vasculature and flow during pressure-overload hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:H1031-H1037.
274. Rakusan K, Wicker P, Abdul-Samad M, et al. Failure of swimming exercise to improve capillarization in cardiac hypertrophy of renal hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1987, 61:641-647.
275. Smolich JJ, Walker AM, Campbell GR, et al. Left and right ventricular myocardial morphometry in fetal, neonatal, and adult sheep. Am J Physiol 1989, 257:H1-H9.
276. Rakusan K, Flanagan MF, Geva T, et al. Morphometry of human coronary capillaries during normal growth and the effect of age in left ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circulation 1992, 86:38-46.
277. Tomanek RJ Effects of age and exercise on the extent of the myocardial capillary bed. Anat Rec 1970, 167:55-62.
278. Noon JP, Walker BR, Webb DJ, et al. Impaired microvascular dilatation and capillary rarefaction in young adults with a predisposition to high blood pressure. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:1873-1879.
279. D'Amore PA, Thompson RW Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Annu Rev Physiol 1987, 49:453-464.
280. Hudlicka O What makes blood vessels grow?. J Physiol 1991, 444:1-24.
281. Britz-Cunningham SH, Adelstein SJ Molecular targeting with radionuclides: State of the science. J Nucl Med 2003, 44:1945-1961.
282. Nakano N, Moriguchi A, Morishita R, et al. Role of angiotensin II in the regulation of a novel vascular modulator, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), in experimental hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997, 30(6):1448-1454.
283. James TN Morphologic characteristics and functional significance of focal fibromuscular dysplasia of small coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1990, 65:126-136.
284. Tomanek RJ, Plamer PY, Pfeiffer GL, et al. Morphologic characteristics and functional significance of focal fibromuscular dysplasia of small coronary arteries, arterioles and capillaries during hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Res 1986, 58:38-46.
285. Schwartzkopff B, Motz W, Knauer S, et al. Morphometric investigation of intramyocardial arterioles in right septal endomyocardial biopsy of patients with arterial hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992, 20:2-7.
286. Korsgaard N, Aalkjaer C, Heagerty AM, et al. Histology of subcutaneous small arteries from patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1993, 22:523-526.
287. Barton M, d'Uscio LV, Shaw S, et al. ET(A) receptor blockade prevents increased tissue endothelin-1, vascular hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 1998, 31:499-504.
288. Force T, Bonventre JV Growth factors and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Hypertension 1998, 31:152-161.
289. Chien S, Li S, Shyy YJ Effects of mechanical forces on signal transduction and gene expression in endothelial cells. Hypertension 1998, 31:162-169.
290. Rizzoni D, Porteri E, Castellano M, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension is independent from the etiology and from vascular structure. Hypertension 1998, 31:335-341.
291. Isoyama S, Ito J, Sato K, et al. Collagen deposition and the reversal of coronary reserve in cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 1992, 20:491-500.
292. Raij L relationship with renal injury and left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 1998, 31:189-193.
293. Brush JE, Faxon DP, Salmon S, et al. Abnormal endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:809-815.
294. Motz W, Vogt M, Rabenau O, et al. Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in coronary resistance vessels in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:996-1003.
295. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE, et al. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:22-27.
296. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Vita JA, et al. Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with impaired endothelium-mediated relaxation in human coronary resistance vessels. Circulation 1993, 87:86-93.
297. Vrints CJ, Bult H, Hilter E, et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent cholinergic coronary vasodilation in patients with angina and normal coronary arteriograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 19:21-31.
298. Jameson M, Dai F-X, Lüscher T, et al. Endothelium-derived contracting factors in resistance arteries of young spontaneously hypertensive rats before development of overt hypertension. Hypertension 1993, 21:280-288.
299. Groves P, Kurz S, Just H, et al. Role of endogenous bradykinin in human coronary vasomotor control. Circulation 1995, 92:424-430.
300. Gauthier-Rein KM, Rusch NJ Distinct endothelial impairment in coronary microvessels from hypertensive Dahl rats. Hypertension 1998, 31:328-334.
301. Strauer BE Coronary hemodynamics in hypertensive heart disease. Basic concepts, clinical consequences, and experimental analysis of regression of hypertensive microangiopathy. Am J Med 1988, 84(Suppl 3A):45-54.
302. Strauer BE Ventricular function and coronary hemodynamics in hypertensive heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1979, 44:999-1006.
303. Cannon RO, Cunnion RE, Parrillo JE, et al. Dynamic limitation of coronary vasodilator reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 10:1190-1200.
304. Prichard AD, Smith H, Holt J, et al. Coronary vascular reserve in left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic aortic regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:315-320.
305. Villari B, Hess OM, Moccetti D, et al. Effect of progression of left ventricular hypertrophy on coronary artery dimensions in aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1073-1079.
306. Rouleau J, Boerboom LE, Surjadhana A, et al. The role of autoregulation and tissue diastolic pressures in the transmural distribution of left ventricular blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Circ Res 1979, 45:804-815.
307. Guyton RA, McClenathan JH, Michaelis LL Evolution of regional ischemia distal to a proximal coronary stenosis: Self propagation of ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1977, 40:381-392.
308. Mosher P, Ross J, McFate PA, et al. Control of coronary blood flow by an autoregulatory mechanism. Circ Res 1964, 14:250-259.
309. Driscol TE, Moir TW, Eckstein RW Autoregulation of coronary blood flow: Effect of intraarterial pressure gradients. Circ Res 1964, 15:103-111.
310. Hoffman JI A critical view of coronary reserve. Circulation 1987, 75(Suppl I):I6-I11.
311. DeFily DV, Chilian WM Regulation of myocardial blood flow. Coordination of the responses of vascular microdomains in the coronary circulation. Cardiology in Review 1994, 67-76. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
312. Berne RM, Rubio R Cardiac nucleotides in hypoxia: Possible role in regulation of coronary blood flow. Am J Physiol 1963, 204:317-322.
313. Marcus ML Metabolic regulation of coronary blood flow. The Coronary Circulation in Health and Disease 1983, 84-85. McGraw-Hill, New York. M.L. Marcus (Ed.).
314. Dole WP, Nuno DW Myocardial oxygen tension determines the degree and pressure range of coronary autoregulation. Circ Res 1986, 59:202-215.
315. Samaha FF, Heineman C, Ince J, et al. ATP-sensitive potassium channel is essential to maintain basal coronary vascular tone in vivo. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:C1220-C1227.
316. Avontuur JA, Bruining HA, Ince C Nitric oxide causes dysfunction of coronary autoregulation in endotoxemic rats. Cardiovasc Res 1997, 35:368-376.
317. Bayliss WM On the local reaction of the arterial wall to changes in internal pressure. J Physiol 1902, 28:220-231.
318. Folkow B Intravascular pressure as a factor regulating the tone of the small vessels. Acta Physiol Scand 1949, 17:289-310.
319. Marcus ML Myogenic regulation of coronary blood flow. The Coronary Circulation in Health and Disease 1980, 147-154. McGraw-Hill, New York. M.L. Marcus (Ed.).
320. Johnson PC. The myogenic response. In: Borh DF, Somlyo AP, Sparks HV, (eds). The Cardiovascular System. Handbook of Physiology, Vol 2, 1980; pp 409-442.
321. Chilian WM Coronary microcirculation in health and disease. Summary of an NHLBI workshop. Circulation 1997, 95:522-528.
322. Wu CC, Feldman MD, Mills JD, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography can be used to quantify intramyocardial blood volume: New insights into structural mechanisms of coronary autoregulation [see comments]. Circulation 1997, 96:1004-1011.
323. Hoffman JIE Maximal coronary flow and the concept of coronary vascular reserve. Circulation 1984, 70:153-159.
324. Cleary RM, Ayon D, Moore NB, et al. Tachycardia, contractility and volume loading alter conventional indexes of coronary flow reserve, but not the instantaneous hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1261-1269.
325. Rossen JD, Winniford MD Effect of increases in heart rate and arterial pressure on coronary flow reserve in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:343-348.
326. O'Keefe DD, Hoffman JIE, Cheitlin R, et al. Coronary blood flow in experimental canine left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Res 1978, 43:43-51.
327. Bretschneider HJ Parmakotherapie coronarer durchblu-tungsstorungen mit kreislaufwirksamen subtanzen. Deutsch Ges Med 1963, 69:583.
328. Opherk D, Mall G, Zebe H, et al. Reduction of coronary reserve: A mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with arterial hypertension and normal coronary arteries. Circulation 1984, 69:1-7.
329. Prichard AD, Gorlin R, Smith H, det al Coronary flow studies in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of the hypertensive type: Evidence for an impaired coronary vascular reserve. Am J Cardiol 1981, 47:547-554.
330. Goldstein RA, Haynie M Limited myocardial perfusion reserve in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Nucl Med 1990, 31:255-258.
331. Diamond JA, Machac J, Henzlova MJ, et al. Quantitative adenosine-thallium perfusion imaging for assessing coronary flow reserve in arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21(Suppl A):288A. [Abstract].
332. Houghton JL, Frank MJ, Carr AA, et al. Relations among impaired coronary flow reserve, left ventricular hypertrophy and thallium perfusion defects in hypertensive patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 15:43-51.
333. Marcus ML, White CW Coronary flow reserve in patients with normal coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 6:1254-1256.
334. Houghton JL, Prisant M, Carr AA, et al. Racial differences in myocardial ischemia and coronary flow reserve in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1123-1129.
335. Gould KL, Martucci JP, Goldberg DI, et al. Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease. A potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium. Circulation 1994, 89:1530-1538.
336. Quillen JE, Rossen JD, Oskarsson HJ, et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on the coronary circulation: Constriction of epicardial and resistance vessels. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:642-647.
337. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Georgakopoulos D, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults. Circulation 1993, 88:2149-2155.
338. Nasher PJ, Brown RE, Oskarsson H, et al. Maximal coronary flow reserve and metabolic coronary vasodilation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1995, 91:635-640.
339. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Spiegelhalter DJ, et al. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy mean years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:471-476.
340. Leiberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1994, 121:936-941.
341. O'Connell BJ, Genest JJ High-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. Circulation 2001, 104(16):1978-1983.
342. Clarke SC, Schofield PM, Grace AA, et al. Tamoxifen effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in men with advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation 2001, 103:1497-1502.
343. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Saurbier B, et al. Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulation in humans. Effects of age, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:652-662.
344. Vitullo JC, Penn MS, Rakusan K, et al. Effects of hypertension and aging on coronary arteriolar density. Hypertension 1993, 21:406-414.
345. Antony I, Nitenberg A, Foult J-M, et al. Coronary vasodilator reserve in untreated and treated hypertensive patients with and without left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:514-520.
346. Harrison DG, Florentine MS, Brooks LA, et al. The effect of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the lower range of coronary autoregulation. Circulation 1988, 77:1108-1115.
347. Koyanagi S, Eastham CL, Harrison DG, et al. Increased size of myocardial infarction in dogs with chronic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Res 1982, 50:55-62.
348. Dellsperger KC, Clothier JL, Hartnett JA, et al. Acceleration of the wavefront of myocardial necrosis by chronic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in dogs. Circ Res 1988, 63:87-96.
349. Taylor AL, Murphree S, Buja LM, et al. Segmental systolic responses to brief ischemia and reperfusion in the hypertro-phied canine left ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:994-1002.
350. Polese A, DeCesare N, Montorsi P, et al. Upward shift of the lower range of coronary flow autoregulation in hypertensive patients with hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Circulation 1991, 83:845-853.
351. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990, 335:765-774.
352. Turnbull F Effects of different blood-pressure- lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003, 362:1527-1535.
353. Cruickshank JM, Thorp JM, Zacharias FJ Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure. Lancet 1987, 1:581-584.
354. Alderman MH, Ooi WL, Madhavan S, Cohen H Treatment-induced blood pressure reduction and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1989, 262:920-924.
355. Farnett L, Mulrow CD, Linn WD, et al. The J-curve phenomenon and the treatment of hypertension. Is there a point beyond which pressure reduction is dangerous?. JAMA 1991, 265:489-495.
356. Fletcher AE, Bulpitt CJ How far should blood pressure be lowered?. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:251-254.
357. McCloskey LW, Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, et al. Level of blood pressure and risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:513-520.
358. Weinberger MH Do no harm. Antihypertensive therapy and the "J" curve. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:473-476.
359. Lindblad U, Rastam L, Ryden L, et al. Control of blood pressure and risk of first acute myocardial infarction: Skaraborg hypertension project. BMJ 1994, 308:681-686.
360. Hansson L Future goals for the treatment of hypertension in the elderly with reference to STOP-hypertension, SHEP, and the MRC trial in older adults. Am J Hypertens 1993, (6 Suppl.):40S-43S.
361. Benetos A, Zureik M, Morcet J, et al. A decrease in diastolic blood pressure combined with an increase in systolic blood pressure is associated with a higher cardiovascular mortality in men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:673-680.
362. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1999, 100:354-360.
363. Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, et al. Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation 2001, 104:783-789.
364. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1991, 265(24):3255-3264.
365. Lenfant C, Chobanian AV, Jones DW, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the hypertension sails. Hypertension 2003, 41:1178-1179. [Epub 2003 May 19.].
366. Vogt M, Motz WH, Schwartzkopf B, et al. Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of hypertensive hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 1993, 14(Suppl D):2-7.
367. Yamada H, Fabris B, Allen AM, et al. Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme in the rat heart. Circ Res 1991, 68:141-149.
368. Akinboboye OO, Chou RL, Bergmann SR Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonists: A comparison of lisinopril and losar-tan. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:703-709.
369. Diamond JA, Gharavi AG, Roychoudhury D, et al. Effect of long-term eprosartan versus enalapril antihypertensive therapy on left ventricular mass and coronary flow reserve in stage I-II hypertension. Curr Med Res & Opin 1999, 15:1-8.
370. Merrill G, Young M, Dorell S, et al. Coronary interactions between nifedipine and adenosine in the intact dog heart. Eur J Pharmacol 1982, 81:543-550.
371. Billinger M, Seiler C, Fleisch M, et al. Do beta-adrenergic blocking agents increase coronary flow reserve?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1866-1871.
372. Perticone F, Maio R, Ceravolo R, et al. Relationship between left ventricular mass and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in never-treated hypertensive patients. Circulation 1999, 99(15):1991-1996.
373. Diamond JA, Krakoff LR, Goldman A, et al. Comparison of two calcium blockers on hemodynamics, left ventricular mass, and coronary vasodilatory in advanced hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001, 14:231-240.
374. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Cosco C, et al. Deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in southern Italian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:365-369.
375. Alfakih K, Maqbool A, Sivananthan M, et al. Left ventricle mass index and the common, functional, X-linked angiotensin II type-2 receptor gene polymorphism (-1332 G/A) in patients with systemic hypertension. Hypertension 2004, 43:1189-1194. [Epub 2004 May 03.].
376. Tang W, Devereux RB, Rao DC, et al. Associations between angiotensinogen gene variants and left ventricular mass and function in the HyperGEN study. Am Heart J 2002, 143:854-860.
377. Obineche EN, Frossard PM, Bokhari AM An association study of five genetic loci and left ventricular hypertrophy amongst Gulf Arabs. Hypertens Res 2001, 24(6):635-639.
378. Fagard R, Staessen J, Thijs L, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and filling to exercise blood pressure and rest blood pressure. Am J Cardiol 1995, 75:53-57.
379. Jones EC, Devereux RB, O'Grady MJ, et al. Relation of hemodynamic volume load to arterial and cardiac size. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:1303-1310.
380. Cabral AM, Vasquez EC, Moyses MR, et al. Sex hormone modulation of ventricular hypertrophy in sino-aortic denervated rats. Hypertension 1988, 11(Suppl 1):93-97.
381. Douglas PS, Katz SE, Weinberg EO, et al. Hypertrophic remodeling: Gender differences in the early response to left ventricular pressure overload. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:1118-1125.
382. Cubeddu LX, Aranda J, Bingh B, et al. Comparison of verapamil and propranolol for the initial treatment of hypertension: Racial differences in response. JAMA 1986, 256:2214-2221.
383. Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MR, Friedrich A, et al. Angiotensin II related to sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. Circulation 1996, 94(6):1304-1309.
384. Manolio TA, Levy D, Garrison RJ, et al. Relation of alcohol intake to left ventricular mass: The Framingham study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 173:717-721.
385. Devereux RB, Drayer JIM, Chien S, et al. Whole blood viscosity as a determinant of cardiac hypertrophy in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1986, 54:592-595.
386. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al. Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 1996, 27:1039-1045.
387. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, et al. Dietary salt intake: Adeterminant of cardiac involvement in essential hypertension. Circulation 1988, 78:951-956.
388. De la Sierra A, Coca A, Paré JC, et al. Erythrocyte ion fluxes in essential hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1993, 88:1628-1633.
389. Nosadini R, Semplicini A, Fioretto P, et al. Sodium-lithium countertransport and cardiorenal abnormalities in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1991, 18:191-198.
390. Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: The Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59:956-960.