Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: A protocol for titration of botulinum toxin dose to the individual patient and for the management of refractory cases

Eye

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 916-922

  Ortisi, E ^a   Henderson, H W A ^a   Bunce, C ^a   Xing, W ^a   Collin, J R O ^a  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A;

ADULT; AGED; APRAXIA; ARTICLE; BLEPHARITIS; BLEPHAROSPASM; BLURRED VISION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIPLOPIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRY EYE; ECTROPION; EPIPHORA; EYELID EDEMA; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEMATOMA; HEMIFACIAL SPASM; HUMAN; LAGOPHTHALMOS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MUSCLE RESECTION; ORBICULARIS OCULI MUSCLE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PTOSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SYMPTOM; TERTIARY HEALTH CARE;

EID: 33747032621     PISSN: 0950222X     EISSN: 14765454     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702054     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Bradley EA, Hodge DO, Bartley GB. Benign essential blepharospasm among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1995: An epidemiological study. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 19: 177-181.
2. Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Blepharospasm: Review of 264 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 767-772.
3. Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR. Blepharospasm: Past, present, and future. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 14: 305-317.
4. Muller J, Kemmler G, Wissel J, Schneider A, Voller B, Grossmann J et al. The impact of blapharospasm and cervical dystonia on health-related quality of life and depression. J Neurol 2002; 249: 842-846.
5. Elston JS. Long-term results of treatment of idiopathic blepharospasm with botulinum toxin injection. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71: 664-668.
6. Henderson JW. Essential blepharospasm. Trans Am Ophthalmol 1956; 54: 453-454.
7. Reynolds DH, Smith JL, Walsh TJ. Differential section of the facial nerve for blepharospasm. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 1967; 71: 656-664.
8. Gillium WN, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm surgery: An anatomic approach. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 1056-1062.
9. McCord CD, Coles WH, Shore JW, Spector R, Putnam JR. Treatment of essential blepharospasm 1. Comparison of facial nerve avulsion and eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping procedure. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 266-268.
10. Jones TW, Waller RR, Samples JR. Myectomy for essential blepharospasm. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60: 663-666.
11. Roggenkamper P, Nussgens Z. Frontalis suspension in the treatment of essential blepharospasm unresponsive to botulinum-toxin therapy: long-term results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1997; 235: 486-489.
12. De Groot V, De Wilde F, Smet L, Tassignon MJ. Frontalis suspension combined with blapharoplasty as an effective treatment for blepharospasm associated with apraxia of eyelid opening. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 16: 34-38.
13. Scott AB, Kennedy RA, Stubbs HA. Botulinum-A toxin injection as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 347-350.
14. Jost WH, Kohl A. Botulinum toxin: Evidence based medicine criteria in blepharospasm and hen-dfacial spasm. J Neurol 2001; 248: 21-24.
15. Bates AK, Halliday BL, Bailey CS, Collin JR, Bird AC. Surgical management of essential blepharospasm. Br J Ophthalmol 1991; 75: 487-490.
16. Tozlovanu V, Forget R, Iancu A, Boghen D. Prolonged orbicularis oculi activity: A major factor in apraxia of lid opening. Neurology 2001; 57: 1013-1018.
17. Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Koelman JH, Speelman JD. Motor persistence of orbicularis oculi muscle in eyelid opening disorders. Neurology 1995; 45: 897-902.
18. Krack P, Marion MH. 'Apraxia of eyelid opening', a focal eyelid dystonia: Clinical study of 32 patients. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 610-615.
19. Mackie IA. Riolan's muscle: Action and indications for botulinum toxin injection. Eye 2000; 14: 347-352.
20. Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Brans JW, Koelman JH, Speelman JD. Pretarsal application of botulinum toxin for the treatment of blepharospasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 59: 309-311.
21. Siatkowski RM, Tyutyunikov A, Biglan AW, Scalise D, Genovese C, Raikow RB et al. Serum antibody production to botulinum A toxin. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1861-1866.
22. Tucha O, Naumann M, Berg D, Alders GL, Lange K. Quality of life in patients with blepharospasm. Acta Neurol Scand 2001; 103: 49-52.
23. Drummond GT, Hinz BJ. Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: Stability of duration of effect and dosage over time. Can J Ophthalmol 2001; 36: 398-403.