The effect of cigarette smoke-derived oxidants on the inflammatory response of the lung

Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 53-72

  Foronjy, Robert ^a   D'Armiento, Jeanine ^a  

^a NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

Asthma; Emphysema; Induction; Inflammation; Regulation; Transcription

Indexed keywords

8 ISOPROSTANE; ANTIOXIDANT; CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR; CIGARETTE SMOKE; CYTOKINE; FREE RADICAL; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OXIDIZING AGENT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

ACETYLATION; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CELL ADHESION; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOSOME; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION;

EID: 33747000045     PISSN: 15291049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cair.2006.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Gergen P.J., Fowler J.A., Maurer K.R., Davis W.W., and Overpeck M.D. The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. Pediatrics 101 2 (1998) E8
2. Withers N.J., Low L., Holgate S.T., and Clough J.B. The natural history of respiratory symptoms in a cohort of adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158 2 (1998) 352-357
3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 1999. Data Fact Sheet Asthma Statistics. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda.
4. Jemal A., Ward E., Hao Y., and Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA 294 10 (2005) 1255-1259
5. Hurd S. The impact of COPD on lung health worldwide: epidemiology and incidence. Chest 117 2 Suppl (2000) 1S-4S
6. Pryor W.A., Prier D.G., and Church D.F. Electron-spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar. Environ Health Perspect 47 (1983) 345-355
7. Seagrave J. Oxidative mechanisms in tobacco smoke-induced emphysema. J Toxicol Environ Health A 61 1 (2000) 69-78
8. Pryor W.A., Stone K., Zang L.Y., and Bermudez E. Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts: fractions that contain the tar radical cause DNA damage. Chem Res Toxicol 11 5 (1983) 441-448
9. Huang M.F., Lin W.L., and Ma Y.C. A study of reactive oxygen species in mainstream of cigarette. Indoor Air 15 2 (2005) 135-140
10. Valavanidis A., and Haralambous E. A comparative study by electron paramagnetic resonance of free radical species in the mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes with conventional acetate filters and 'bio-filters'. Redox Rep 6 3 (2001) 161-171
11. Scholz H., Yndestad A., Damas J.K., Waehre T., Tonstad S., Aukrust P., et al. 8-Isoprostane increases expression of interleukin-8 in human macrophages through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cardiovasc Res 59 4 (2003) 945-954
12. Fontana L., Giagulli C., Minuz P., Lechi A., and Laudanna C. 8-Iso-PGF2 alpha induces beta 2-integrin-mediated rapid adhesion of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils: a link between oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 1 (2001) 55-60
13. Montuschi P., Collins J.V., Ciabattoni G., Lazzeri N., Corradi M., Kharitonov S.A., et al. Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 3 Pt 1 (2000) 1175-1177
14. Morrow J.D., Frei B., Longmire A.W., Gaziano J.M., Lynch S.M., Shyr Y., et al. Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation [F2-isoprostanes] in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med 332 18 (1995) 1198-1203
15. Ahmadzadehfar H., Oguogho A., Efthimiou Y., Kritz H., and Sinzinger H. Passive cigarette smoking increases isoprostane formation. Life Sci 78 (2005) 894-897
16. Howard D., Briggs L., and Pristos C. Oxidative DNA damage in mouse heart, liver, and lung tissue due to acute side-stream tobacco smoke exposure. Arch Biochem Biophys 352 2 (1998) 293-297
17. Panda K., Chattopadhyay R., Chattopadhyay D., and Chatterjee I.B. Cigarette smoke-induced protein oxidation and proteolysis is exclusively caused by its tar phase: prevention by vitamin C. Toxicol Lett 123 1 (2001) 21-32
18. Igishi T., Hitsuda Y., Kato K., Sako T., Burioka N., Yasuda K., et al. Elevated urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress, and lack of association with antioxidant vitamins in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 8 4 (2003) 455-460
19. Ichinose M., Sugiura H., Yamagata S., Koari A., and Shirato K. Increase in reactive nitrogen species production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 701-706
20. Rahman I., van Schadewijk A.A., Crowther A.J., Hiemstra P.S., Stolk J., MacNee W., et al. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a specific lipid peroxidation product, is elevated in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 4 (2002) 490-495
21. Emelyanov A., Fedoseev G., Abulimity A., Rudinski K., Fedoulov A., Karabanov A., et al. Elevated concentrations of exhaled hydrogen peroxide in asthmatic patients. Chest 120 4 (2001) 1136-1139
22. Ganas K., Loukides S., Papatheodorou G., Panagou P., and Kalogeropoulos N. Total nitrite/nitrate in expired breath condensate of patients with asthma. Respir Med 95 8 (2001) 649-654
23. Hanazawa T., Kharitonov S.A., and Barnes P.J. Increased nitrotyrosine in exhaled breath condensate of patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 4 Pt 1 (2000) 1273-1276
24. Wu W., Samoszuk M.K., Comhair S.A., Thomassen M.J., Farver C.F., Dweik R.A., et al. Eosinophils generate brominating oxidants in allergen-induced asthma. J Clin Invest 105 10 (2000) 1455-1463
25. Calhoun W.J., Reed H.E., Moest D.R., and Stevens C.A. Enhanced superoxide production by alveolar macrophages and air-space cells, airway inflammation, and alveolar macrophage density changes after segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in allergic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 145 2 Pt 1 (1992) 317-325
26. Sanders S.P., Zweier J.L., Harrison S.J., Trush M.A., Rembish S.J., and Liu M.C. Spontaneous oxygen radical production at sites of antigen challenge in allergic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 6 (1995) 1725-1733
27. Sadeghi-Hashjin G., Folkerts G., Henricks P.A., Verheyen A.K., van der Linde H.J., van Ark I., et al. Peroxynitrite induces airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs in vitro and in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 5 (1996) 1697-1701
28. Adler K.B., Holden-Stauffer W.J., and Repine J.E. Oxygen metabolites stimulate release of high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates by cell and organ cultures of rodent respiratory epithelium via an arachidonic acid-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 85 1 (1990) 75-85
29. Takeyama K., Dabbagh K., Jeong Shim J., Dao-Pick T., Ueki I.F., and Nadel J.A. Oxidative stress causes mucin synthesis via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor: role of neutrophils. J Immunol 164 3 (2000) 1546-1552
30. Kinnula V.L., and Crapo J.D. Superoxide dismutases in the lung and human lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 12 (2003) 1600-1619
31. Comhair S.A., Xu W., Ghosh S., Thunnissen F.B., Almasan A., Calhoun W.J., et al. Superoxide dismutase inactivation in pathophysiology of asthmatic airway remodeling and reactivity. Am J Pathol 166 3 (2005) 663-674
32. Comhair S.A., Ricci K.S., Arroliga M., Lara A.R., Dweik R.A., Song W., et al. Correlation of systemic superoxide dismutase deficiency to airflow obstruction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 3 (2005) 306-313
33. Foronjy R., Mirochnitchenko O., Lemaitre V., Jia Y., Inouye M., Okada Y., et al. Transgenic Expression of Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammation and Emphysema Formation (2005), American Thoracic Society, San Diego, CA 173:623-31
34. Cross C.E., van der Vliet A., O'Neill C.A., Louie S., and Halliwell B. Oxidants, antioxidants, and respiratory tract lining fluids. Environ Health Perspect 102 Suppl 10 (1994) 185-191
35. Butland B.K., Strachan D.P., and Anderson H.R. Fresh fruit intake and asthma symptoms in young British adults: confounding or effect modification by smoking?. Eur Respir J 13 4 (1999) 744-750
36. Fogarty A., Lewis S., Weiss S., and Britton J. Dietary vitamin E, IgE concentrations, and atopy. Lancet 356 9241 (2000) 1573-1574
37. Omenaas E., Fluge O., Buist A.S., Vollmer W.M., and Gulsvik A. Dietary vitamin C intake is inversely related to cough and wheeze in young smokers. Respir Med 97 2 (2003) 134-142
38. Grievink L., Smit H.A., Ocke M.C., van 't Veer P., and Kromhout D. Dietary intake of antioxidant [pro]-vitamins, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function: the MORGEN study. Thorax 53 3 (1998) 166-171
39. Trenga C.A., Koenig J.Q., and Williams P.V. Dietary antioxidants and ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with asthma. Arch Environ Health 56 3 (2001) 242-249
40. Romieu I., Sienra-Monge J.J., Ramirez-Aguilar M., Tellez-Rojo M.M., Moreno-Macias H., Reyes-Ruiz N.I., et al. Antioxidant supplementation and lung functions among children with asthma exposed to high levels of air pollutants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 5 (2002) 703-709
41. Cho Y.S., Lee J., Lee T.H., Lee E.Y., Lee K.U., Park J.Y., et al. alpha-Lipoic acid inhibits airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114 2 (2004) 429-435
42. Rubio M.L., Martin-Mosquero M.C., Ortega M., Peces-Barba G., and Gonzalez-Mangado N. Oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. Chest 125 4 (2004) 1500-1506
43. Decramer M., Rutten-van Molken M., Dekhuijzen P.N., Troosters T., van Herwaarden C., Pellegrino R., et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS]: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365 9470 (2005) 1552-1560
44. Tug T., Karatas F., and Terzi S.M. Antioxidant vitamins [A, C and E] and malondialdehyde levels in acute exacerbation and stable periods of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Invest Med 27 3 (2004) 123-128
45. Barreiro E., de la Puente B., Minguella J., Corominas J.M., Serrano S., Hussain S.N., et al. Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 10 (2005) 1116-1124
46. Santus P., Sola A., Carlucci P., Fumagalli F., Di Gennaro A., Mondoni M., et al. Lipid peroxidation and 5-lipoxygenase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 8 (2005) 838-843
47. Yssel H., and Groux H. Characterization of T cell subpopulations involved in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 121 1 (2000) 10-18
48. Yamashita M., Kimura M., Kubo M., Shimizu C., Tada T., Perlmutter R.M., et al. T cell antigen receptor-mediated activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway controls interleukin 4 receptor function and type-2 helper T cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 6 (1999) 1024-1029
49. Dong C., Yang D.D., Wysk M., Whitmarsh A.J., Davis R.J., and Flavell R.A. Defective T cell differentiation in the absence of Jnk1. Science 282 5396 (1998) 2092-2095
50. Kampen G.T., Stafford S., Adachi T., Jinquan T., Quan S., Grant J.A., et al. Eotaxin induces degranulation and chemotaxis of eosinophils through the activation of ERK2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Blood 95 6 (2000) 1911-1917
51. Ranger A.M., Hodge M.R., Gravallese E.M., Oukka M., Davidson L., Alt F.W., et al. Delayed lymphoid repopulation with defects in IL-4-driven responses produced by inactivation of NF-ATc. Immunity 8 1 (1998) 125-134
52. Chow C.W., Dong C., Flavell R.A., and Davis R.J. c-Jun NH[2]-terminal kinase inhibits targeting of the protein phosphatase calcineurin to NFATc1. Mol Cell Biol 20 14 (2000) 5227-5234
53. Eynott P.R., Nath P., Leung S.Y., Adcock I.M., Bennett B.L., and Chung K.F. Allergen-induced inflammation and airway epithelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of Jun N-terminal kinase. Br J Pharmacol 140 8 (2003) 1373-1380
54. Chialda L., Zhang M., Brune K., and Pahl A. Inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases differentially regulate costimulated T cell cytokine production and mouse airway eosinophilia. Respir Res 6 1 (2005) 36
55. Stockley R.A. Neutrophils and the pathogenesis of COPD. Chest 121 5 Suppl (2002) 151S-155S
56. Barnes P.J. Alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]. Cell Mol Biol [Noisy-le-grand] 50 Online Pub (2004) OL627-OL637
57. Tamura D.Y., Moore E.E., Johnson J.L., Zallen G., Aiboshi J., and Silliman C.C. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition attenuates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Surgery 124 2 (1998) 403-407 discussion 408
58. Nick J.A., Young S.K., Brown K.K., Avdi N.J., Arndt P.G., Suratt B.T., et al. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol 164 4 (2000) 2151-2159
59. Underwood D.C., Osborn R.R., Bochnowicz S., Webb E.F., Rieman D.J., Lee J.C., et al. SB 239063, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, reduces neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokines, MMP-9, and fibrosis in lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279 5 (2000) L895-L902
60. Mercer B., Kolesnikova N., Sonett J., and D'Armiento J. Extracellular regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase is up-regulated in pulmonary emphysema and mediates matrix metalloproteinase-1 induction by cigarette smoke. J Biol Chem 279 17 (2004) 17690-17696
61. Tamma S.M., Balan S.P., Chung K.W., and Pahwa S. The lectin jacalin plus costimulation with anti-CD28 antibody induces phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and IL-4 synthesis-I. J Leukoc Biol 79 (2006) 876-880
62. Isidoro-Garcia M., Davila I., Laffond E., Moreno E., Lorente F., and Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Interleukin-4 [IL4] and interleukin-4 receptor [IL4RA] polymorphisms in asthma: a case control study. Clin Mol Allergy 3 (2005) 15
63. Stemmler S., Arinir U., Klein W., Rohde G., Hoffjan S., Wirkus N., et al. Association of interleukin-8 receptor alpha polymorphisms with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Genes Immun 6 3 (2005) 225-230
64. Milligan S.A., Owens M.W., and Grisham M.B. Differential regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways by hydrogen peroxide and tumor necrosis factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 352 2 (1998) 255-262
65. Jope R.S., Zhang L., and Song L. Peroxynitrite modulates the activation of p38 and extracellular regulated kinases in PC12 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 376 2 (2000) 365-370
66. Lee K., and Esselman W.J. Inhibition of PTPs by H[2]O[2] regulates the activation of distinct MAPK pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 33 8 (2002) 1121-1132
67. Mendelsohn J., and Baselga J. The EGF receptor family as targets for cancer therapy. Oncogene 19 56 (2000) 6550-6565
68. Chen K., Vita J.A., Berk B.C., Keaney Jr. J., and . c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells involves SRC-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 276 19 (2001) 16045-16050
69. Zhuang S., and Schnellmann R.G. H2O2-induced transactivation of EGF receptor requires Src and mediates ERK1/2, but not Akt, activation in renal cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286 5 (2004) F858-F865
70. Rhee S.G., Chang T.S., Bae Y.S., Lee S.R., and Kang S.W. Cellular regulation by hydrogen peroxide. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 8 Suppl 3 (2003) S211-S215
71. Salmeen A., Andersen J.N., Myers M.P., Meng T.C., Hinks J.A., Tonks N.K., et al. Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B involves a sulphenyl-amide intermediate. Nature 423 6941 (2003) 769-773
72. van Montfort R.L., Congreve M., Tisi D., Carr R., and Jhoti H. Oxidation state of the active-site cysteine in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Nature 423 6941 (2003) 773-777
73. Kamata H., Honda S., Maeda S., Chang L., Hirata H., and Karin M. Reactive oxygen species promote TNFalpha-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases. Cell 120 5 (2005) 649-661
74. Pahl H.L. Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors. Oncogene 18 49 (1999) 6853-6866
75. Krakauer T. Molecular therapeutic targets in inflammation: cyclooxygenase and NF-kappaB. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 3 3 (2004) 317-324
76. Poynter M.E., Cloots R., van Woerkom T., Butnor K.J., Vacek P., Taatjes D.J., et al. NF-kappa B activation in airways modulates allergic inflammation but not hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol 173 11 (2004) 7003-7009
77. Poynter M.E., Irvin C.G., and Janssen-Heininger Y.M. A prominent role for airway epithelial NF-kappa B activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. J Immunol 170 12 (2003) 6257-6265
78. Bowie A.G., Moynagh P.N., and O'Neill L.A. Lipid peroxidation is involved in the activation of NF-kappaB by tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-1 in the human endothelial cell line ECV304. Lack of involvement of H2O2 in NF-kappaB activation by either cytokine in both primary and transformed endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272 41 (1997) 25941-25950
79. Ginn-Pease M.E., and Whisler R.L. Optimal NF kappa B mediated transcriptional responses in Jurkat T cells exposed to oxidative stress are dependent on intracellular glutathione and costimulatory signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 226 3 (1996) 695-702
80. Schreck R., Rieber P., and Baeuerle P.A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J 10 8 (1991) 2247-2258
81. True A.L., Rahman A., and Malik A.B. Activation of NF-kappaB induced by H[2]O[2] and TNF-alpha and its effects on ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279 2 (2000) L302-L311
82. Vollgraf U., Wegner M., and Richter-Landsberg C. Activation of AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factors is involved in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death of oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 73 6 (1999) 2501-2509
83. Kamata H., Manabe T., Oka S., Kamata K., and Hirata H. Hydrogen peroxide activates IkappaB kinases through phosphorylation of serine residues in the activation loops. FEBS Lett 519 1-3 (2002) 231-237
84. Imbert V., Rupec R.A., Livolsi A., Pahl H.L., Traenckner E.B., Mueller-Dieckmann C., et al. Tyrosine phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha activates NF-kappa B without proteolytic degradation of I kappa B-alpha. Cell 86 5 (1996) 787-798
85. Takada Y., Mukhopadhyay A., Kundu G.C., Mahabeleshwar G.H., Singh S., and Aggarwal B.B. Hydrogen peroxide activates NF-kappa B through tyrosine phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha and serine phosphorylation of p65: evidence for the involvement of I kappa B alpha kinase and Syk protein-tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 278 26 (2003) 24233-24241
86. Brennan P., and O'Neill L.A. Effects of oxidants and antioxidants on nuclear factor kappa B activation in three different cell lines: evidence against a universal hypothesis involving oxygen radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1260 2 (1995) 167-175
87. Ryseck R.P., and Bravo R. c-JUN, JUN B, and JUN D differ in their binding affinities to AP-1 and CRE consensus sequences: effect of FOS proteins. Oncogene 6 4 (1991) 533-542
88. Chinenov Y., and Kerppola T.K. Close encounters of many kinds: Fos-Jun interactions that mediate transcription regulatory specificity. Oncogene 20 19 (2001) 2438-2452
89. Gruda M.C., Kovary K., Metz R., and Bravo R. Regulation of Fra-1 and Fra-2 phosphorylation differs during the cell cycle of fibroblasts and phosphorylation in vitro by MAP kinase affects DNA binding activity. Oncogene 9 9 (1994) 2537-2547
90. Cavigelli M., Dolfi F., Claret F.X., and Karin M. Induction of c-fos expression through JNK-mediated TCF/Elk-1 phosphorylation. EMBO J 14 23 (1995) 5957-5964
91. Hill C.S., Wynne J., and Treisman R. Serum-regulated transcription by serum response factor [SRF]: a novel role for the DNA binding domain. EMBO J 13 22 (1994) 5421-5432
92. Yasumoto K., Okamoto S., Mukaida N., Murakami S., Mai M., and Matsushima K. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma synergistically induce interleukin 8 production in a human gastric cancer cell line through acting concurrently on AP-1 and NF-kB-like binding sites of the interleukin 8 gene. J Biol Chem 267 31 (1992) 22506-22511
93. Nicholson W.J., Slight J., and Donaldson K. Inhibition of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 underlies loss of cytokine gene expression in rat alveolar macrophages treated with a diffusible product from the spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15 1 (1996) 88-96
94. Zhou L., Tan A., Iasvovskaia S., Li J., Lin A., and Hershenson M.B. Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1 coregulate activator protein-1- and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene expression in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28 6 (2003) 762-769
95. Hunninghake G., and Crystal R.G. Cigarette smoking and lung destruction. Accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of cigarette smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 128 (1983) 833-838
96. Iles K.E., Dickinson D.A., Watanabe N., Iwamoto T., and Forman H.J. AP-1 activation through endogenous H[2]O[2] generation by alveolar macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 32 12 (2002) 1304-1313
97. Romashko III J., Horowitz S., Franek W.R., Palaia T., Miller E.J., Lin A., et al. MAPK pathways mediate hyperoxia-induced oncotic cell death in lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 35 8 (2003) 978-993
98. Li D.W., and Spector A. Hydrogen peroxide-induced expression of the proto-oncogenes, c-jun, c-fos and c-myc in rabbit lens epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 173 1-2 (1997) 59-69
99. Walters M.J., Paul-Clark M.J., McMaster S.K., Ito K., Adcock I.M., and Mitchell J.A. Cigarette smoke activates human monocytes by an oxidant-AP-1 signalling pathway: implications for steroid resistance. Mol Pharmacol 68 (2005) 1343-1353
100. Igarashi K., Kataoka K., Itoh K., Hayashi N., Nishizawa M., and Yamamoto M. Regulation of transcription by dimerization of erythroid factor NF-E2 p45 with small Maf proteins. Nature 367 6463 (1994) 568-572
101. Rushmore T.H., King R.G., Paulson K.E., and Pickett C.B. Regulation of glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit gene expression: identification of a unique xenobiotic-responsive element controlling inducible expression by planar aromatic compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 10] (1990) 3826-3830
102. Nguyen T., Sherratt P.J., and Pickett C.B. Regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression mediated by the antioxidant response element. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43 (2003) 233-260
103. Rangasamy T., Cho C.Y., Thimmulappa R.K., Zhen L., Srisuma S.S., Kensler T.W., et al. Genetic ablation of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Clin Invest 114 9 (2004) 1248-1259
104. Rangasamy T., Guo J., Mitzner W.A., Roman J., Singh A., Fryer A.D., et al. Disruption of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to severe airway inflammation and asthma in mice. J Exp Med 202 1 (2005) 47-59
105. Wu C. Chromatin remodeling and the control of gene expression. J Biol Chem 272 45 (1997) 28171-28174
106. Rahman I., Marwick J., and Kirkham P. Redox modulation of chromatin remodeling: impact on histone acetylation and deacetylation, NF-kappaB and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 68 6 (2004) 1255-1267
107. Kamei Y., Xu L., Heinzel T., Torchia J., Kurokawa R., Gloss B., et al. A CBP integrator complex mediates transcriptional activation and AP-1 inhibition by nuclear receptors. Cell 85 3 (1996) 403-414
108. Cosio B.G., Mann B., Ito K., Jazrawi E., Barnes P.J., Chung K.F., et al. Histone acetylase and deacetylase activity in alveolar macrophages and blood mononocytes in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 2 (2004) 141-147
109. Ito K., Ito M., Elliott W.M., Cosio B., Caramori G., Kon O.M., et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 352 19 (2005) 1967-1976
110. Ito K., Barnes P.J., and Adcock I.M. Glucocorticoid receptor recruitment of histone deacetylase 2 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced histone H4 acetylation on lysines 8 and 12. Mol Cell Biol 20 18 (2000) 6891-6903
111. Chen L., Fischle W., Verdin E., and Greene W.C. Duration of nuclear NF-kappaB action regulated by reversible acetylation. Science 293 5535 (2001) 1653-1657
112. Ito K., Lim S., Caramori G., Chung K.F., Barnes P.J., and Adcock I.M. Cigarette smoking reduces histone deacetylase 2 expression, enhances cytokine expression, and inhibits glucocorticoid actions in alveolar macrophages. FASEB J 15 6 (2001) 1110-1112
113. Ito K., Caramori G., Lim S., Oates T., Chung K.F., Barnes P.J., et al. Expression and activity of histone deacetylases in human asthmatic airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 3 (2002) 392-396
114. Barnes P.J., Adcock I.M., and Ito K. Histone acetylation and deacetylation: importance in inflammatory lung diseases. Eur Respir J 25 3 (2005) 552-563
115. Chaudhuri R., Livingston E., McMahon A.D., Thomson L., Borland W., and Thomson N.C. Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 11 (2003) 1308-1311
116. Rahman I., Gilmour P.S., Jimenez L.A., and MacNee W. Oxidative stress and TNF-alpha induce histone acetylation and NF-kappaB/AP-1 activation in alveolar epithelial cells: potential mechanism in gene transcription in lung inflammation. Mol Cell Biochem 234-235 1-2 (2002) 239-248
117. Tomita K., Barnes P.J., and Adcock I.M. The effect of oxidative stress on histone acetylation and IL-8 release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301 2 (2003) 572-577
118. Moodie F.M., Marwick J.A., Anderson C.S., Szulakowski P., Biswas S.K., Bauter M.R., et al. Oxidative stress and cigarette smoke alter chromatin remodeling but differentially regulate NF-kappaB activation and proinflammatory cytokine release in alveolar epithelial cells. FASEB J 18 15 (2004) 1897-1899
119. Ito K., Hanazawa T., Tomita K., Barnes P.J., and Adcock I.M. Oxidative stress reduces histone deacetylase 2 activity and enhances IL-8 gene expression: role of tyrosine nitration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 315 1 (2004) 240-245
120. Sugiura H., Ichinose M., Tomaki M., Ogawa H., Koarai A., Kitamuro T., et al. Quantitative assessment of protein-bound tyrosine nitration in airway secretions from patients with inflammatory airway disease. Free Radic Res 38 1 (2004) 49-57
121. Gebel S., and Muller T. The activity of NF-kappaB in Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke is dependent on thioredoxin. Toxicol Sci 59 1 (2001) 75-81
122. Nishikawa M., Kakemizu N., Ito T., Kudo M., Kaneko T., Suzuki M., et al. Superoxide mediates cigarette smoke-induced infiltration of neutrophils into the airways through nuclear factor-kappaB activation and IL-8 mRNA expression in guinea pigs in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20 2 (1999) 189-198
123. Marwick J.A., Kirkham P.A., Stevenson C.S., Danahay H., Giddings J., Butler K., et al. Cigarette smoke alters chromatin remodeling and induces proinflammatory genes in rat lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31 6 (2004) 633-642
124. Pearson P.J., Lewis S.A., Britton J., and Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax 59 8 (2004) 652-656
125. Fogarty A., Lewis S.A., Scrivener S.L., Antoniak M., Pacey S., Pringle M., et al. Oral magnesium and vitamin C supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 33 10 (2003) 1355-1359
126. Cotgreave I.A., Eklund A., Larsson K., and Moldeus P.W. No penetration of orally administered N-acetylcysteine into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eur J Respir Dis 70 2 (1987) 73-77
127. Campbell E.J., Campbell M.A., Boukedes S.S., and Owen C.A. Quantum proteolysis by neutrophils: implications for pulmonary emphysema in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. J Clin Invest 104 3 (1999) 337-344