The Declaration of Helsinki 2000: Ethical principles and the dignity of difference

Medicine and Law

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 341-354

  Salako, S E ^a  

^a LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

'Binding' principles; Declaration of Helsinki; Human dignity; Theory of justice

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ETHICAL THEORY; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN DIGNITY; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PHYSICIAN; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

EID: 33746956859     PISSN: 07231393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Isaiah Berlin, Liberty, ed. by Henry Hardy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 338.
2. See T. Honoré, Ulpian: Pioneer of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), Ch. 3 and Owsei Temkin, "The Idea of Respect for Life in the History of Medicine" in On Second Thought and Other Essays (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1976), 29-48.
3. See Jochen Vollmann and Rolf Winau, "Nuremberg Doctors' Trial: Informed Consent before the Nuremberg Code", BMJ 1996; 313: 1445-7.
4. Evelyne Shuster, "The Nuremberg Code: Hippocratic ethics and human rights", Lancet 1998; 351: 974-77.
5. Robert V. Carlson, Kenneth M. Boyd and David J. Webb, "The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future" (2004) 57 Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 695.
6. See H. Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law, trans. by Max Knight (Berkeley: University of California, 1967), 4-15.
7. Yearbook, I.L.C., 1962, ii, 161.
8. J. Chadwick and W.N. Mann, The Medical Works of Hippocrates (Oxford: Blackwell, 1950), 35-36.
9. First, or above all, do not harm.
10. For an overview, see T.L. Beauchamp and J.F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), Chs. 3-7.
11. Fred Rosner, "The Physician's Prayer Attributed to Moses Maimonides" (1967) Bulletin of History of Medicine 440 at 451.
12. Lord I. Jakobovits, "Medical experimentation on humans in Jewish law", Proceedings, Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists, New York, 1966
13. quoted in F. Rosner, "Modern Medicine, Religion and the Law" (1975) 75 New York State Journal of Medicine 758 at 759.
14. [2002] Lloyd's Rep Med 265.
15. Ibid., 281.
16. (1965) 53 DLR (2d) 436.
17. See Evelyne Shuster, op cit., 977.
18. For such a position, see Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries, Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Bethseda, Maryland, 2001, Recommendation 3.8.
19. J. Sacks, The Dignity of Difference: How to avoid the clash of civilisations (London: Continuum, 2002), 20. Dr. Jonathan Sacks is the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth.
20. See T. Honoré, Ulpian Pioneer of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 80-81.
21. See the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, Article 1, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, the Preamble and Article 1, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000/C 364/01), Article 1.
22. Supra, note 19, at 85.
23. Thomas E. Hill, Jr., Respect, Pluralism, and Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 71.
24. Supra, note 1, 337.
25. Pope John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1991), 16.
26. Supra, note 17, 82-83.
27. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972) (revised in 1999).
28. J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
29. Ibid., 291.
30. J. Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), xx and 133.
31. See Political Liberalism, Lecture 4 and J. Rawls, Collected Papers, ed. by Samuel Freeman (Camb., Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), Ch. 20.
32. J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Camb., Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
33. J. Rawls, Political Liberalism, xxx.
34. Thomas E. Hill, Jr., op cit., 249.
35. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992).
36. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 28.
37. Supra, note 22, 69.
38. Supra, note 22, 81.
39. See R.M. Unger, False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 526
40. and Pope John Paul II, op cit., 63.
41. See, for example, R v Independent Television Commission, ex parte TV Danmark 1 Ltd. [2001] UKHL 42, [2001] 1 WLR 1604, HL where pursuant to Article 3a(3) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC (generally known as the Television Without Frontiers Directive) a broadcaster who obtained exclusive rights to cover a public event of high public interest (including sporting events of high national importance) was prevented from effectively depriving a large part of the public in one state or more of the opportunity of following it on television.
42. J. Finnis, "Natural Law: The Classical Tradition" in J. Coleman and S. Shapiro (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20002), 25.
43. M.J. Sandel, "A Review of John Rawls's Political Liberalism" (1994) 107 Harv. L.R. 1765 at 1784.
44. See, for example, Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries, Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Bethseda, Maryland, 2001) for the new realism in the U.S.A. at p.xiv: "The clinical standards that NBAC (National Bioethics Advisory Commission) is recommending for conducting research in other countries are minimum standards. Host countries might find it worthwhile to adopt human research participant protections that go beyond protections that are currently provided under the US system if higher standards further provide the right, dignity, and safety of such research participants as well as the quality of research results." (emphasis added.)