The management of serous papillary uterine cancer

Current Opinion in Oncology

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 494-499

  Schwartz, Peter E ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Management of uterine cancer; Molecular markers for uterine cancer; Type 2 endometrial cancer; Uterine papillary serous carcinoma

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BINDING PROTEIN; BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CA 125 ANTIGEN; CLAUDIN 3; CLAUDIN 4; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR; DNA; ENTEROTOXIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GENE PRODUCT; GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; KALLIKREIN; PHOSPHORUS 32; PLATINUM; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; TRASTUZUMAB; TUMOR MARKER; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 1; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2;

BLEEDING; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA DAMAGE; DNA MICROARRAY; DRUG EFFICACY; ENDOMETRIUM BIOPSY; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MANAGEMENT; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NONHUMAN; OMENTECTOMY; ONCOGENE; PAPANICOLAOU TEST; PERITONEAL BIOPSY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SALPINGOOOPHORECTOMY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TRANSVAGINAL ECHOGRAPHY; UTERINE CERVIX CYTOLOGY; UTERUS CARCINOMA;

CARCINOMA, PAPILLARY; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; UTERINE NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33746896979     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000239890.36408.75     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Acharya S, Hensley ML, Montag AC, Fleming GF. Rare uterine tumors. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6:961-971. This paper provides an excellent summary of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment of less common malignant diseases of the uterus.
2. Marchetti M, Vasile C, Chiarelli S. Endometrial cancer: asymptomatic endometrial findings characteristics of postmenopausal endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005; 26:479-484. A thorough report of endometrial cancers occurring in women over the age of 70 years that contains a concise review of endometrial cancers.
3. Goff BA. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma: what have we learned over the past quarter century? Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:341-343. An outstanding review of the clinical aspects of UPSC. The author emphasizes the importance of systematic surgical staging and the need for prospective randomized trials for postoperative treatment.
4. Shedden KA, Kshirsagar MP, Schwartz DR, et al. Histologic type, organ of origin, and Wnt pathway status: effect on gene expression in ovarian and uterine carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2123-2131. Using oligonucleotide microarrays to assess gene expression in ovarian and uterine cancers, the authors demonstrate similarities in gene expression based on the cancer's organ of origin and histology.
5. Maxwell GL, Chandramouli GVR, Dainty L, et al. Microarray analysis of endometrial carcinomas and mixed mullerian tumors reveals distinct gene expression profiles associated with different histologic types of uterine cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4056-4066. Microarray analysis established significantly different gene expression patterns for endometrioid cancers, UPSC, and mixed mullerian tumors.
6. Deng L, Broaddus RR, McCampbell A, et al. Identification of a novel estrogen-regulated gene, EIG121, induced by hormone replacement therapy and differentially expressed in type I and type II endometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8258-8264. A preclinical report demonstrating that an estrogen-regulated gene, EIG121, is highly expressed in well-differentiated endometrial cancers compared with normal endometrium and is highly suppressed in UPSC compared with normal endometrium.
7. Kelly MG, O'Malley DM, Hui P, et al. Improved survival in surgical stage I patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) treated with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:353-359. This, the largest retrospective series of women with surgically staged stage I uterine cancer, supports the benefits of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy and vaginal apex brachytherapy in the routine management of early stage UPSC. The only stage I patients who did not appear to require adjuvant chemotherapy were those who had no residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen.
8. Low JSH, Wong EH, Khoo Tan HS, et al. Adjuvant sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy in uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:171-177. An interesting series of 26 stage I-IV UPSCs treated with platinum-based chemotherapy for four cycles followed by pelvic and vaginal radiation therapy.
9. Hagiwara T, Kaku T, Kobayashi H, et al. Clinico-cytological study of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Cytopathology 2005; 16:125-131. A small series of UPSCs (n=5) evaluated with endometrial cytology that revealed characteristic findings diagnostic of UPSC.
10. Lavie O, Ben-Arie A, Pilip A, et al. BRCA2 germline mutation in a woman with uterine serous papillary carcinoma - case report. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:486-488. A case report of UPSC occurring in an Ashkenasi Jewish woman identified to have a deleterious germline mutation (6174 delT) in the BRCA2 gene.
11. Chodankar R, Kwang S, Sangiorgi F, et al. Cell-nonautonomous induction of ovarian and uterine serous cystadenomas in mice lacking a functional BRCA-1 in ovarian granulosa cells. Curr Biol 2005; 15:561-565. An excellent study demonstrating that the suppression of BRCA1 expression in the granulosa cells of transgenic mice leads to the development of epithelial tumors in the animals' ovaries and uterine horns.
12. Marchesoni D, Driul L, Mozzanega B, et al. Intraepithelial G3 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium after tamoxifen treatment. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005; 271:62-65.
13. Hui P, Kelly M, O'Malley DM, et al. Minimal uterine serous carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 40 cases. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:75-82. An excellent report of EIC and superficially invasive UPSC showing both their histological similarities and their clinical similarities. Minimal uterine serous carcinomas without extrauterine invasion have an excellent prognosis.
14. Busmanis I, Ho TH, Tan SB, Khoo KS. P53 and bcl-2 expression in invasive and preinvasive uterine papillary serous carcinomas and atrophic endometrium. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005; 34:421-425. An interesting report revealing the p53 mutation to be an early event in the development of UPSC but associated with discordant bcl-2 expression.
15. Tamiolakis D, Venizelos J, Lambropoulou M, et al. Local immune response in serous papillary carcinoma of the endometrium. Histol Histopathol 2005; 20:403-408. An immunological study revealing the decreased expression of HLA-DR and increased expression of CD4 cells as lesions progressed from inactive endometrium to EIC and finally to UPSC.
16. Zheng W, Schwartz PE. Serous EIC as an early form of uterine papillary serous carcinoma: recent progress in understanding its pathogenesis and current opinions regarding pathologic and clinical management. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:579-582. An excellent review of EIC, its clinical implications and its management. The authors discuss a putative precursor lesion to UPSC, endometrial glandular dysplasia.
17. Euscher ED, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Silva EG. Differential expression of WT-1 in serous carcinomas in the peritoneum with or without associated serous carcinomas in endometrial polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29:1074-1078. A small series of UPSCs and serous ovarian cancers studied for the expression of Wilm's tumor type 1 suggesting a difference in their biology based on their organ of origin.
18. Amant F, Cadron I, Fuso L, et al. Endometrial carcinosarcomas have a different prognosis and pattern of spread compared to high-risk epithelial endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:274-280. A large study comparing the difference in spread pattern and prognosis for UPSCs, clear cell cancers, carcinosarcomas, and grade III endometrioid carcinomas.
19. Brown AK, Gillis S, Deuel C, et al. Abnormal cervical cytology: a risk factor for endometrial cancer recurrence. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005; 15:517-522.
20. Hamilton CA, Liou W-S, Osann K, et al. Impact of adjuvant therapy on survival of patients with early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:839-844. A multi-institution study of stage I and II UPSCs demonstrating a survival advantage when adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy was administered.
21. Santin AD, Bellone S, Steduna SV, et al. Amplification of c-erbB2 oncogene: a major prognostic indicator in uterine serous papillary carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104:1391-1397. Using fluorescence in-situ hybridization assays, the authors were able to demonstrate that patients with UPSC tumors with HER2/neu gene amplification had a significantly shorter survival than patients with UPSC fluorescence in-situ hybridization-negative tumors.
22. Santin AD, Bellone S, Van Stedum S, et al. Determination of HER2/neu status in uterine serous papillary carcinoma: comparative analysis of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:24-30. Using fluorescence in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining, the authors demonstrated concordance between the two techniques in UPSC specimens containing no or very low levels of HER2/neu (0 to 1+) and those strongly positive (3+).
23. Santin AD, Bellone S, Siegel ER, et al. Racial differences in the overexpression of epidermal growth factor type II receptor (HER-2/neu): a major prognostic indicator in uterine serous papillary cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:813-818. Biologically more aggressive UPSCs occur in black women, and the aggressiveness of the tumors strongly correlates with aberrant HER2/neu overexpression.
24. Ragni N, Ferrero S, Perfumo F, et al. The association between p53 expression, stage and histological features in endometrial cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 123:111-116. P53 is overexpressed in early and advanced stages of UPSC.
25. Santin AD, Zhan F, Cane S, et al. Gene expression fingerprints of uterine serous papillary carcinoma: identification of novel markers for uterine serous cancer diagnosis and therapy. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1561-1573. Oligonucleotide microarray technology was used to distinguish UPSC from normal endometrial cells genetically. The observed gene expression may help to explain the aggressive biological behavior of UPSC, and identified diagnostic and therapeutic markers for this disease.
26. McCluggage WG, Connolly LE, McGregor G, et al. A strategy for defining biologically relevant levels of p53 protein expression in clinical samples with reference to endometrial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2005; 24:307-312.
27. Santin DA, Cane S, Bellone S, et al. Treatment of chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts in C.B-17/SCID mice by intraperitoneal administration of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4334-4342. All primary ovarian cell lines analysed expressed claudin-3 and claudin-4 and CPE administered intraperitoneally significantly prolonged the survival of severe combined immunodeficient mice with ovarian cancer xenografts.
28. Bellone S, Watts K, Cane S, et al. High serum levels of interleukin-6 in endometrial carcinoma are associated with uterine serous papillary histology, a highly aggressive and chemotherapy-resistant variant of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:92-98. This study demonstrates that high levels of I-L6 are present in patients with UPSC and proposes that IL-6 plays a major role in the induction and progression of UPSC.
29. Santin AD, Diamandis EP, Bellone S, et al. Human kallikrein 6: a new potential biomarker for uterine serous papillary cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3320-3325. Human kallikrein 6, a serine protease, is highly expressed in UPSC and may serve as a novel circulating serum biomarker for the disease.
30. Talvensaari-Mattila A, Soini Y, Santala M. VEGF and its receptors (flt-1 and KDR/flk-1) as prognostic indicators in endometrial carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:81-87.
31. DeBernardo RL, Littell RD, Luo H, et al. Defining the extent of cables loss in endometrial cancer subtypes and its effectiveness as an inhibitor of cell proliferation in malignant endometrial cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol Ther 2005; 4:103-107. An elegant study showing the loss of cables in types 1 and 2 endometrial cancer and the impact of progestin therapy in cables expressing type 1 but not type 2 cancers.
32. Sharpless KE, Schnatz PF, Mandavill S, et al. Dysplasia associated with atypical glandular cells on cervical cytology. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:7494-7500.
33. Park J-Y, Kim HS, Hong SR, Chun YK. Cytologic findings of cervicovaginal smears in women with uterine papillary serous carcinoma. J Korean Med 2005; 20:93-97.
34. Kim ES, Lee DP, Lee MW, et al. Cutaneous metastasis of uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2005; 27:436-438.
35. Wang J, Weislander C, Hansen G, et al. Thin endometrial echo complex on ultrasound does not reliably exclude type 2 endometrial cancers. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:120-125.
36. Martin JD, Gilks B, Lim P. Papillary serous carcinomas - a less radio-sensitive subtype of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:299-303. Using a complete pathological response in the hysterectomy specimen as a surrogate biomarker endpoint for radiation sensitivity none of the small group of UPSCs showed evidence of radiation sensitivity.
37. 32P) and vaginal brachytherapy as adjuvant treatment for uterine papillary serous carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma: a phase II Hoosier Oncology Group (HOG 97-01) study. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:818-823. A pilot study showing efficacy for combining intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus therapy and vaginal brachytherapy in managing early stage UPSC and advanced stage disease with minimal residual disease.