Sarcoma and Skin Radiation Oncology

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 401-429

  Nedea, Elena Antoaneta ^a   DeLaney, Thomas F ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; IFOSFAMIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; TAMOXIFEN; VINCRISTINE;

BONE TUMOR; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GRADING; CANCER STAGING; CHONDROSARCOMA; CHORDOMA; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; ONCOGENE; ONCOLOGY; OSTEOSARCOMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SKIN CANCER; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; TUMOR VOLUME; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; MELANOMA; PATHOLOGY; SKIN TUMOR;

BONE NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; CHONDROSARCOMA; CHORDOMA; HUMANS; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; OSTEOSARCOMA; SARCOMA; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33746877557     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2006.01.017     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Jemal A., Murray T., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (2005) 10-30
2. Weiss S.W., and Goldblum J.R. General considerations. In: Weiss S.W., and Goldblum J.R. (Eds). Soft tissue tumors. 4th edition (2001), CV Mosby, St. Louis (MO) 1-19
3. Gustafson P., Dreinhofer K.E., and Rydholm A. Soft tissue sarcoma should be treated at a tumor center: a comparison of quality of surgery in 375 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 65 (1994) 47
4. Zahm S.H., and Fraumeni Jr. J.F. The epidemiology of soft tissue sarcoma. Semin Oncol 24 (1997) 504-514
5. Rydholm A., Berg N.O., Gullberg B., et al. Epidemiology of soft-tissue sarcoma in the locomotor system: a retrospective population-based study of the interrelationships between clinical and morphologic variables. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [A] 92 (1984) 363
6. Lawrence Jr. W., Donegan W.L., Natarajan N., et al. Adult soft issue sarcomas: a pattern of care survey of the American College of Surgeons. Ann Surg 205 (1987) 349
7. DeLaney T.F., and Savarese D.M.F. Overview of soft tissue sarcoma. Up to Date, Oncology (on line). Available at:. http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=stb_tumr/2886&typ e=A&selectedTitle=2∼31 Accessed March 1, 2006
8. McKenzie A.F. The role of magnetic resonance imaging: when to use it and what to look for. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 273 (1997) 21
9. Demas B.E., Heelan R.T., Lane J., et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: comparison of MR and CT in determining the extent of disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150 (1988) 615
10. Aisen A.M., Martel W., Braunstein E.M., et al. MRI and CT evaluation of primary bone and soft-tissue tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 146 (1986) 749
11. Panicek D.M., Gatsonis C., Rosenthal D.I., et al. CT and MRI imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 202 (1997) 237
12. Nieweg O.E., Pruim I., van Ginkel R.J., et al. Fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging of soft-tissue sarcoma. J Nucl Med 37 (1996) 257
13. Soft tissue sarcoma. In: Greene F.L., Page D.L., and Fleming I.D. (Eds). AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) cancer staging manual. 6th edition (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York 193-200
14. Stojadinovic A., Leung D.H., Allen P., et al. Primary adult soft tissue sarcoma time-dependent influence of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 4344
15. Enneking W.F., Spanier S.S., and Goodman M.A. A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop 153 (1980) 106
16. Gustafson P., Akerman M., Alvegard T.A., et al. Prognostic information in soft tissue sarcoma using tumour size, vascular invasion and microscopic tumour necrosis: the SIN system. Eur J Cancer 39 (2003) 1568
17. Spiro I.J., Gebhardt M.C., Jennings L.C., et al. Prognostic factors for local control of sarcomas of the soft tissues managed by radiation and surgery. Semin Oncol 24 (1997) 540
18. Wunder J.S., Healey J.H., Davis A.M., et al. A comparison of staging systems for localized extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 88 (2000) 2721
19. Enneking W.F., Spanier S.S., and Goodman M.A. A system for the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop 153 (1980) 106
20. Guillou L., Coindre J.M., Bonichon F., et al. Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 350
21. Angervall L., Kindblom L.G., Rydholm A., et al. The diagnosis and prognosis of soft tissue tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol 3 (1986) 240
22. Kandel R.A., Bell R.S., Wunder J.S., et al. Comparison between a 2- and 3- grade system in predicting metastatic-free survival in extremity soft-tissue sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 72 (1999) 77
23. Yang R.S., Lane J.M., Eilber F.R., et al. High grade soft tissue sarcoma of the flexor fossa: size rather than compartmental status determine prognosis. Cancer 76 (1995) 1398
24. Gaynor J.J., Tan C.C., Casper E.S., et al. Refinement of clinicopathologic staging for localized soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity: a study of 423 adults. J Clin Oncol 10 (1992) 1317
25. Pisters P.W., Leung D.H., Woodruff J., et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in 1041 patients with localized soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities. J Clin Oncol l (1996) 1679
26. Rooser B., Berg N.O., Ranstam J., et al. Prediction of survival in patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma. Int Orthop 14 (1990) 199
27. Lopes J.M., Hannisdal E., Bjerkehagen B., et al. Synovial sarcoma: evaluation of prognosis with emphasis on the study of DNA ploidy and proliferation (PCNA and Ki-67) markers. Anal Cell Pathol 16 (1998) 45
28. Ueda T., Aozasa K., Tsujimoto M., et al. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 reactivity in soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 63 (1989) 1607
29. Heslin M.J., Cordon-Cardo C., Lewis J.J., et al. Ki-67 detected by MIB-1 predicts distant metastasis and tumor mortality in primary, high grade extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 83 (1998) 490
30. Blom R., Guerrieri C., Stål O., et al. Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, p53, and mdm-2 analysis of 49 cases. Gynecol Oncol 68 (1998) 54
31. Taubert H., Meye A., and Wurl P. Prognosis is correlated with p53 mutation type for soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer Res 56 (1996) 4134
32. Wurl P., Meye A., Schmdt H., et al. High prognostic significance of mdm2/p53 co-overexpression in soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. Oncogene 16 (1998) 1183
33. Wurl P., Taubert H., Meye A., et al. Prognostic value of immunohistochemistry for p53 in primary soft-tissue sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of five antibodies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123 (1997) 502
34. Deenik W., Mooi W.J., Rutgers E.J., et al. Clear cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma) of soft parts: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. Cancer 86 (1999) 969
35. Frascella E., Toffolatti L., and Rosolen A. Normal and rearranged PAX3 expression in human rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 102 (1998) 104
36. Hisaoka M., Tsuji S., Morimitsu Y., et al. Detection of TLS/FUS-CHOP fusion transcripts in myxoid and round cell liposarcomas by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using archival paraffin-embedded tissues. Diagn Mol Pathol 7 (1998) 96
37. Kanoe H., Nakayama T., Hosaka T., et al. Characteristics of genomic breakpoints in TLS-CHOP translocations in liposarcomas suggest the involvement of Translin and topoisomerase II in the process of translocation. Oncogene 18 (1999) 721
38. Kawai A., Woodruff J., Healey J.H., et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 153
39. Khan J., Bittner M.L., Saal L.H., et al. cDNA microarrays detect activation of a myogenic transcription program by the PAX3-FKHR fusion oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 13264
40. Nielsen N.O., West R.B., Linn S.C., et al. Molecular characterisation of soft tissue tumours: a gene expression study. Lancet 359 9314 (2002) 1301-1307
41. Clark J., Rocques P.J., Crew A.J., et al. Identification of novel genes, SYT and SSX, involved in the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcoma. Nat Genet 7 (1994) 502
42. Kawai A., Woodruff J., Healey J.H., et al. SVT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 153
43. DeLaney T.F., and Harmon D.C. Treatment of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities-I. Up to Date, Oncology (online). Available at:. http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=stb_tumr/2469&typ e=A&selectedTitle=5∼31 Accessed March 1, 2006
44. Alvegard T.A., Sigurdsson H., Mouridsen H., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin in high-grade soft tissue sarcoma: a randomized trial of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group. J Clin Oncol 7 (1989) 1504
45. Trovik C.S., Bauer H.C., Alvegard T.A., et al. Surgical margins, local recurrence and metastasis in soft tissue sarcomas: 559 surgically treated patients from the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Register. Eur J Cancer 36 (2000) 710
46. Ruka W., Taghian A., Gioioso D., et al. Comparison between the in vitro intrinsic radiation sensitivity of human soft tissue sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines. J Surg Oncol 61 (1996) 290
47. O'Sullivan B., Davis A.M., Turcotte R., et al. Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in soft-tissue sarcoma of the limbs: a randomized trial. Lancet 359 (2002) 2235
48. DeLaney T.F., Spiro I.J., Suit H.D., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for large extremity soft-tissue sarcomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 4 (2003) 1117-1127
49. Linehan D.C., Lewis J.J., Leung D., et al. Influence of biologic factors and anatomic site in completely resected liposarcoma. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 1637
50. Catton C.N., O'Sullivan B., Kotwall C., et al. Outcome and prognosis in retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29 (1994) 1005
51. Lewis J.J., Leung D., Woodruff J.M., et al. Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 500 patients treated and followed at a single institution. Ann Surg 228 (1998) 355
52. Heslin M.J., Lewis J.J., Nadler E., et al. Prognostic factors associated with long-term survival for retroperitoneal sarcoma: implications for management. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 2832
53. Armstron J.S., Steinauer K.K., Hornung B., et al. Role of glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation in apoptic signaling in a human B lymphoma cell line. Cell Death Differ 9 (2002) 252
54. Kepka L., Suit H.D., Goldberg S.I., et al. Radiation therapy for control of soft tissue sarcomas resected with positive margins [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6351 (2005) S47-S48
55. DeLaney T.F., and Suit H.D. Treatment of retroperitoneal and subcutaneous soft tissue sarcoma. Up to Date, Oncology (online). Available at:. http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=stb_tumr/4470&typ e=A&selectedTitle=4∼31 Accessed March 1, 2006
56. Gieschen H., Spiro J.I., Suit H.D., et al. Long-term results of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy for primary and recurrent retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 1 (2001) 127-131
57. Reitamo J.J., Hayry P., Nykyri E., et al. The desmoid tumor. I. Incidence, sex, age, and anatomical distribution in the Finnish population. Am J Clin Pathol 77 (1982) 665
58. Enzinger F.M., and Weiss S.W. Soft tissue tumors. 3rd edition (1995), Mosby-Yearbook, St. Louis
59. Ballo M.T., Zagars G.K., Pollack A., et al. Desmoid tumor: prognostic factors and outcome after surgery, radiation therapy, or combined surgery and radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 158
60. Abbas A.E., Deschamps C., Cassivi S.D., et al. Chest wall desmoid tumors: results of surgical intervention. Ann Thorac Surg 78 (2004) 1219
61. Goy B.W., Lee S.P., Eilber F., et al. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of respectable desmoid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39 (1997) 659
62. Spear M.A., Jennings L.C., Mankin H.J., et al. Individualising management of aggressive fibromatoses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 (1998) 637
63. Zlotecki R.A., Scarborough M.T., Morris C.G., et al. External beam radiotherapy for primary and adjuvant management of aggressive fibromatosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54 (2002) 177
64. Acker J.C., Bossen E.H., and Halperin E.C. The management of desmoid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 (1993) 851
65. Ballo M.T., Zagars G.K., and Pollack A. Radiation therapy in the management of desmoid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 (1998) 1007
66. Nuyttens J.J., Rust P.F., Thomas Jr. C.R., et al. Surgery versus radiation therapy for patients with aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumors: a comparative review of 22 articles. Cancer 88 (2000) 1517
67. Plukker J.T., van Oort I., Vermey A., et al. Aggressive fibromatosis (non-familial desmoid tumour): therapeutic problems and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy. Br J Surg 82 (1995) 510
68. Micke O., and Seegenscgmiedt M.H. Radiation therapy for aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumors): results of a national Patterns of Care Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 (2005) 882
69. Tsukada K., Church J.M., Jagelman D.G., et al. Noncytotoxic drug therapy for intra-abdominal desmoid tumor in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Dis Colon Rectum 35 (1992) 29
70. Gelmann E.P. Tamoxifen for the treatment of malignancies other than breast and endometrial carcinoma. Semin Oncol 24 (1997) S1
71. Wilcken N., and Tattersal M.H. Endocrine therapy for desmoid tumors. Cancer 68 (1991) 1384
72. Thomas S., Datta-Gupta S., and Kapur B.M. Treatment of recurrent desmoid tumor with tamoxifen. Aust Z J Surg 60 (1990) 919
73. Izes J.K., Zinman L.N., and Larsen C.R. Regression of large pelvic desmoid tumor by tamoxifen and sulindac. Urology 47 (1996) 756
74. Hansmann A., Adolph C., Vogel T., et al. High-dose tamoxifen and sulindac as first-line treatment for desmoid tumors. Cancer 100 (2004) 612
75. Lackner H., Urban C., Kerbl R., et al. Noncytotoxic drug therapy in children with unresectable desmoid tumors. Cancer 80 (1997) 334
76. Clark S.K., and Phillips R.K. Desmoid in familial adenomatous polyposis. Br J Surg 83 (1996) 1494
77. Bauernhofer T., Stoger H., Schmid M., et al. Sequential treatment of recurrent mesenteric desmoid tumor. Cancer 77 (1996) 1061
78. Azzarelli A., Gronchi A., Bertulli R., et al. Low-dose chemotherapy with methotrexate and vinblastine for patients with advanced aggressive fibromatosis. Cancer 92 (2001) 1259
79. Weiss A.J., and Lackman R.D. Low-dose chemotherapy of desmoid tumors. Cancer 64 (1989) 1192
80. Skapek S.X., Hawk B.J., Hoffer F.A., et al. Combination chemotherapy using vinblastine and methotrexate for the treatment of progressive desmoid tumor in children. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 3021
81. Jaffe R., Santamaria M., Yunis E.J., et al. The neuroectodermal tumor of bone. Am J Surg Pathol 8 (1984) 885
82. Angervall L., and Enzinger F.M. Extraskeletal neoplasm resembling Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer 36 (1975) 240
83. Askin F.B., Rosai J., Sibley R.K., et al. Malignant small cell tumor of the thoracopulmonary region in childhood: a distinctive clinicopathologic entity of uncertain histogenesis. Cancer 43 (1979) 2438
84. Tefft M., Vawter G.F., and Mitus A. Paravertebral round cell tumors in children. Radiology 92 7 (1969) 1501-1509
85. Llombart-Bosch A., Lacombe M.J., Contesso G., et al. Small round blue cell sarcoma of bone mimicking atypical Ewing's sarcoma with neuroectodermal features: an analysis of five cases with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic support. Cancer 60 (1987) 1570
86. Grier H.E. The Ewing family of tumors: Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Pediatr Clin North Am 44 (1997) 991
87. Ambros I., Ambros P., Strehl S., et al. MIC2 is a specific marker for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors: evidence for a common histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors from MIC2 expression and specific chromosome aberration. Cancer 67 (1991) 1886
88. Thiele C.J. Biology of pediatric peripheral neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 10 (1991) 311
89. O'Regan S., Diebler M.F., Meunier F.M., et al. Ewing's sarcoma cell line showing some, but not all, of the traits of a cholinergic neuron. J Neurochem 64 (1995) 69
90. Lawlor E.R., Lim J.F., Tao W., et al. The Ewing tumor family of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors expresses human gastrin-releasing peptide. Cancer Res 58 (1998) 2469
91. Smith M.A., Gurney J.G., Ries L.A. Cancer in adolescents 15 to 19 years old. In: Ries L.A., Smith M.A.S., Gurney J.G., et al, editors. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975-1995. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1999. Publication #99-4649
92. Glass A.G., and Fraumeni Jr. J.F. Epidemiology of bone cancer in children. J Natl Cancer Inst 44 (1970) 187
93. Miller R.W. Contrasting epidemiology of childhood osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 56 (1981) 9-15
94. de Alava E., and Gerald W.L. Molecular biology of the Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor family. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 204
95. DeLaney T.F., Hornicek F.J., and Mankin H.J. Epidemiology, pathology, and molecular genetics of the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. Up to Date, Oncology (online). Available at:. http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=stb_tumr/7033&typ e=A&selectedTitle=2∼21 Accessed March 1, 2006
96. Craft A., Cotterill S., Malcom A., et al. Ifosfamide-containing chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma: the Second United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group and the Medical Research Council Ewing's Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 3628
97. Paulussen M., Ahtens S., Dunst J., et al. Localized Ewing tumor of bone: final results of the Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study CESS 86. J Clin Oncol 19 (2001) 1818
98. Nesbit Jr. M.E., Gehan E.A., Burgert Jr. E.O., et al. Multimodal therapy for the management of primary, nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone: a long-term follow-up of the First Intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 8 (1990) 1664
99. Shankar A.G., Pinkerton C.R., Atra A., et al. Local therapy and other factors influencing site of relapse in patients with localised Ewing's sarcoma: United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG). Eur J Cancer 35 (1999) 1698
100. Kinsella T.J., Miser J.S., Waller B., et al. Long-term follow-up of Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated with combined modality therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 20 (1991) 389
101. Grier H.E., Krailo M.D., Tarbell N.J., et al. Addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to standard chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 694
102. Harmon D.C., and Gebhardt M.C. Treatment of the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. Up to Date, Oncology (online). Available at:. http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=stb_tumr/6313&typ e=A&selectedTitle=3∼21 Accessed March 1, 2006
103. Sailer S.L. The role of radiation therapy in localized Ewing's sarcoma. Semin Radiat Oncol 7 (1997) 225-235
104. Jurgen H., Exner U., Gadner H., et al. Multidisciplinary treatment of primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone: a 6-year experience of a European Cooperative Trial. Cancer 61 (1988) 23-32
105. Pilepich M.V., Vietti T.J., Nesbit M., et al. Radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy in advanced Ewing's sarcoma: Intergroup study. Cancer 47 (1981) 1930-1936
106. Cotterill S.J., Ahrens S., Oaulussen M., et al. Prognostic factors in Ewing's tumor of bone: analysis of 975 patients from the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 3108-3114
107. Picci P., Sangiorgi L., Bahamonde L., et al. Risk factors for local recurrences after limb-salvage surgery for high-grade osteosarcomas of the extremities. Ann Oncol 8 (1997) 899-903
108. Scully S.P., Ghert M.A., Zurakowski S., et al. Pathologic fracture in osteosarcoma: prognostic importance and treatment implications. J Bone Joint Surg 84-A (2002) 49-57
109. Ozaki T., Flege S., Kevric M., et al. Osteosarcoma of the pelvis: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 334-341
110. Ozaki T., Flege S., Liljenqvist U., et al. Osteosarcoma of the spine: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. Cancer 94 (2002) 1069-1077
111. Kassir R.R., Rassekh C.H., Kinsella J.B., et al. Osteosarcoma of the head and neck: meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies. Laryngoscope 107 (1997) 56-61
112. Beck J.C., Wara W.M., Bovill Jr. E.G., et al. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Radiology 120 (1976) 163-165
113. Jenkin R.D., Allt W.E., and Fitzpatrick P.J. Osteosarcoma: an assessment of management with particular reference to primary irradiation and selective delayed amputation. Cancer 30 (1972) 393-400
114. de Moor N.G. Osteosarcoma: a review of 72 cases treated by megavoltage radiation therapy, with or without surgery. S Afr J Surg 13 (1975) 137-146
115. Cade S. Osteogenic sarcoma: a study based on 133 patients. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1 (1955) 79-111
116. Gaitan-Yanguas M. A study of the response of osteogenic sarcoma and adjacent normal tissues to radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7 (1981) 593-595
117. Jaffe N., Carrasco H.C., Raymond K., et al. Can cure in patients with osteosarcoma be achieved exclusively with chemotherapy and abrogation of surgery. Cancer 95 (2002) 2202-2210
118. DeLaney T.F., Spiro I.J., Suit H.D., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for large extremity soft-tissue sarcomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 (2003) 1117-1127
119. Machak G.N., Tkachev S.I., Solovyev Y.N., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and local radiotherapy for high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities. Mayo Clin Proc 78 (2003) 147-155
120. Caceres E., Zaharia M., Valdivia S., et al. Local control of osteogenic sarcoma by radiation and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10 (1984) 35-39
121. Anderson P.M., Wiseman G.A., Dispenzieri A., et al. High-dose samarium-153 ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate: low toxicity of skeletal irradiation in patients with osteosarcoma and bone metastases. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 189-196
122. Harwood A.R., Krajbich I., and Fornasier V.L. Radiotherapy of chondrosarcoma of bone. Cancer 45 (1980) 2769-2777
123. McNaney D., Lindberg R.D., Ayala A.G., et al. Fifteen year radiotherapy experience with chondrosarcoma of bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8 (1981) 187-190
124. Austin-Seymour M., Munzenrider J., Goitein M., et al. Fractionated proton radiation therapy of chordoma and low grade chondrosarcoma of the base of skull. J Neurosurg 70 (1989) 13-17
125. Hug E.B., Fitzek M.M., Liebsch N.J., et al. Locally challenging osteogenic and chondrogenic tumors of the axial skeleton: results of combined proton and photon radiation therapy using three-dimensional treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31 (1995) 467-476
126. Huvos A.G. Bone tumors: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. 2nd edition (1991), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia
127. Woijno K.J., Hruban R.H., Garin-Chesa P., et al. Chondroid chordomas and low-grade chondrosarcomas of the craniospinal axis: an immunohistochemical analysis of 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 16 (1992) 1144-1152
128. Higinbotham N.L., Phillips R.F., and Farr H.W. Chordoma: thirty-five year study at Memorial Hospital. Cancer 20 (1967) 1841-1850
129. Cummings B., Hodson D., and Bush R. Chordoma: the results of megavoltage radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9 (1983) 633-642
130. Keisch M.E., Garcia D.M., and Shibuya R.B. Retrospective long-term follow-up analysis in 21 patients with chordomas of various sites treated at a single institution. J Neurosurg 75 (1991) 374-377
131. Berson A., Castro J.R., Petti P., et al. Charged particle irradiation of chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the base of skull and cervical spine: the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15 (1988) 1-7
132. Munzenrider J.E., and Liebsch N.J. Proton therapy for tumors of the skull base. Strahlenther Onkol 175 (1999) 57-63
133. Schoenthaler R., Castro J.R., Petti P.L., et al. Charged particle irradiation of sacral chordomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 (1993) 291-298
134. Boring C.C., Squires T.S., and Tong C.A. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 43 (1993) 7
135. Gallagher R.P., Ma B., McLean D.I., et al. Trends in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma of the skin from 1973 through 1987. J Am Acad Derm 23 (1987) 413-421
136. Patterson J.A.K., and Geronemus R.G. Cancers of skins. In: Devita V.T., Hellman S., and Rosenberg S.A. (Eds). Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 3rd edition (1989), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1469-1498
137. Preston D.S., and Stern R.S. Nonmelanoma cancers of the skin. N Engl J Med 327 (1992) 1649-1662
138. Fitzpatrick P.J., Thompson G.A., Easterbrook W.M., et al. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids and their treatment by radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 10 (1984) 449-454
139. Carcinoma of the skin. In: Greene F.L., Page D.L., Fleming I.D., et al. (Eds). AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) cancer staging manual (1992), Springer, New York 203-208
140. DeLaney T.F. Radiation therapy for the treatment of skin cancers of the head and neck. Dermatol Nurs 6 (1994) 104-109
141. Choo R., Woo T., Assaad D., et al. What is the microscopic tumor extent beyond clinically delineated gross tumor boundary in nonmelanoma skin cancers?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62 4 (2005) 1096-1099
142. Lovett R.D., Perez C.A., Shapiro S.J., et al. External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19 (1990) 235-242
143. Solan M.J., Brady L.W., Binnick S.A., et al. Skin. In: Perez C.A., and Brady L.W. (Eds). Principles and practice of radiation oncology. 2nd edition (1992), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 479-495
144. Cascinelli N., Preda F., Vaglini M., et al. Metastatic spread of stage I melanoma of the skin. Tumori 69 (1983) 449-454
145. Byers R.M. The role of modified neck dissection in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. Arch Surg 121 (1986) 1338-1341
146. O'Brien C.H., Coates A., Persen-Schaefer K., et al. Experience with 998 cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck over 30 years. Am J Surg 162 (1991) 310-314
147. Rofstad E.K. The fractionation sensitivity ratio of human melanoma xenografts. Radiother Oncol 33 (1994) 133-138
148. Malaise E.P., Fertil B., Chavaudra N., et al. Distribution of radiation sensitivities for human tumor cells of specific histological types: comparison of in vitro to in vivo data. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1 (1986) 617-624
149. Sause W.T., Cooper J.S., Rush S., et al. Fraction size in external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of melanoma. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys 20 (1991) 429-432
150. Overgaard J., Gonzalez D., Hulshof M.C., et al. Randomised trial of hyperthermia as adjuvant to radiotherapy for recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma. Lancet 345 (1995) 540-543
151. Miescher G. Uber melanotische pracancerose. Oncologia 7 (1954) 92-94
152. Harwood A.R. Conventional fractionated radiotherapy for 51 patients with lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9 (1983) 1019
153. Ang K.K., Peters L.J., Weber R.S., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30 (1994) 795-798
154. Munzenrider J.E., Verhey L.J., Gragoudas E.S., et al. Conservative treatment of uveal melanoma: local recurrence after proton beam therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17 (1989) 439-498
155. Malawer M.M., and DeLaney T.F. Treatment of metastatic cancer to bone. In: Devita V.T., Hellman S., and Rosenberg S.A. (Eds). Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 4th edition (1993), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 2225-2228
156. Herbert S.H., Solin L.J., Rate W.R., et al. The effect of palliative radiation therapy on epidural compression due to metastatic malignant melanoma. Cancer 68 (1991) 2472
157. Wright D.C., DeLaney T.F., and Buckner J.C. Treatment of metastatic cancer to the brain. In: Devita V.T., Hellman S., and Rosenberg S.A. (Eds). Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 4th edition (1993), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia 2170-2183
158. Somaza S., Kondziolka D., Lunsford L.D., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic melanoma. J Neurosurg 79 (1993) 661-666