Long-term foraging expeditions (Molongo) among the baka hunter-gatherers in the Northwestern Congo Basin, with special reference to the "wild yam question"

Human Ecology

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 275-296

  Yasuoka, Hirokazu ^a  

^a KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cameroon; Hunter gatherers; Long term foraging expedition; Subsistence; Tropical rainforest; Wild yam question

Indexed keywords

FOOD SELECTION; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; HUNTER-GATHERER; RAINFOREST; SUBSIDENCE; YAM;

AFRICA; CAMEROON; CONGO BASIN; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

DIOSCOREA ALATA; DIOSCOREA VILLOSA;

EID: 33746748699     PISSN: 03007839     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10745-006-9017-1     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Bahuchet, S. (1985). Les Pygmées Aka et la forêt centrafricaine, ethnologic écologique. (Ethnosciences 1). SELAF, Paris.
2. Bahuchet, S. (1988). Food supply and uncertainty among the Aka Pygmies (Lobaye, Central African Republic). In de Garine, I., and Harrison, G. A. (eds.), Coping with Uncertainty in the Food Supply. Clarendon, Oxford, pp. 88-117.
3. Bahuchet, S. (1992). Spatial mobility and access to resources among the African Pygmies. In Casimir, M. J., and Rao, A. (eds.), Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics, Berg publishers limited, Oxford, pp. 205-257.
4. Bahuchet, S. (1993). Dans la forêt d'Afrique centrale, les Pygme7acute;es Aka et Baka. (Histoire d'une civilisation forestière I). SELAF, Paris.
5. Bahuchet, S., and Guillaume, H. (1982). Aka-farmer relations in the northwest Congo Basin. In Leacock, E., and Lee, R. (eds.), Politics and History in Band Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 189-210.
6. Bahuchet, S., McKey, D., and De Garine, I. (1991). Wild yams revisited: Is independence from agriculture possible for rain forest hunter-gatherers? Human Ecology 19(2): 213-243.
7. Bailey, R. C. (1991). The behavioral ecology of Efe pygmy men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
8. Bailey, R. C., Head, G., Jenike, M., Owen, B., Rechtman, R., and Zechenter, E. (1989). Hunting and gathering in tropical forest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist 91(1): 59-82.
9. Bailey, R. C., and Headland, T. N. (1991). The tropical rain forest: Is it a productive environment for human foragers? Human Ecology 19(2): 261-285.
10. Bailey, R. C., and Peacock, N. R. (1988). Efe Pygmies of northeastern Zaire: Subsistence strategies in the Ituri forest. In de Garine, I., and Harrison, G. A. (eds.), Coping with Uncertainty in the Food Supply, Clarendon, Oxford, pp. 88-117.
11. Brosius, J. P. (1991). Foraging in tropical forests: The case of the Penan of Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo). Human Ecology 19(2): 123-150.
12. Chardonnet, P., Fritz, H., Zorzi, N., and Feron, E. (1995). Current importance of traditional hunting and major contrasts in wild meat consumption in sub-Saharan Africa. In Bissonette, J. A., and Krausman, P. R. (eds.), Integrating People and Wildlife for a Sustainable Future, The Wildlife Society, Bethada, pp. 304-307.
13. Dounias, E. (1993). Perception and use of wild yams by the Baka hunter-gatherers in south Cameroon. In Hladik, C. M., Hladik, A., Licares, O. F., Pagezy, H., Semple, A., and Hadley, M. (eds.), Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 621-632.
14. Dounias, E. (2001). The management of wild yam tubers by the Baka Pygmies in southern Cameroon. African Study Monographs suppl. 26: 135-156.
15. Dumont, R., Hamon, P., and Seignobos, C. (1994). Les Ignames au Cameroun. CIRAD, Montpellier.
16. Dwyer, P. D., and Minnegal, M. (1991). Hunting in lowland, tropical rain forest: Towards a model of non-agricultural subsistence. Human Ecology 19(2): 187-212.
17. Endicott, K., and Bellwood, P. (1991). The possibility of independent foraging in the rain forest of peninsular Malaysia. Human Ecology 19(2): 151-185.
18. FAO/WHO Committee. (1973). Energy and Protein Requirements. Technical Report Series no 522. World Health Organization, Geneva.
19. Hamon, P., Dumont, R., Zoundjihekpon, J., Tio Toure, B., and Hamon, S. (1995). Les Ignames Sauvages d'Afrique de I'Ouest. Caracteristiques morphologiques. ORSTOM, Paris.
20. Harako, R. (1976). The Mbuti as hunters: A study of ecological anthropology of the Mbuti Pygmies (1). Kyoto University African Studies 10: 37-99.
21. Hart, T. B., and Hart, J. A. (1986). The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: The Mbuti of eastern Zaire. Human Ecology 14(1): 29-55.
22. Hart, T. B., Hart, J. A., and Murphy, P. (1989). Monodominant and species-rich forests of the humid tropics: Census for their co-occurrence. American Naturalist 133: 613-633.
23. Hart, J. A. (1978). From subsistence to market: A case study of the Mbuti net hunters. Human Ecology 6(3): 325-353.
24. Headland, T. N. (1987). The wild yam question: How well could independent hunter-gatherers live in a tropical rain forest ecosystem? Human Ecology 15(4): 463-491.
25. Headland, T. N. (1997). Revisionism in ecological anthropology. Current Anthropology 38(4): 605-630.
26. Headland, T. N., and Bailey, R. C. (1991). Introduction: Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rain forest independently of agriculture? Human Ecology 19(2): 115-122.
27. Headland, T. N., and Reid, L. A. (1989). Hunter-Gatherers and their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present. Current Anthropology 30(1): 43-66.
28. Hewlett, B. S. (1991). Intimate fathers: The nature and context of Aka pygmy paternal infant care. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
29. Hladik, A., Bahuchet, S., Ducatillion, C., and Hladik, C. M. (1984). Les plantes à tubercules de la forêt dense d'Afrique Centrale. Revue d'Ecologie. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre et Vie) 39: 249-290.
30. Hladik, A., and Dounias, E. (1993). Wild yams of the African forest as potential food resources. In Hladik, C. M., Hladik, A., Licares, O. F., Pagezy, H., Semple, A., and Hadley, M. (eds.), Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 163-176.
31. Ichikawa, M. (1983). An examination of the hunting-dependent life of the Mbuti Pygmies. African Study Monographs 4: 55-76.
32. Joiris, D. V. (1998). La Chasse, La Chance, La Chant: Aspects du System Rituel des Baka du Cameroun (Ph.D. dissertation). Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.
33. Joiris, D. V. (2003). The framework of central African hunter-gatherers and neighboring societies. African Study Monographs Suppl. 28: 57-79.
34. Kent, S. (ed.) (2002). Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers, and the 'Other': Association or Assimilation in Africa. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
35. Kingdon, J. (1997). Field Guide to African Mammals. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
36. Kitanishi, K. (1994). The exchange of forest products (Irvingia nuts) between the Aka hunter-gatherers and the cultivators in northeastern Congo. Tropics 4(1): 79-92.
37. Kitanishi, K. (1995). Seasonal changes in the subsistence activities and food intake of the Aka hunter-gatherers in northeastern Congo. African Study Monographs 16(2): 73-118.
38. Kitanishi, K. (2003). Cultivation by Baka hunter-gatherers in the tropical rain forest of central Africa. African Study Monographs Suppl. 28: 143-157.
39. Leclerc, C. (2001). En Bordure de Route: Espace Social, Dynamisme et Relation à L'environnement chez les Pygmées Baka du Sud-Est Cameroun. Ph.D. dissertation. Université de Paris X, Paris.
40. Lee, R. B., and Devore, I. (1966). Man the Hunter. Aldine, Chicago.
41. Leung, W. W. (1968). Food Composition Table for Use in Africa. FAO Nutrition Division; U.S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bethesda.
42. Letouzey, R. (1985). Notice de la Carte Phytogéographique du Cameroun au 1:500000. Institute de la Recherché Agronomique (Herbier National), Toulouse.
43. Maley, J. (2001). The impact of arid phases on the African rain forest through geographical history. In Weber, W., White, L. J. T., Vedder, A., and Noughton-Treves, L. (eds.), African rain forest ecology and conservation, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 68-87.
44. Mercader, J. (ed.) (2003). Under the Canopy: The Archeology of Tropical Rain Forests. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
45. Noss, A. (1998). The impacts of cable snare hunting on wildlife populations in the forests of the Central African Republic. Conservation Biology 12: 390-398.
46. ORSTOM (1966). Dictionnaire des Villages de Boumba Ngoko. Centre Orstom de Yaounde, Yaounde.
47. Rupp, S. (2003). Interethnic relations in southeastern Cameroon: Challenging the "hunter-gatherer" - "farmer" dichotomy. African Study Monographs Supp. 28: 37-56.
48. Sato, H. (1992). Notes on the distribution and settlement pattern of hunter-gatherers in northeastern Congo. African Study Monographs 13(4): 203-216.
49. Sato, H. (2001). The potential of edible wild yams and yam-like plants as a staple food resource in the African tropical rain forest. African Study Monographs Suppl. 26: 123-134.
50. Schrire, C. (1980). An inquiry into the evolutionary status and apparent identity of San hunter-gatherers. Human Ecology 8: 9-32.
51. Schrire, C. (ed.) (1984). Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies. Academic Press, New York.
52. Solway, J. S., and Lee, R. B. (eds.) (1990). Foragers, genuine or spurious? Situating the Kalahari San in history. Current Anthropology 31(2): 109-146.
53. Speth, J., and Spielman, K. (1983). Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 1-31.
54. Stearman, A. M. (1991). Making a living in the tropical forest: Yuqui foragers in the Bolivian Amazon. Human Ecology 19(2): 245-260.
55. Tanno, T. (1977). The Mbuti net-hunters in the Ituri forest, eastern Zaire: Their hunting activities and band composition. Kyoto University African Studies 10: 101-135.
56. Terashima, H. (1983). Mota and other hunting activities of the Mbuti archers: A socio-ecological study of subsistence technology. African Study Monographs 3: 71-85.
57. Thikakul, S. (1985). Manual of Dendrology Cameroon. Forestry Institutional Support Project. National Centre for Forestry Development, Québec.
58. Tsuru, D. (1998). Diversity of ritual spirit performances among the Baka Pygmies in southeastern Cameroon. African Study Monographs Suppl. 25: 47-84.
59. Turnbull, C. (1965). Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. The American Museum of Natural History, New York.
60. White, L. J. T. (2001). The African rain forest: Climate and vegetation. In Weber, W., White, L. J. T., Vedder, A., and Noughton-Treves, L. (eds.), African rain forest ecology and conservation, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 3-29.
61. Wilmsen, E. (1983). The ecology of illusion: Anthropological foraging in the Kalahari. Reviews in Anthropology 10(1): 9-20.
62. Wilmsen, E. (1989). Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
63. Wilmsen, E., and Denbow, J. (1990). Paradigmatic history of San-speaking peoples and current attempts at revision. Current Anthropology 31(5): 489-524.