Exercise intensity during repeated days of racing in professional triathletes

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 250-255

  Hue, Olivier ^a   Galy, Olivier ^a   Le Gallais, Daniel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES ET DE LA GUYANE   (France)

^b UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

Author keywords

Cycle; Heart rate; Run; Swim; Ventilatory thresholds

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BICYCLE; EXERCISE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; RUNNING; SWIMMING; TIME;

ADULT; BICYCLING; EXERCISE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MALE; RUNNING; SWIMMING; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 33746603013     PISSN: 17155312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/H05-035     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Banister, E.W. 1991. Modeling elite athletic performance. In Physiological testing of elite athletes. Edited by H.J. Green, J.D. McDougal, and H. Wenger. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill. pp. 403-424.
2. Banister, E.W., Carter, J.B., and Zarkadas, P.C. 1999. Training theory and taper: validation in triathlon athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 182-191.
3. Beaver, W.L., Wasserman, K., and Whipp, B.J. 1986. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J. Appl. Physiol. 60: 2020-2027.
4. De Vito, G., Bernardi, M., Sproviero, E., and Figura, F. 1995. Decrease of endurance during Olympic triathlon. Int. J. Sports Med. 16: 24-28.
5. Douglas, P.S., O'Toole, M.L., Killer, W.D.B., Hackney, K., and Reicheik, N. 1987. Cardiac fatigue after prolonged exercise. Circulation, 76: 1206-1213.
6. Foster, C., Florhaug, J.A., Franklin, G., Gottshall, L., Hrovator, L.A., Parker, S., et al. 2001. A new approach to monitoring exercise intensity. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15: 1009-115.
7. Foster, C., Hoyos, J., Earnest, C., and Lucia, A. 2005. Regulation of energy expenditure during prolonged athletic competition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37: 670-675.
8. Gilman, M.B. 1996. The use of heart rates to monitor the exercise intensity of endurance training. Sports Med. 31: 73-79.
9. Gilman, M.B., and Wells, C.L. 1993. The use of heart rates to monitor exercise intensity in relation to metabolic variables. Int. J. Sports Med. 14: 339-344.
10. Guezennec, C.Y., Vallier, J.M., Bigard, A.X., and Durey, Y.A. 1996. Increase in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 440-445.
11. Hausswirth, C., Lehenaff, D., Dréano, P., and Saivonen, K. 1999. Effects of cycling alone or in a sheltered position on subsequent running performance during a triathlon. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: 599-604.
12. Hue, O., Le Gallais, D., Chollet, D., Boussana, A., and Préfaut, C. 1999. Ventilatory responses during experimental cycle-run transition in triathletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: 1422-1428.
13. Hue, O., Le Gallais, D., Chollet, D., and Préfaut, C. 2000a. Ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake in present triathletes. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 102-113.
14. Hue, O., Le Gallais, D., Boussana, A., Chollet, D., and Préfaut, C. 2000b. Performance level and cardiopulmonary responses during cycle-run trial. Int. J. Sports Med. 21: 250-255.
15. Hue, O., Valluet, A., Blonc, S., and Hertogh, C. 2002. Effects of multi-cycle-run training on the HR response and the performance in triathletes. Res. Q. Exerc. Sci. 73: 289-295.
16. Jeukendrup, A., and Van Diemen, A. 1991. Heart rate monitoring during training and competition cyclists. J. Sports Sci. 16: S91-S99.
17. Kenny, G.P., Reardon, F.D., Marion, A., and Thoden, J.S. 1995. A comparative analysis of physiological responses at submaximal workloads during different laboratory simulations of field cycling. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 71: 409-415.
18. Kreider, R.B., Boone, T., Thompson, W.R., Burke, S., and Cortes, C.W. 1988. Cardiovascular and thermal responses of triathlon performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 20: 385-390.
19. Kuipers, H.A., and Guerten, P. 1985. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiological correlates. Int. J. Sports Med. 6: 197-201.
20. Le Gallais, D., Hayot, M., Hue, O., Wouassi, D., Boussana, A., Ramonatxo, M., and Préfaut, C. 1999. Metabolic and cardioventilatory responses during a graded test before and 24 h after a triathlon. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 176-181.
21. Léger, L., and Thivière, M. 1988. Heart rate monitors: validity, stability, and functionality. Phys. Sports Med. 5: 143-151.
22. Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A., and Chicharro, J.L. 1999. Heart rate response to professional road cycling: the Tour de France. Int. J. Sports Med. 20: 167-172.
23. Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Perez, M., and Chicharro, J.L. 2000. Heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists: a longitudinal study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 1777-1782.
24. Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Santalla, A., Earnest, C., and Chicharro, J.L. 2003. Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35: 872-878.
25. Margaria, R.P., Cerretelli, P., Aghemo, P., and Sassi, J. 1963. Energy cost of running. J. Appl. Physiol. 18: 367-370.
26. Niemela, K.O., Palatsi, I.J., Ikaheimo, M.J., Takkunen, J.T., and Vuori, I.J. 1984. Evidence of impaired left ventricular performance after an uninterrupted competitive 24 h run. Circulation, 70: 350-356.
27. O'Toole, M.L., and Douglas, P.S. 1995. Applied physiology of triathlon. Int. J. Sports Med. 19: 251-267.
28. O'Toole, M.L., Douglas, P.S., and Hiller, W.D.B. 1989. Lactate, oxygen uptake, and cycling performance in triathletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 10: 413-418.
29. O'Toole, M.L., Douglas, P.S., and Killer, W.D.B. 1998. Use of heart rate monitors by endurance athletes: lessons from triathletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 38: 181-187.
30. Padilla, S., Mujika, L, Orbananos, J., and Angulo, F. 2000. Exercise intensity during competition trials in professional road cycling. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 850-856.
31. Padilla, S., Mujika, I., Orbananos, J. Santisteban, J., Angulo, F, and Goirena, J.J. 2001. Exercise intensity and load during mass-start stage races in professional road cycling. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: 796-802.
32. Palmer, G.S., Hawley, J.A., Dennis, S.C., and Noakes, T.D. 1994. Heart rate response during a 4-d cycle stage race. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26: 278-283.
33. Robinson, D.M., Robinson, S.M., Hume, P.A., and Hopkins, W.G. 1991. Training intensity of elite male distance runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23: 1078-1082.
34. Sagnol, M., Claustre, J., Cottet-Emard, J.M., Pequignot, J.M., Fellman, N., and Coudert, J. 1990. Plasma-free and sulphated catecholamines after ultra-long exercise and recovery. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 60: 91-97.
35. Sleivert, G.G., and Wenger, H.A. 1993. Physiological predictors of short-course triathlon performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25: 871-876.
36. Wasserman, K., Whipp, B.J., Koyal, S.N., and Beaver, W.L. 1973. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 35: 236-243.
37. Whyte, G., Lumley, S., George, K., Gates, P., Sharma, S., Prasad, K., and McKenna, W.J. 2000. Physiological profile and predictors of cycling performance in ultra-endurance triathletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 40: 103-109.