Cervical cancer in the developing world

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 339-354

  Zeferino, Luiz Carlos ^a   Derchain, Sophie Françoise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

cervical cancer; cryotherapy; cytology; developing countries; HPV testing; prevention; screening; visual inspection

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

AGE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CARCINOGENESIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CYTOLOGY; VERRUCA VULGARIS; WART VIRUS;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TIME FACTORS; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; WOMEN'S HEALTH SERVICES;

EID: 33746549211     PISSN: 15216934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.01.018     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Database, Cancer Mondial, Globocan 2002. Available at (2005). http://www-dep.iarc.fr/
2. Parikh S., Brennan P., and Boffetta P. Meta-analysis of social inequality and the risk of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 105 (2003) 687-691
3. Bray F., Sankila R., Ferlay J., et al. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 1995. Eur J Cancer 38 (2002) 99-166
4. Peto J., Gilham C., Fletcher O., et al. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet 364 (2004) 249-256
5. Vizcaino A.P., Moreno V., Bosch F.X., et al. International trends in incidence of cervical cancer: II. Squamous-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 86 (2000) 429-435
6. Chan P.G., Sung H.Y., and Sawaya G.F. Changes in cervical cancer incidence after three decades of screening US women less than 30 years old. Obstet Gynecol 102 (2003) 765-773
7. Bulk S., Visser O., Rozendaal L., et al. Cervical cancer in the Netherlands 1989-1998: decrease of squamous cell carcinoma in older women, increase of adenocarcinoma in younger women. Int J Cancer 113 (2005) 1005-1009
8. Krane J.F., Granter S.R., Trask C.E., et al. Papanicolaou smear sensitivity for the detection of adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a study of 49 cases. Cancer 93 (2001) 8-15
9. Ruba S., Schoolland M., Allpress S., et al. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: screening and diagnostic errors in Papanicolaou smears. Cancer 102 (2004) 280-287
10. Walboomers J.M., Jacobs M.V., Manos M.M., et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cancer worldwide. J Pathol 189 (1999) 12-19
11. Sellors J.W., Mahony J.B., Kaczorowski J., et al. Prevalence and predictors of human papillomavirus infection in women in Ontario, Canada. Survey of HPV in Ontario Women (SHOW) Group. CMAJ 163 (2000) 503-508
12. Franco E.L., Schlecht N.F., and Saslow D. The epidemiology of cervical cancer. Cancer J 9 (2003) 348-359
13. Jacobs M.V., Walboomers J.M.M., Snidjers P.J.F., et al. Distribution of 37 mucusotropic HPV types in women with cytologically normal cervical smears: the age-related patterns for high-risk and low-risk types. Int J Cancer 87 (2000) 221-227
14. Brown D.R., Shew M.L., Qadadri B., et al. A longitudinal study of genital human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of closely followed adolescent women. J Infect Dis 191 (2005) 182-192
15. Schlecht N.F., Platt R.W., Duarte-Franco E., et al. Human papillomavirus infection and time to progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 (2003) 1336-1343
16. Franco E.L., Villa L.L., Sobrinho J.P., et al. Epidemiology of acquisition and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women from a high-risk area of cervical cancer. J Infect Dis 180 (1999) 1415-1423
17. Ho G.Y., Burk R.D., Kein S., et al. Persistent genital human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for persistent cervical dysplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 1365-1371
18. Woodman C.B., Collins S., Winter H., et al. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women. Lancet 357 (2001) 1831-1836
19. Tortolero-Luna G., and Franco E.L. Epidemiology of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. In: Gershenson D.M., Mcguire W.P., Gore M., et al. (Eds). Gynecologic Cancer: Controversies in Management (2004), Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia 3-30
20. Giulian A.R., Sedjo R.L., Roe D.J., et al. Clearance of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: effect of smoking (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13 (2002) 839-846
21. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 118 (2006) 1481-1495
22. Papanicolaou G.N. Atlas of Exfoliative Cytology (1954), Commonweath Fund University Press, Boston
23. Riotton G., Christopherson W.M., and Lunt R. Cytology of the Female Genital Tract. International Histological Classification of Tumours No. 8 (1973), World Health Organization, Geneva
24. Richart R.M. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In: Sommers S.C. (Ed). Pathology Annual (1973), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 301-328
25. Solomon D., Davey D., Kurman R., et al. The 2001 Bethesda system: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 287 (2002) 2114-2119
26. Miller A.B., Nazeer S., Fonn S., et al. Report on consensus conference on cervical cancer screening and management. Int J Cancer 86 (2000) 440-447
27. Fahey M.T., Irwig L., and Macaskill P. Meta-analysis of Pap test accuracy. Am J Epidemiol 141 (1995) 680-689
28. Nanda K., McCrory D.C., Myers E.R., et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 132 (2000) 810-819
29. University of Zimbabwe/JHPIEGO Cervical Cancer Project. Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening: test qualities in a primary-care setting. Lancet 353 (1999) 869-873
30. Denny L., Kuhn L., Pollack A., et al. Evaluation of alternative methods of cervical cancer screening in resource poor settings. Cancer 89 (2000) 826-833
31. Wright Jr. T.C., Denny L., Kuhn L., et al. HPV-DNA testing of self-collected vaginal samples compared with cytologic screening to detect cervical cancer. JAMA 283 (2000) 81-86
32. Denny L., Kuhn L., Pollack A., et al. Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening: an analysis of factors influencing test performance. Cancer 94 (2002) 1699-1707
33. Cronjé H.S., Parham G.P., Cooreman B.F., et al. A comparison of four screening methods for cervical neoplasia in a developing country. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 (2003) 395-400
34. Sankaranarayanan R., Thara S., Anjali S., et al. Accuracy of conventional cytology: results from a multicentre screening study in India. J Med Screen 11 (2004) 77-84
35. Zeferino LC, Pinotti JA, Jorge JP et al. Organization of cervical cancer screening in Campinas and region, Brazil. Cad Saúde Publica; in press.
36. Sankaranarayanan R., Budukh A., and Rajkumar R. Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 79 supplement (2001) 954-962
37. Robles S.C., White F., and Peruga A. Trends in cervical cancer mortality in the Americas. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 30 (1996) 290-301
38. Gage J.C., Ferreccio C., Gonzales M., et al. Follow-up care of women with an abnormal cytology in a low-resource setting. Cancer Detect Prev 27 (2003) 466-471
39. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. Cervical Cancer Screening (2005), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon pp. 117-162
40. Karnon J., Peters J., Platt J., et al. Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: an updated rapid and systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 8 (2004) 1-78
41. Sankaranarayanan R., Gaffikin T.L., Jacob M., et al. A critical assessment of screening methods for cervical neoplasia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 supplement 2 (2005) S4-S12
42. Bulkmans N.W., Rozendaal L., Snijders P.J., et al. POBASCAM, a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV testing in cervical screening: design, methods and baseline data of 44,102 women. Int J Cancer 20 (2004) 94-101
43. Cuzick J. Role of HPV testing in clinical practice. Virus Res 89 (2002) 263-269
44. Holowaty P., Miller A.B., Rohan T., et al. Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (1999) 252-258
45. Wright T.C., Schiffman M., Solomon D., et al. Interim guidance for the use of human papillomavirus DNA testing as an adjunct to cervical cytology for screening. Obstet Gynecol 103 (2004) 304-309
46. Holmes J., Hemmett L., and Garfield S. The cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus screening for cervical cancer. A review of recent modelling studies. Eur J Health Econ 6 (2005) 30-37
47. Womack S.D., Chirenje Z.M., Blumenthal P.D., et al. Evaluation of a human papillomavirus assay in cervical screening in Zimbabwe. Br J Obstet Gynecol 107 (2000) 33-38
48. Franco E.L. Primary screening of cervical cancer with human papillomavirus tests. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 31 (2003) 89-96
49. Sankaranarayanan R., Chatterji R., Shastri S., et al. Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in the primary screening of cervical neoplasia: results from a multicentre study in India. Int J Cancer 112 (2004) 341-347
50. Kim J.J., Wright T.C., and Goldie S.J. Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus DNA testing in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France, and Italy. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 888-895
51. Syrjanen K., Naud P., Derchain S., et al. Comparing PAP smear cytology, aided visual inspection, screening colposcopy, cervicography and HPV testing as optional screening tools in Latin America. Study design and baseline data of the LAMS study. Anticancer Res 25 (2005) 3469-3480
52. Belinson J.L., Pretorius R.G., Zhang W.H., et al. Cervical cancer screening by simple visual inspection after acetic acid. Obstet Gynecol 98 (2001) 441-444
53. Sankaranarayanan R., Basu P., Wesley R., et al. Accuracy of visual screening for cervical neoplasia: results from an IARC multicentre study in India and Africa. Int J Cancer 110 (2004) 907-913
54. Gontijo R.C., Derchain S.F.M., Montemor E.B., et al. Pap smear, hybrid capture II, and visual inspection in screening for uterine cervical lesions. Cad Saude Publica 21 (2005) 141-149
55. Bragança J.F., Derchain S.F.M., Sarian L.O., et al. Aided visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and HPV detection as optional screening tools for cervical cancer and its precusor lesions. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 32 (2005) 225-229
56. Royal Thai College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RTCOG) CCJHPIEGO Corporation Cervical Cancer Prevention Group. Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of a single-visit approach to cervical-cancer prevention in rural Thailand: a demonstration project. Lancet 361 (2003) 814-820
57. Sankaranarayanan R., Shastri S.S., Basu P., et al. The role of low-level magnification in visual inspection with acetic acid for the early detection of cervical neoplasia. Cancer Detect Prev 28 (2004) 345-351
58. Blumenthal P.D., Lauterbach M., Sellors J.W., et al. Training for cervical cancer prevention programmes in low-resource settings: focus on visual inspection with acetic acid and cryotherapy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 supplement 2 (2005) S30-S37
59. Shastri S.S., Dinshaw K., Amin G., et al. Concurrent evaluation of visual, cytological and HPV testing as screening methods for the early detection of cervical neoplasia in Mumbai, India. Bull World Health Organ 83 (2005) 186-194
60. Bradley J., Barone M., Mahe C., et al. Delivering cervical cancer prevention services in low-resource settings. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 supplement (2005) S21-S29
61. Pinotti J.A., Brenelli H.B., Moragues J.D., et al. Preventive obstetrics and gynecology programme: pilot plan for integrated medical care. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 15 (1981) 104-112
62. Laara E., Day NE, and Hakama M. Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in the nordic countries: association in the organised screening programmes. Lancet 1 (1987) 1247-1249
63. D'Ottaviano-Morelli M.G., Zeferino L., Cecatti J.G., et al. Prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma based on cytological screening in the region of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 20 (2004) 153-159
64. Östör A.G. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 12 (1993) 186-192
65. Gustafsson L., and Adami H.O. Natural history of cervical neoplasia: consistent results obtained by an identification technique. Br J Cancer 60 (1989) 132-141
66. World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer-IARC. WHO: IARC working group on evaluation of cervical cancer screening programmes. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. BMJ 293 (1986) 659-664
67. Goldie S.J., Kuhn L., Denny L., et al. Policy analysis of cervical cancer screening strategies in low resource settings: clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness. JAMA 285 (2001) 3107-3115
68. Day N.E. The epidemiological basis for evaluating different screening policies. IARC Sci Publ 76 (1986) 199-212
69. Martin-Hirsch P.L., Paraskevaidis E., and Kitchner H. Surgery for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Cochrane review. The Cochrane Library Issue 1 (2004), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester
70. Jacob M., Broekhuizen F.F., Castro W., et al. Experience using cryotherapy for treatment of cervical precancerous lesions in low-resource settings. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 (2005) S13-S20
71. Agurto I., Arrossi S., White S., et al. Involving the community in cervical cancer prevention programs. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89 supplement 2 (2005) S38-S45
72. Harper D.M., Franco E.L., Wheeler C., et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364 (2004) 1757-1765
73. Villa L.L., Costa R.L., Petta C.A., et al. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol 6 (2005) 271-278