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Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 151-162

Spain: Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?: The struggle for jurisdiction between the Tribunal Constitucional and the Tribunal Supremo

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EID: 33746478201     PISSN: 14742640     EISSN: 14742659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icon/moi057     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (12)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 33746534562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, (Civ.)
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.)
    • (2004)
  • 2
    • 33746504158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satires, VI, 347.
    • Satires , vol.6 , pp. 347
  • 3
    • 33746520311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Supremo condena a 11 magistrados del Constitutional a indemnizar a un abogado El, País
    • Jan. 22
    • Julio M. Lázaro, El Supremo condena a 11 magistrados del Constitutional a indemnizar a un abogado, El País, Jan. 22, 2004
    • (2004)
    • Lázaro, J.M.1
  • 4
    • 33746517079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instituciones mal pensadas, El País
    • Mar. 22
    • Pablo Salvador Coderch, Instituciones mal pensadas, El País, Mar. 22, 2004.
    • (2004)
    • Salvador Coderch, P.1
  • 5
    • 33746491364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "El TC estará asistido por un Cuerpo de Letrados constituido por medio de concurso-oposición...."
    • 2/1979 L.O.T.C. art. 97.1: A concurso-oposición is called at the TC's discretion
    • /1979 L.O.T.C. art. 97.1: "El TC estará asistido por un Cuerpo de Letrados constituido por medio de concurso-oposición...." A concurso-oposición is called at the TC's discretion.
  • 6
    • 33746501103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, (Admin.)
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, 2002 (Admin.).
    • (2002)
  • 7
    • 33746496389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TC, Auto, July 18
    • TC, Auto, July 18, 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 8
    • 33746538620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, (Civ.)
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.).
    • (2004)
  • 9
    • 33746506887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El recurso de amparo como vía de generación conflictual entre el Tribunal Supremo y el Tribunal Constitutional
    • 105, During the Second Republic, however, the Constitution of 1931 did set up a Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales (Court of Constitutional Guarantees), but the institution was short lived and appeared to coexist peacefully with the TS in that there were no arguments over invasions of exclusive jurisdiction. This may have been a result of the government's restrictive view of the TCG's role; in a political world as uncertain as that of 1930's Spain, President Manuel Azaña was loath to recognize the independence of any powerful body with the potential to disrupt his government's legislative program. This is evident from an exchange he had had about the Court with the rightist leader Gil Robles, in which Azaña agreed that his own views were closer to those of former dictator Primo de Rivera's
    • F. Fernández Segado, El recurso de amparo como vía de generación conflictual entre el Tribunal Supremo y el Tribunal Constitutional, 98 Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Complutense 105, 111 (2003). During the Second Republic, however, the Constitution of 1931 did set up a Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales (Court of Constitutional Guarantees), but the institution was short lived and appeared to coexist peacefully with the TS in that there were no arguments over invasions of exclusive jurisdiction. This may have been a result of the government's restrictive view of the TCG's role; in a political world as uncertain as that of 1930's Spain, President Manuel Azaña was loath to recognize the independence of any powerful body with the potential to disrupt his government's legislative program. This is evident from an exchange he had had about the Court with the rightist leader Gil Robles, in which Azaña agreed that his own views were closer to those of former dictator Primo de Rivera's.
    • (2003) Revista De La Facultad De Derecho De La Universidad Complutense , vol.98 , pp. 111
    • Fernández Segado, F.1
  • 12
    • 33746532771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In Spain, the TC is not considered a part of the judiciary; that is, it is separate from the appeal hierarchy, although the judges sitting on the TC are usually jurists who have risen through the ranks of the judiciary itself (though some are appointed directly from practice or from academia).
  • 13
    • 33746520309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 108
    • Fernández Segado, supra note 7, at 108, 111.
    • Segado, F.1
  • 14
    • 33746519634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "El Tribunal Constitucional, como intérprete supremo de la Constitución, es independiente de las demás órdenes constitucionales y está sometido sólo a la Constitución y a la presente Ley Orgánica"
    • L.O.T.C. art. 1: "The Constitutional Court, as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution, is independent from all other constitutional bodies and is subject only to the Constitution and the present Organic Law." Art 164.1 C.E. provides that TC decisions are decisive and may not be appealed: "Las sentencias del TC...tienen el valor de cosa juzgada [res judicata]...y no cabe recurso alguno contra ellas."
    • L.O.T.C. art. 1: "The Constitutional Court, as the supreme interpreter of the Constitution, is independent from all other constitutional bodies and is subject only to the Constitution and the present Organic Law." ("El Tribunal Constitucional, como intérprete supremo de la Constitución, es independiente de las demás órdenes constitucionales y está sometido sólo a la Constitución y a la presente Ley Orgánica."). Art 164.1 C.E. provides that TC decisions are decisive and may not be appealed: "Las sentencias del TC...tienen el valor de cosa juzgada [res judicata]...y no cabe recurso alguno contra ellas."
  • 15
    • 33746549974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fernández Segado, supra note 7, at 117-118.
    • Segado, F.1
  • 16
    • 33746501648 scopus 로고
    • STC 74/1984, June 27, (F.J.2d)
    • STC 74/1984, June 27, 1984 (F.J.2d)
    • (1984)
  • 17
    • 33746522012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fernández Segado, supra note 7, at 120.
    • Segado, F.1
  • 19
    • 33746539229 scopus 로고
    • "...pues la unidad del ordenamiento y la supremacía de la Constitución no toleran la consideración de ambos planos como si fueran mundos distintos e incomunicables"
    • STC 50/1984, Apr. 5, fund.jur. 3
    • STC 50/1984, Apr. 5, 1984, fund.jur. 3: "...pues la unidad del ordenamiento y la supremacía de la Constitución no toleran la consideración de ambos planos como si fueran mundos distintos e incomunicables."
    • (1984)
  • 20
    • 33746537478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • C.E. art. 53.1: "The rights and freedoms...bind all public powers" ("Los derechos y libertades...vinculan a todos los poderes públicos.").
  • 22
    • 33746522011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 6/1985 L.O.P.J. art. 411: "Los Jueces y Magistrados responderán civilmente por los daños y perjuicios que causaren cuando, en el desempeño de sus funciones, incurrieren en dolo o culpa." The TS agrees that the reference to judges does not include those of the TC since they do not form part of the judiciary; STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.), fund.jur. 2.
  • 23
    • 33746511190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, (Admin.), Francisco Marín Castán dissenting
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, 2002 (Admin.), Francisco Marín Castán dissenting.
    • (2002)
  • 24
    • 33746571151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, (Civ.)
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.).
    • (2004)
  • 25
    • 33746512256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...tienen derecho a aceder en condiciones de igualdad a las funciones y cargos públicos...."
  • 26
    • 33746562042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 29/1998 L.J.C.A. art. 29.1.
  • 27
    • 33746574084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, (Admin.) fund.jur. 1
    • STS 139/1999, June 14, 2002 (Admin.) fund.jur. 1.
    • (2002)
  • 28
    • 4344615122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See (Sweet & Maxwell). Justices Ramón Trillo Torres and Nicolás Maurandi Guillén, dissenting; see infra note 34
    • Justices Ramón Trillo Torres and Nicolás Maurandi Guillén, dissenting; see infra note 34.
    • (1996) The Spanish Legal System , pp. 31
    • Merino-Blanco, E.1
  • 29
    • 33746486440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30/1984 L.R.F.P. art. 29.2
    • 30/1984 L.R.F.P. art. 29.2.
  • 30
    • 33746482998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funds.jur. 3 6
    • Funds.jur. 3, 6.
  • 31
    • 33746514726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "El Tribunal Constitucional podrá dictar sobre su propio funcionamiento y organización, así como sobre el régimen de su personal y servicios...," fund.jur 6.
  • 32
    • 33746542798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fund.jur. 5.
  • 33
    • 33746514104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fund.jur. 6.
  • 34
    • 33746527737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id.
  • 35
    • 33746516426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id. Justices Trillo and Maurandi, dissenting, differed from the majority on the ambit of article 97.1 LOTC. They argued that it was not possible that the TC has absolute discretion as to whom it admits - it cannot, for example appoint a general secretary who is not a qualified lawyer.
  • 36
    • 33746484762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Organic laws give legal effect to rights and other matters provided by the Constitution (C.E. art. 81). Because they govern constitutional matters, their approval is subject to different formal requirements, such as the need for an absolute, as opposed to a simple, majority.
  • 38
    • 33746537474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Al Tribunal Constitucional. Sustiuido por formación que garantice un examen imparcial"
    • TC, Auto, July 18, In Spanish, the use of the subjunctive form of the verb (garantice) indicates a hypothetical action
    • "Al Tribunal Constitucional. Sustiuido por formación que garantice un examen imparcial," TC, Auto, July 18, 2002. In Spanish, the use of the subjunctive form of the verb (garantice) indicates a hypothetical action.
    • (2002)
  • 39
    • 33746565047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "El Pleno acuerda por unanimidad la inadmisión del [recurso de amparo], por cuanto que el recurso no se dirige a este Tribunal Constitucional sino a otro hipotético que le sustituya. En consecuencia procede el archivo de las presentes actuaciones"
    • supra note 31. The Court also characterized Mazón's claim as lacking the necessary clarity required under article 49 LOTC
    • "El Pleno acuerda por unanimidad la inadmisión del [recurso de amparo], por cuanto que el recurso no se dirige a este Tribunal Constitucional sino a otro hipotético que le sustituya. En consecuencia procede el archivo de las presentes actuaciones," supra note 31. The Court also characterized Mazón's claim as lacking the necessary clarity required under article 49 LOTC.
  • 40
    • 33746488503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Justice Jorge Rodríguez Zapata had been absent when the TC rejected Mazón's claim.
  • 41
    • 33746512845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In view of the lack of intention, the Court awarded half the compensation sought, 5,500 euros.
  • 43
    • 33746473202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, (Civ.)
    • STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.).
    • (2004)
  • 44
    • 33746489084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "libertad y responsibilidad deben ser en esta contienda jurídica inseparables, e se debe absolutamente disentir del dogma medieval 'The king can do no wrong'"
    • fund.jur. 2
    • "libertad y responsibilidad deben ser en esta contienda jurídica inseparables, e se debe absolutamente disentir del dogma medieval 'The king can do no wrong'," fund.jur. 2.
  • 45
    • 33746477183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Namely, an unlawful act or omission causing damage quantifiable in monetary terms and the existence of a causal link between the act and the damage.
  • 46
    • 33746481846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "absolutamente incierto"
    • fund.jur. 4
    • "absolutamente incierto," fund.jur. 4.
  • 47
    • 33746494679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...como principio de eficacia imperativa para todos los sectores del ordenamiento jurídico," fund.jur. 4.
  • 48
    • 33746476070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...uno de los grandes triunfos de la civilización...es que el hombre abandone el amparar su derecho por sus propias fuerzas a cambio de que el juez tome siempre en consideración el estudio de las petitciones de las partes, resolviéndolas en todo caso," fund.jur. 4.
  • 49
    • 33746486435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...sin aducir razón alguna que fundamente o motive seriamente dicha posición negativa...salvo la existencia de un hipotético Tribunal," fund.jur. 4.
  • 50
    • 33746487636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Id.
  • 51
    • 33746486439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...no cabe la menor duda de que se le ha causado un daño moral, por lo menos desde el punto de vista de hacer que se tambaleen sus creencias como ciudadano de un Estado social y democrático, que... propugna la justicia como valor superior...," fund.jur. 5.
  • 52
    • 33746487933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Fund.jur. 6.
  • 53
    • 33746546430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L¿a última palabra7
    • One judge, however, addressed substance. In a dissenting opinion (STS 1/2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.), special vote) Justice Francisco Marín Castán expressed the view that it was obvious why the TC had not gone to great pains to explain: the application was irrational, requesting the Court simultaneously to decide a matter and to stand aside. Moreover, the application requested that the Court do something outside its powers, that is, urge the government to introduce legislation creating a new court. There was only one reasonable response to such an application: a terse dismissal. He even suggested that Mazón had committed the offence of bringing the court into disrepute (calumnias e injurias) and should be prosecuted accordingly. Justice Marín's view was taken up by over fifty academics in an article appearing in the national press, who argued that the TC did not act unlawfully and that the TS lacked jurisdiction to make this sort of judgment, Liborio L.
    • One judge, however, addressed substance. In a dissenting opinion (STS 1/ 2003, Jan. 23, 2004 (Civ.), special vote) Justice Francisco Marín Castán expressed the view that it was obvious why the TC had not gone to great pains to explain: The application was irrational, requesting the Court simultaneously to decide a matter and to stand aside. Moreover, the application requested that the Court do something outside its powers, that is, urge the government to introduce legislation creating a new court. There was only one reasonable response to such an application: A terse dismissal. He even suggested that Mazón had committed the offence of bringing the court into disrepute (calumnias e injurias) and should be prosecuted accordingly. Justice Marín's view was taken up by over fifty academics in an article appearing in the national press, who argued that the TC did not act unlawfully and that the TS lacked jurisdiction to make this sort of judgment, Liborio L. Hierro Sánchez-Pescador, Enrique Peñaranda Ramos, Juan A. Lascuraín Sánchez, and 50 signatures, L¿a última palabra7, EL PAÍS, Feb. 13, 2004.
    • (2004) EL PAÍS
    • Sánchez-Pescador, H.1    Peñaranda Ramos, E.2    Lascuraín Sánchez, J.A.3
  • 54
    • 33746507590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TS, Acuerdo, Feb. 3
    • TS, Acuerdo, Feb. 3, 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 55
    • 33746515850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "...al enjuiciar la fundamentación dada por el Pleno a una Resolución de inadmission, pone en serio peligro la función jurisdiccional de amparo invadiendo competencias que sólo al Tribunal Constitucional corresponden," TS, Acuerdo, Feb. 3, 2004, para. 1.
  • 56
    • 33746522570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "...rechazando...con rigor la invasión de nuestra jurisdicción que supone la utilización de la vía civil como indebida prolongación del recurso de amparo"
    • para. 3
    • "...rechazando...con rigor la invasión de nuestra jurisdicción que supone la utilización de la vía civil como indebida prolongación del recurso de amparo," para. 3.
  • 57
    • 33746553036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • However, the TC refrained from commenting on one surprising aspect of the Mazón decision which has revealed discord within the TS itself. In its assessment of the TC's purported negligence, the TS found that the TC had not brought "adequate legal knowledge" to bear on the case, and therefore had acted with "inexcusable negligence" ("negligencia inexcusable"). The striking thing is that "negligencia inexcusable" is the phrase used in the Código Penal under article 447 to define the criminal offence of prevaricación (delivering an unfair judgment in the discharge of public duties)-ordinary negligence becomes an offence when "a magistrate or judge either through serious carelessness or inexcusable ignorance delivers a judgment or resolution which is manifestly unjust" ("El Juez o Magistrado que por imprudencia grave o ignorancia inexcusable dictara sentencia o resolución manifestamente injusta") and it brings a disqualification from public office for two years, C.P. art. 447.2. This insinuation by the TS's Sala de lo Civil perplexed others in the TS, notably Deputy Attorney General José María Luzón. He and other commentators have noted that the use of the phrase could not have been accidental and questioned why the Sala de lo Civil had not suggested criminal proceedings despite using expressions which clearly raised the issue. Luzón sent a report to the Sala de lo Penal (the Criminal Chamber of the TS) in which he described the TC's decision as not only legal but reasonable and correct. The Sala de lo Civil was reported as receiving the deputy attorney general's remarks with "astonishment and indignation."
  • 58
    • 33746514725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ignorancia inexcusable
    • See Feb. 7
    • See Javier Pérez Rojo, Ignorancia inexcusable, EL PAÍS, Feb. 7, 2004.
    • (2004) EL PAÍS
    • Pérez Rojo, J.1
  • 59
    • 33746495247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • President of the Sala de lo Contencioso -Administrativa del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Catalunya, and Professor of Law in the University of Barcelona, Constitucional contra Supremo, EL PAÍS, Mar. 2, 2004.
  • 60
    • 33746542796 scopus 로고
    • STC 111/1983, Dec. 2
    • STC 111/1983, Dec. 2, 1983.
    • (1983)
  • 61
    • 33746477181 scopus 로고
    • STC 7/1994, Jan. 17
    • STC 7/1994, Jan. 17, 1994.
    • (1994)
  • 62
    • 33746486437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 años de conflicto
    • Feb. 4
    • 20 años de conflicto, EL PAÍS, Feb. 4, 2004.
    • (2004) EL PAÍS
  • 63
    • 33746578742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STC 115/2000, May 5, STS July 20, 2000 (Civ.)
    • STC 115/2000, May 5, 2000; STS July 20, 2000 (Civ.)
    • (2000)
  • 64
    • 33746523165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STC 186/2001, Sept. 17
    • STC 186/2001, Sept. 17, 2001
    • (2001)
  • 65
    • 33746528944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STS Nov. 5, (Civ.)
    • STS Nov. 5, 2001, (Civ.).
    • (2001)
  • 66
    • 33746535755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A turn of office is nine years, L.O.T.C art. 16.2.
  • 67
    • 84874980248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Apr. 11
    • See El País, Apr. 11, 2004.
    • (2004) El País
  • 68
    • 33746484175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tribunales y ciudadanos
    • See Mar. 4
    • See Bonifacio de la Cuadra, Tribunales y ciudadanos, El País, Mar. 4, 2004
    • (2004) El País
    • de la Cuadra, B.1
  • 70
    • 33746542232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pugna entre tribunales
    • Jan. 27
    • Pugna entre tribunales, El País, Jan. 27, 2004
    • (2004) El País
  • 71
    • 33746563709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contencioso sin fin
    • Feb. 5
    • Contencioso sin fin, El País, Feb. 5, 2004.
    • (2004) El País
  • 73
    • 33746558315 scopus 로고
    • Poder Judicial y Tribunal Constitucional
    • Poder Judicial y Tribunal Constitucional, 11 Poder Judicial 28 (1989).
    • (1989) Poder Judicial , vol.11 , pp. 28
  • 74
    • 33746563709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contencioso sin fin
    • Feb. 5
    • Contencioso sin fin, El País, Feb. 5, 2004.
    • (2004) El País
  • 75
    • 33746554568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mazón has since donated his award to a disabled client who had had his application turned down by the TC, El País Feb. 28
    • Mazón has since donated his award to a disabled client who had had his application turned down by the TC, El País, Feb. 28, 2004.
    • (2004)
  • 76
    • 33746535144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silencio judicial sobre el acuerdo del Constitucional sobre el Supremo
    • Feb. 5 El País
    • Silencio judicial sobre el acuerdo del Constitucional sobre el Supremo, El País, Feb. 5, 2004.
    • (2004)


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