Spatial variations in elevated blood lead levels among young children in Mumbai, India

Population, Space and Place

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 243-255

  Niranjan, Saggurti ^a   Madhusudana, Battala ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR POPULATION SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Blood lead levels; Children; Industrial pollution; Mumbai; Tidal creek

Indexed keywords

ANEMIA; CHILD; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH SURVEY; LEAD; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SPATIAL VARIATION; STANDARD OF LIVING;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; MAHARASHTRA; MUMBAI; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 33746469502     PISSN: 15448444     EISSN: 15448452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/psp.411     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). 1999. Validation of the Lead Care Instrument. Department of Human Nutrition, AIIMS: New Delhi.
2. Alphen M Van. 1999. Lead poisoning in India. Lead Action News 7(1).
3. Annapurna V, Mahajan BA, Murti MV. 1985. Studies of blood lead levels in Bombay's citizens. Indian Journal of Environmental Studies 24: 239-243.
4. Anselin L. 2003. GeoDa 0.9 User's Guide. Spatial Analysis Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois: Urbana, IL.
5. Awasthi S, Awasthi R, Pandey VK, Srivastava RC, Frumkin H. 1996. Blood lead in pregnant women in the urban slums of Lucknow, India. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53: 836-840.
6. Bailey AJ, Sargent JD, Goodman DC, Freeman J, Brown MJ. 1994. Poisoned landscapes: the epidemiology of environmental lead exposure in Massachusetts children 1990-1991. Social Science and Medicine 39: 757-766.
7. Bandyopadhyay TK. 1999. Progress in phasing out lead from gasoline in India. In Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment: Implementing a National Programme in Developing Countries, Proceedings of the International Conference on Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment, February 8-10, Bangalore, India: 325-326.
8. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H, Rabinowitz M. 1987. Longitudinal analysis of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. New England Journal of Medicine 316: 1037-1043.
9. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H, Rabinowitz M. 1989. Low-level lead exposure, social class, and infant development. Neurobehavioural Toxicology and Teratology 10: 497-503.
10. Billick IH, Curran AS, Shier Dr. 1979. Analysis of pediatric blood lead levels in New York City for 1970-1976. Environmental Health Perspectives 31: 183-190.
11. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. 2003. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine 348: 1517-1526.
12. Cartwright B, Merry RH, Tiller KG. 1976. Heavy metal contamination of soils around a lead smelter at Port Pirie, South Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 15: 69-81.
13. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Blood lead levels in young children - United States and selected states, 1996-1999. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 49(50): 1133-1137.
14. CIDCO. 1996. Socio-economic Survey of Households in Various Nodes and Villages in New Bombay. CIDCO: Mumbai.
15. Counter SA, Buchanan LH, Laurell G, Ortega F. 1998. Field screening of blood lead levels in remote Andean villages. Neurotoxicology 19: 871-877.
16. Griffith DA, Doyle PG, Wheeler DC, Johnson DL. 1998. A tale of two swaths: urban childhood blood-lead levels across Syracuse, New York. Annual Association of American Demography 88: 640-665.
17. IIPS (International Institute for Population Sciences) and ORC Macro. 2001. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), India, 1998-99: Maharashtra. Mumbai: IIPS.
18. Jain NB, Laden F, Guller U, Shankar A, Kazani S, Garshick E. 2005. Relation between blood lead levels and childhood anemia in India. American Journal of Epidemiology 161(10): 968-973.
19. Khandekar RN, Raghunath R, Mishra UC. 1987. Levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in the blood of urban population. Science of the Total Environment 66: 185-191.
20. Kishore KR, Kesaree N. 1999. Blood lead levels in urban and rural Indian children. Indian Pediatrics 36: 303-306.
21. Lanphear BP, Byrd RS, Auinger P, Schaffer SJ. 1998. Community characteristics associated with elevated blood lead levels in children. Pediatrics, 101: 264-271.
22. Litaker D, Kippes CM, Gallagher TE, O'Conner ME. 2000. Targeted lead screening: the Ohio lead risk score. Pediatrics 106(5):e69. Available at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/106/5/e69 [accessed 4 October 2004].
23. Lovei M. 1998. Phasing out Lead from Gasoline: Worldwide Experience and Policy Implications. World Bank Technical Paper 397: Washington, DC.
24. Matte TD, Figueroa JP, Otrowski S, Burr G, Jackson-Hunt L, Baker EL. 1991. Lead exposure from conventional and cottage lead smelting in Jamaica. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21: 65-71.
25. Miranda ML, Dolinoy DC, Overstreet MA. 2002. Mapping for prevention: GIS models for directing childhood lead poisoning prevention programs. Environmental Health Perspectives 110: 947-953.
26. MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board). 1999. Air Quality, Monitoring and Research Laboratories. MPCB: Mumbai.
27. Mushak P. 1992. Defining lead as the premiere environmental health issue for children in America: criteria and their quantitative application. Environmental Research 59: 281-309.
28. Mushak P, Davis JM, Crochetti AF, Grant LD. 1989. Prenatal and postnatal effects of low level lead exposure: integrated summary of a report to the US Congress on childhood lead poisoning. Environmental Research 50: 11-36.
29. Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA. 1990. Low level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-analysis of modern studies. Journal of American Medical Association 263: 673-678.
30. Parikh DJ. 1990. Human exposure assessment to lead, an overview in India. Indian Journal of Industrial Medicine 36: 63-75.
31. Patel AB, Williams SV, Frumkin H, Kondawar VK, Glick H, Ganju AK. 2001. Blood lead in children and its determinants in Nagpur, India. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7: 119-126.
32. Pineau A, Fauconneau B, Rafael M, Viallefont A, Guillard O. 2002. Determination of lead in whole blood: comparison of the LeadCare blood lead testing system with Zeeman longitudinal electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine & Biology 16: 113-117.
33. Raghunath R, Tripathi RM, Kumar AV, Sathe AP, Khandekar RN, Nambi KS. 1999. Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn exposures of 6 to 10 year old children in Mumbai. Environmental Research 80: 215-221.
34. Ramanathan PS. 1999. Spotlight on analytical procedures for total lead, isotopic ratio and speciation. In Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment: Implementing a National Programme In Developing Countries, Proceedings of the International Conference on Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment, February 8-10, Bangalore, India: 143-147.
35. Samanta G, Chatterjee A, Das D, Samanta G, Chowdhury PP, Chanda CR, Chakraborti D. 1995. Calcutta Pollution: Part V. Lead and other heavy metal contamination in a residential area from a factory producing lead-ingots and lead-alloys. Environmental Technology, 16: 223-231.
36. Saxena DK, Singh C, Murthy RC, Mathur N, Chandra SV. 1994. Blood and placental lead levels in an Indian city: a preliminary report. Archives of Environmental Health 49: 106-110.
37. Tandon Y. 1999. Globalisation and Africa's options. Journal of Development Economics of Southern Africa 11(4/5): 11-24.
38. The George Foundation. 1999. Project Lead-Free: A study of lead poisoning in major Indian cities. In Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment - Implementing a National Program in Developing Countries, George AM (ed.). The George Foundation: Bangalore; 79-85.
39. Tsai EC. 1987. Analysis of ambient lead concentrations around three secondary lead smelters. Water Air Soil Pollution 33: 321-329.
40. Wahid A, Koul PA, Shah SU, Khan AR, Bhat MS, Malik MA. 1997. Lead exposure in paper mache workers. Human & Experimental Toxicology 16: 281-283.
41. White R, Diamond R, Proctor S, et al. 1993. Residual cognitive deficits 50 years after lead poisoning during childhood. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 50: 613-662.