From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa incubated ideas and methods adopted and developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe

European History Quarterly

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 429-464

  Madley, Benjamin ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Herero; Holocaust; Konzentrationslager; Lebensraum; Nama

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746417589     PISSN: 02656914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0265691405054218     Document Type: Article

References (216)

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5. Zimmerer has argued that, 'the murder of the Jews ... would probably not have been thinkable and possible if the idea that ethnicities can simply be wiped out had not already existed and had not already been put into action.' Jürgen Zimmerer, Andrew H. Beattie, trans. 'Colonialism and the Holocaust', in A. Dirk Moses, ed., Genocide and Settler Society (New York 2004a), 68
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8. Maximilian Bayer, Mit dem Hauptquartier in Südwestafrika (Berlin 1909), 139
9. Jon Bridgman, The Revolt of the Hereros (Berkeley, CA 1981), 111-12
10. Horst Drechsler, Let Us Die Fighting (London 1980), 151
11. For more information on confiscation of land and cattle see Robert Blake, A History of Rhodesia (London 1977), 115
12. and Philip Mason, The Birth of a Dilemma (Oxford 1958), 188
13. Terence Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia (Evanston, IL 1967), 131, 3
14. Blake, op. cit., 136, 106
15. For more information on land confiscation and alienation, see Shula Marks, Reluctant Rebellion (Oxford 1970), 121
16. Edgar Brookes and Colin Webb, History of Natal (Pietermaritzburg 1965), 224
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28. Wanklyn, op. cit., 25
29. 'Die Aussichten unseres südwestafrikanischen Schutzgebietes,' in Die Grenzboten, Vol. 51, No. 4, 171-5
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32. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Karl Haushofer (Boppard am Rhein 1979), 239
33. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889-1936 (New York 1999), 249
34. Helmut Bley, 'Social Discord in South West Africa', in Prosser Gifford and William Lewis, eds, Britain and Germany in Africa (New Haven, CT 1966), 611
35. Curt von François, Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika (Berlin 1899), 49
36. Gerhardus Pool, Maharero (Windhoek 1990), 117
37. Paul Rohrbach, Deutsche Kolonialwirtschaft, I (Berlin 1907), 282
38. John Wellington, South West Africa (Oxford 1967), 194
39. Kershaw, op. cit., 249, 288
40. Josef Krumbach, Franz Ritter von Epp (Munich 1940), 249
41. Sara Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne Zantop, eds, The Imperialist Imagination (Ann Arbor, MI 1998), 16
42. Robert Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany (New York 1982), 107
43. Ritter von Epp, 'Introduction', in H. Blumhagen, Südwestafrika (Berlin 1934), 5
44. Quoted in Krumbach, op. cit., 255
45. Adolf Hitler, Ralf Mannheim, trans., Mein Kampf (Boston, MA 1943),138
46. German Foreign Office, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, Vol. VI (London 1956), 575
47. Istvan Deak, The Politics of Retribution in Europe (Princeton, NJ 2000), 25-6
48. Reinhard Heydrich, 'The Final Solution', in Brian Macarthur, ed., The Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Speeches (New York 2000), 208-9
49. Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich (New York 2001), 439
50. Hitler, op. cit., 138
51. Hitler, quoted in A. Duff Cooper, The Nazi Claims to Colonies (London 1939), 53
52. Jürgen Zimmerer, 'Geburt des "Ostlandes" aus dem Geiste des Kolonialismus', Sozial Geschichte (February 2004b), 40-1
53. Theodore Leutwein, Elf Jahre Gouverneur in Deutsch Südwestafrika (Berlin 1907), 415
54. Maximilian Bayer, Der Krieg in Südwestafrika (Leipzig 1906), 11
55. Israel Goldblatt, History of South West Africa (Capetown 1971), 147
56. Rohrbach (1907), op. cit., 349
57. Leutwein, op. cit., 223
58. H. Hanemann, Wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse in Südwestafrika (Berlin 1905), 46
59. Bayer, op. cit., 98, 200
60. Erich von Salzmann, Im Kampfe gegen die Herero (Berlin 1912), 186-7
61. Conrad Rust, Krieg und Frieden im Hererolande (Berlin 1905), 196
62. Quoted in Jan-Bart Gewald, Herero Heroes (Athens 1999), 190
63. Casper W. Erichsen, 'The Angel of Death Has Descended Violently Among Them', unpublished MA thesis (Windhoek 2004), 187
64. Peter Katjavivi, A History of Resistance in Namibia (Paris 1988), 9
65. Wendy Lower, 'German Colonialism and Genocide', unpublished paper presented at the Conference of Colonial Genocide, Sydney, Australia, June 2003, 16
66. Helmut Bley, Hugh Ridley, trans., South West Africa Under German Rule (Evanston, IL 1971), 139-40
67. Paul Rohrbach, Edmund von Mach, trans., German World Policies (New York 1915), 57, 135
68. Quoted in John Noyes, 'National Identity, Nomadism, and Narration', in Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox and Zantop, op. cit., 95-6
69. Bley, op. cit., 165
70. Jürgen Zimmerer, Deutsche Herrschaft über Afrikaner (Münster 2000), 85
71. Martyn Housden, Hans Frank, Lebensraum and the Final Solution (New York 2003), 122
72. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (New York 1991), 19
73. Quoted in Norman Cameron and R.H. Stevens, trans., Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-1944 (New York 2000), 33
74. Alan Bullock, Hitler (New York 1962), 697
75. Traverso, op. cit., 72, 161
76. Quoted in Karel Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair (Cambridge 2004), 309
77. Bley, op. cit., 140
78. David Soggot, Namibia (London 1986), 7
79. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 136
80. Wildenthal, op. cit., 79
81. Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge 2003), n.47, 319
82. Wildenthal, op. cit., 84, 87-8
83. Helmut W. Smith, 'Talk of Genocide', in Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox and Zantop, op. cit., 116-22
84. Quoted in Sabine Hake, 'Mapping the Human Body', in Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox and Zantop, op. cit., 176
85. Kershaw, op. cit., 563, 564
86. Koonz, op. cit., 25, 116, 171, 180
87. Zimmerer (2004a), op. cit., 57
88. Kershaw, op. cit., 565, 564
89. Pool, op. cit., 1
90. Leutwein, op. cit., 466
91. Bridgman, op. cit., 69
92. Horst Drechsler, Südwestafrika unter Deutscher Kolonialherrschaft (Berlin 1966), 169
93. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 141-2
94. Smith, op. cit., 107-8
95. Crothers, op. cit., 110
96. Doktor Hartmann, Die Zunkunft Deutsch-Suedwestafrikas (Berlin 1904), 21
97. Kurt Schwabe, Der Krieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika (Berlin 1907), 300
98. Rohrbach (1907), op. cit., 350
99. Rohrbach (1915), op. cit., 141, 135
100. According to Michael Burleigh, in the East 'the Nazis imagined they had a tabula rasa'. Burleigh, op. cit., 427-8
101. Jürgen Zimmerer, 'Krieg, KZ und Völkermord in Südwestafrika,' in Jürgen Zimmerer and Joachim Zeller, eds. Völkermord in Deutsch-Südwestafrika (Berlin 2003), 58
102. Tilman Dedering, 'A Certain Rigorous Treatment', in Mark Levene and Penny Roberts, eds, The Massacre in History (New York 1999), 208
103. Hull, op. cit., 154
104. Drechsler (1980), op. cit. 163, 165
105. John Bridgman and Leslie J. Worley, 'Genocide of the Hereros', in Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charney, eds, Century of Genocide (New York 1995), 18-19
106. Gesine Krüger, Kriegsbewältigung und Geschichtebewusstein (Göttingen 1999) 65-6
107. Pool, op. cit., 251
108. Generalstab, ed., Die Kämpfe der deutschen Truppen in Südwestafrika, I (Berlin 1906), 132
109. Reprinted in Rust, op. cit., 385
110. Rust, op. cit., 385
111. Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed., Paula Bredish, trans., The German Army and Genocide (New York 1999), 23
112. Norman Rich, Hitler's War Aims, II (London 1974), 74
113. Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad (New York 1999), 15
114. Richard Overy, Russia's War (New York 1997), 84
115. Quoted in Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 152
116. Administrator's Office, Windhuk, ed., Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and their Treatment by Germany (London 1918), 64
117. Jan-Bart Gewald and Jeremy Silvester argue persuasively for the authenticity of the Report's testimony. Jan-Bart Gewald and Jeremy Silvester, Words Cannot Be Found (Boston, MA 2003), Introduction
118. Von Salzmann, op. cit., 94
119. Generalstab, op. cit., 186
120. Gewald, op.cit., 197
121. Quoted in Pool, op. cit., 293
122. Mark Mazower, Dark Continent (New York 1998), 168
123. Christian Streit, 'The Fate of Soviet Prisoners of War', in Michael Berenbaum, A Mosaic of Victims (New York 1990), 142
124. Generalstab, op. cit., 186
125. Bridgman, op. cit., 126
126. For post-battle massacres, see Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 157
127. Richard Lukas, 'The Polish Experience during the Holocaust', in Berenbaum, op. cit., 95
128. Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Occupied Russia (New York 1957), 278
129. US Office of Chief of Counsel, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, IV (Washington, DC 1946), 427
130. Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men (New York 1998), 11
131. Pool, op. cit., 270
132. Hull, op. cit., 156
133. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors (New York 1986), 148
134. Smith, op. cit., 111, 113
135. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 214-16
136. Bley, op. cit., 170-3, 226-48
137. Schwabe, op. cit., 306
138. Walter Nuhn, Sturm über Südwest (Bonn 1997), 351
139. For a history of the concentration camp see Andrzej J. Kaminski, Konzentrationslager 1896 bis heute: eine Analyse (Stuttgart 1982)
140. Smith, op. cit., 111
141. Casper W. Erichsen, 'Namibia's Island of Death', New African, No. 421 (August/September, 2003), 49
142. Quoted in Erichsen (2004), op. cit., 147
143. Quoted in Zimmerer (2000), op. cit., 46-7
144. Erichsen (2003), op. cit., 49
145. Administrator's Office, op. cit., 99
146. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 212
147. Smith, op. cit., 113
148. Kershaw, op. cit., 289
149. Zimmerer (2004b), op. cit., 25
150. Gewald (1999), op. cit., 189
151. Heinrich Vedder, Kurze Geschichten (Wuppertal-Barmen 1953), 139
152. Rust, op. cit., 443
153. Administrator's Office, op. cit., 101-2
154. Erichsen (2003), op. cit., 48
155. Bley, op. cit., 151
156. Zimmerer (2004b), op. cit., 33
157. Asher Lee, Goering (New York 1972), 12, 14
158. Charles Bewley, Hermann Göring (New York 1962), 12
159. Mosley, The Reich Marshal (New York 1974), 17
160. Kurt Singer, Göring (London 1940), 18
161. Lee, op. cit., 12
162. Erich Gritzbach, Gerald Griffin, trans., Hermann Goering (London 1939), 222
163. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/03-13-46.htm#Goering1
164. Bewley, op. cit., 241
165. Koonz, op. cit., 35
166. Galeazzo Ciano, Malcolm Muggeridge, ed., Stuart Hood, trans., Ciano's Diplomatic Papers (London 1948), 465
167. Trial of the Major War Criminals, IX (Buffalo 1995), 633
168. Krumbach, op. cit., 186
169. Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml and Hermann Weiß, Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus (Stuttgart 1997), 833
170. Krumbach, op. cit., 206-7
171. Wistrich, op. cit., 67
172. Gerald Reitlinger, The SS (New York 1957), 475
173. Martin Baer and Olaf Schröter, Eine Kopfjagd (Berlin 2001), 156-7
174. Wistrich, op. cit., 67, 146
175. Kershaw, op. cit., 120, 174
176. Kershaw, op. cit., 124
177. Krumbach, op. cit., 241-2
178. Benz, Graml and Weiß, op. cit., 547, 833
179. Wistrich, op. cit., 68
180. Peter Carstens, Introduction, in Maximilian Bayer, Peter Carstens, trans. and ed., The Rehoboth Baster Nation (Basel 1984), 4
181. Eugen Fischer, Die Rehobother Bastards (Jena 1913)
182. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide (Chapel Hill, NC 1995), 11
183. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State (Cambridge 1991), 38
184. Fischer, op. cit., 302
185. Drechsler (1980), op. cit., 151
186. Gewald (1999), op. cit., 189-90, n.256
187. Zimmerer (2000), op. cit., 99-100
188. Drechsler (1966), op. cit., 349
189. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 37-8
190. Friedlander, op. cit., 13
191. Hitler, op. cit., 286
192. Koonz, op. cit., 200
193. Max Weinreich, Hitler's Professors (New Haven, CT 1999), 216-17
194. Friedlander, op. cit., 25
195. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism (Cambridge 1989), 502
196. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 53
197. Koonz, op. cit., 107
198. Weindling, op. cit., 553
199. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing (London 1995), 258
200. Friedlander, op. cit. 251
201. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, Mengele (New York 2000), 14
202. Burleigh and Wippermann, op. cit., 54
203. Lifton, op. cit., 361
204. Weindling, op. cit., 564
205. Posner and Ware, op. cit., 41, 59
206. Clarence Lusane, Hitler's Black Victims (New York 2002), 139
207. Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien (Leipzig 1937), 18
208. S.D. Waters, The Royal New Zealand Navy (Wellington 1956), 36
209. Cigaretten-Bilderdienst Dresden, Deutsche Kolonien (Dresden 1936)
210. Hugo Blumhagen, Südwestafrika (Berlin 1934)
211. Paul Rohrbach, Deutsch-Afrika (Potsdam 1935)
212. Buch der deutschen Kolonien
213. Fritz Spiesser, Heimkehr (Munich 1943)
214. Hake, op. cit., n.5, 170
215. This interpretation of Nazi cinema is borrowed from the work of Sabine Hake. See Hake, op. cit., 163-87
216. Zimmerer (2004a), op. cit., 68